1
|
Chen H, Han T, Gao L, Zhang D. The Involvement of Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 42:1-7. [PMID: 34846920 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases characterized by dysregulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) and intermittent relapses. Recent data show that the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes IEB function and wound healing. Apart from protective effects of GDNF on enteric nervous system and IEB, an immunomodulatory role has been assumed. However, it is inconsistent whether GDNF levels are increased or decreased in the inflamed colon of patients with IBD. Furthermore, GDNF is 1 of 3 protein markers associated with relapse in a prospective cohort study in IBD patients with clinically and endoscopically quiescent disease. Additionally, not only enteric glial cells (EGCs), but also intestinal smooth muscle cells and enterocytes synthesize GDNF in significant amounts; in addition, its receptors are expressed in intestinal neurons, EGCs, immune cells and epithelial cells, which points to a potential auto- or paracrine signaling loop between some of these cells. Whether GDNF is involved in IBD-associated fibrosis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer remains to be confirmed. In this review we aim to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of GDNF and its potential role in the contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HuiLing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - TiYun Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - LiPing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - DeKui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diposarosa R, Bustam NA, Sahiratmadja E, Susanto PS, Sribudiani Y. Literature review: enteric nervous system development, genetic and epigenetic regulation in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07308. [PMID: 34195419 PMCID: PMC8237298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) derived from neural crest cells (NCCs), which affects their migration, proliferation, differentiation, or preservation in the digestive tract, resulting in aganglionosis in the distal intestine. The regulation of both NCCs and the surrounding environment involves various genes, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and morphogens. Therefore, changes in gene expression during the development of the ENS may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSCR. This review discusses several mechanisms involved in the development of ENS, confirming that deviant genetic and epigenetic patterns, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation, can contribute to the development of neurocristopathy. Specifically, the epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression and its relationship to cellular interactions and gene activation through various major pathways in Hirschsprung's disease will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Diposarosa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - N A Bustam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edhyana Sahiratmadja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - P S Susanto
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Y Sribudiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arora V, Khan S, W. El-Hattab A, Dua Puri R, Rocha ME, Merdzanic R, Paknia O, Beetz C, Rolfs A, Bertoli-Avella AM, Bauer P, Verma IC. Biallelic Pathogenic GFRA1 Variants Cause Autosomal Recessive Bilateral Renal Agenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:223-228. [PMID: 33020172 PMCID: PMC7894660 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are one of the most common malformations identified in the fetal stage. Bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) represents the most severe and fatal form of CAKUT. Only three genes have been confirmed to have a causal role in humans (ITGA8, GREB1L, and FGF20). METHODS Genome sequencing within a diagnostic setting and combined data repository analysis identified a novel gene. RESULTS Two patients presented with BRA, detected during the prenatal period, without additional recognizable malformations. They had parental consanguinity and similarly affected, deceased siblings, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Evaluation of homozygous regions in patient 1 identified a novel, nonsense variant in GFRA1 (NM_001348097.1:c.676C>T, p.[Arg226*]). We identified 184 patients in our repository with renal agenesis and analyzed their exome/genome data. Of these 184 samples, 36 were from patients who presented with isolated renal agenesis. Two of them had loss-of-function variants in GFRA1. The second patient was homozygous for a frameshift variant (NM_001348097.1:c.1294delA, p.[Thr432Profs*13]). The GFRA1 gene encodes a receptor on the Wolffian duct that regulates ureteric bud outgrowth in the development of a functional renal system, and has a putative role in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support the causal role of GFRA1-inactivating variants for an autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic form of BRA. This knowledge will enable early genetic diagnosis and better genetic counseling for families with BRA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Arora
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ayman W. El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Arndt Rolfs
- CENTOGENE GmbH, Rostock, Germany
- University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Ishwar C. Verma
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conway JA, Ince S, Black S, Kramer ER. GDNF/RET signaling in dopamine neurons in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:135-146. [PMID: 32870383 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its canonical receptor Ret can signal both in tandem and separately to exert many vital functions in the midbrain dopamine system. It is known that Ret has effects on maintenance, physiology, protection and regeneration in the midbrain dopamine system, with the physiological functions of GDNF still somewhat unclear. Notwithstanding, Ret ligands, such as GDNF, are considered as promising candidates for neuroprotection and/or regeneration in Parkinson's disease, although data from clinical trials are so far inconclusive. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of GDNF/Ret signaling in the dopamine system in vivo as well as crosstalk with pathology-associated proteins and their signaling in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Conway
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Selvi Ince
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Edgar R Kramer
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) Stem Spermatogonia: Histological Characterization, Immunostaining, In Vitro Proliferation, and Cryopreservation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050851. [PMID: 32423131 PMCID: PMC7278407 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The meagre, Argyrosomus regius, is a valued fish species of which aquaculture production might be supported by the development of a stem germ cell xenotransplantation technology. Meagre males were sampled at a fish farm in the Ionian Sea (Italy) at the beginning and end of the reproductive season. Small and large Type A undifferentiated spermatogonia were histologically identified in the germinal epithelium. Among the tested stemness markers, anti-oct4 and anti-vasa antibodies labeled cells likely corresponding to the small single Type A spermatogonia; no labeling was obtained with anti-GFRA1 and anti-Nanos2 antibodies. Two types of single A spermatogonia were purified via density gradient centrifugation of enzymatically digested testes. Testes from fish in active spermatogenesis resulted in a more efficient spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) yield. After cell seeding, meagre SSCs showed active proliferation from Day 7 to Day 21 and were cultured up to Day 41. After cryopreservation in dimethyl-sulfoxide-based medium, cell viability was 28.5%. In conclusion, these results indicated that meagre SSCs could be isolated, characterized, cultured in vitro, successfully cryopreserved, and used after thawing. This is a first step towards the development of a xenotransplantation technology that might facilitate the reproduction of this valuable species in captivity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lukacs M, Roberts T, Chatuverdi P, Stottmann RW. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis and remodeling are required for neural tube closure, heart development, and cranial neural crest cell survival. eLife 2019; 8:45248. [PMID: 31232685 PMCID: PMC6611694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors attach nearly 150 proteins to the cell membrane. Patients with pathogenic variants in GPI biosynthesis genes develop diverse phenotypes including seizures, dysmorphic facial features and cleft palate through an unknown mechanism. We identified a novel mouse mutant (cleft lip/palate, edema and exencephaly; Clpex) with a hypo-morphic mutation in Post-Glycophosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins-2 (Pgap2), a component of the GPI biosynthesis pathway. The Clpex mutation decreases surface GPI expression. Surprisingly, Pgap2 showed tissue-specific expression with enrichment in the brain and face. We found the Clpex phenotype is due to apoptosis of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the cranial neuroepithelium. We showed folinic acid supplementation in utero can partially rescue the cleft lip phenotype. Finally, we generated a novel mouse model of NCC-specific total GPI deficiency. These mutants developed median cleft lip and palate demonstrating a previously undocumented cell autonomous role for GPI biosynthesis in NCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Lukacs
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Tia Roberts
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Praneet Chatuverdi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neuroprotective potential of GDF11 in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in elderly rats. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 63:182-188. [PMID: 30827882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) costs long-standing neurologic deficits in ICH survivors, elderly ones in particular. Recent researches have proved rejuvenating effect of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) in improving multiple systemic diseases on old individuals. Thus, we designed this study to explore the neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of GDF11 in elderly ICH. 45 aged male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham + vehicle, ICH + vehicle and ICH + rGDF11 groups. ICH models were induced via injection of autologous whole blood into right basal ganglia of rats. ICH rats were given a daily injection of either recombinant (r) GDF11 at 0.1 mg/kg or vehicle for 28 days prior to operation and continued till the experiment completed. Neurological deficits, brain edema, cell apoptosis, microglial activation and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) positive cells were compared among each group. In addition, cytochrome c release, mitochondrial calcium buffering capacity and ATP level were monitored to explore the level of mitochondrial injury. Seen in the result, behavior disorders, severe perihematomal edema, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondria damage indicated a significant increase in ICH + vehicle group. While in ICH + rGDF11 group, administration of rGDF11 successfully reduced neurological deficits and alleviated ICH-induced edema, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondria damage in perihematomal tissues. Collectively, our study showed that GDF11 ameliorated ICH-induced neurological deficits in elderly individuals via reducing perihematomal edema, apoptosis, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating neuroprotective effect of GDF11 in elderly ICH.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Luo Y, Da F, Tao W, Zhou L, Wang D, Wei J. Both Gfrα1a and Gfrα1b Are Involved in the Self-renewal and Maintenance of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Medaka. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1658-1670. [PMID: 30319069 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) plays a crucial role in the self-renewal and maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from mammals. However, to date, our knowledge about its role in fish SSCs is limited. In the present study, the medaka (Oryzias latipes) gfrα1 duplicate genes, Olgfrα1a and Olgfrα1b, were cloned and characterized. Furthermore, their expression profile and biological activity were investigated. OlGfrα1a and OlGfrα1b predict 524 and 466 amino acid residues, respectively. Both are orthologous to mammalian Gfrα1 by sequence analyses and appear high in spermatogonia by in situ hybridization assay. The knockdown of OlGfrα1a and/or OlGfrα1b via Vivo-Morpholino oligos significantly inhibited the self-renewal and maintenance of SSCs, as evidenced by the decreased proliferation activity of SG3 cells (a spermatogonial stem cell line derived from adult medaka testis) as well as spermatogonia in the testicular organ culture and by the decreased survival rate and expression levels of pluripotency-related genes (klf4, lin28b, bcl6b, and etv5) in SG3 cells. Additionally, our study indicates that OlGfrα1a might function by binding either Gdnfa or Gdnfb (the two medaka Gdnf homologs), whereas OlGfrα1b function by binding Gdnfa not Gdnfb. Taken together, our study indicates that both OlGfrα1a and OlGfrα1b are involved in the self-renewal and maintenance of SSCs by binding Gdnfa and/or Gdnfb, respectively. These findings suggest that the GDNF/GFRα1 signaling pathway might be conserved from mammals to fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yubing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Da
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agopiantz M, Xandre-Rodriguez L, Jin B, Urbistondoy G, Ialy-Radio C, Chalbi M, Wolf JP, Ziyyat A, Lefèvre B. Growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor α1 (Gfrα1), two mouse oocyte glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, are involved in fertilisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:824-837. [PMID: 28442042 DOI: 10.1071/rd15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Juno, the oocyte receptor for Izumo1, a male immunoglobulin, was discovered. Juno is an essential glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GIP)-anchored protein. This result did not exclude the participation of other GIP-anchored proteins in this process. After bibliographic and database searches we selected five GIP-anchored proteins (Cpm, Ephrin-A4, Gas1, Gfra1 and Rgmb) as potential oocyte candidates participating in fertilisation. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that only three were present on the mouse ovulated oocyte membrane and, of these, only two were clearly involved in the fertilisation process, namely growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor α1 (Gfrα1). This was demonstrated by evaluating oocyte fertilisability after treatment of oocytes with antibodies against the selected proteins, with their respective short interference RNA or both. Gfrα1 and Gas1 seem to be neither redundant nor synergistic. In conclusion, oocyte Gas1 and Gfrα1 are both clearly involved in fertilisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Agopiantz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - L Xandre-Rodriguez
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Jin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - G Urbistondoy
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - C Ialy-Radio
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - M Chalbi
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - J-P Wolf
- Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction - CECOS, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, F75014 Paris, France
| | - A Ziyyat
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Z, Zhou F, Dou Y, Tian X, Liu C, Li H, Shen H, Chen G. Melatonin Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Secondary Brain Injury in Rats via Suppressing Apoptosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Mitochondria Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:74-91. [PMID: 28766251 PMCID: PMC5750335 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity, and the effective treatment is still lacking. We designed this study to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of melatonin on the secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH. An in vivo ICH model was induced via autologous whole blood injection into the right basal ganglia in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Primary rat cortical neurons were treated with oxygen hemoglobin (OxyHb) as an in vitro ICH model. The results of the in vivo study showed that melatonin alleviated severe brain edema and behavior disorders induced by ICH. Indicators of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, DNA damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondria damage showed a significant increase after ICH, while melatonin reduced their levels. Meanwhile, melatonin promoted further increasing of expression levels of antioxidant indicators induced by ICH. Microscopically, TUNEL and Nissl staining showed that melatonin reduced the numbers of ICH-induced apoptotic cells. Inflammation and DNA damage indicators exhibited an identical pattern compared to those above. Additionally, the in vitro study demonstrated that melatonin reduced the apoptotic neurons induced by OxyHb and protected the mitochondrial membrane potential. Collectively, our investigation showed that melatonin ameliorated ICH-induced SBI by impacting apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, brain edema, and BBB damage and reducing mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening, and melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent of ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Yang Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dillon-Carter O, Johnston RE, Borlongan CV, Truckenmiller ME, Coggiano M, Freed WJ. T155g-Immortalized Kidney Cells Produce Growth Factors and Reduce Sequelae of Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198390012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal rat kidney cells produce high levels of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and exert neuroprotective effects when transplanted into the brain in animal models of Parkinson's disease and stroke. The purpose of the present experiment was to produce kidney cell lines that secrete GDNF. Genes encoding two truncated N-terminal fragments of SV40 large T antigen, T155g and T155c, which does not code for small t antigen, were used. T155g was transduced into E17 cultured fetal Sprague-Dawley rat kidney cortex cells using a plasmid vector, and T155c was transduced with a plasmid and a retroviral vector. Sixteen clones were isolated from cultures transfected with the T155g-expressing plasmid. No cell lines were obtained with T155c. Four clones produced GDNF at physiological concentrations ranging from 55 to 93 pg/ml of medium. These four clones were transplanted into the ischemic core or penumbra of rats that had undergone middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Three of the four clones reduced the volume of infarction and the behavioral abnormalities normally resulting from MCAO. Blocking experiments with antibodies to GDNF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) suggested that these growth factors contributed only minimally to the reduction in infarct volume and behavioral abnormality. These cell lines may be useful for intracerebral transplantation in animal models of brain injury, stroke, or Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ora Dillon-Carter
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Rowena E. Johnston
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Mary Ellen Truckenmiller
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Mark Coggiano
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - William J. Freed
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Irons H, Lind JG, Wakade CG, Yu G, Hadman M, Carroll J, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Intracerebral Xenotransplantation of GFP Mouse Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Intact and Stroke Rat Brain: Graft Survival and Immunologic Response. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:283-94. [PMID: 15191166 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterized survival and immunologic response of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) following transplantation into intact and stroke brains. In the first study, intrastriatal transplantation of BMSC (60,000 in 3 μl) or vehicle was performed in normal adult Sprague-Dawley male rats that subsequently received daily cyclosporin A (CsA, 10 mg/kg, IP in 3 ml) or vehicle (olive oil, similar volume) starting on day of surgery up to 3 days posttransplantation. Animals were euthanized at 3 or 30 days posttransplantation and brains were processed either for green fluorescent protein (GFP) microscopy or flow cytometry (FACS). Both GFP epifluorescence and FACS scanning revealed GFP+ BMSCs in both groups of transplanted rats with or without CsA, although significantly increased (1.6- to 3-fold more) survival of GFP+ BMSCs was observed in the immunosuppressed animals. Further histologic examination revealed widespread dispersal of BMSCs away from the graft core accompanied by many long outgrowth processes in non-CsA-transplanted animals, whereas a very dense graft core, with cells expressing only sporadic short outgrowth processes, was observed in CsA-transplanted animals. There were no detectable GFP+ BMSCs in nontrans-planted rats that received CsA or vehicle. Immunologic response via FACS analysis revealed a decreased presence of cytotoxic cells, characterized by near complete absence of CD8+ cells, and lack of activation depicted by low CD69 expression in CsA-treated transplanted animals. In contrast, elevated levels of CD8+ cells and increased activation of CD69 expression were observed in transplanted animals that received vehicle alone. CD4+ helper cells were almost nondetectable in transplanted rats that received CsA, but also only minimally elevated in transplanted rats that received vehicle. Nontransplanted rats that received either CsA or vehicle displayed very minimal detectable levels of all three lymphocyte markers. In the second study, a new set of male Sprague-Dawley rats initially received bilateral stereotaxic intrastriatal transplantation of BMSCs and 3 days after were subjected to unilateral transient occlusion of middle cerebral artery. The animals were allowed to survive for 3 days after stroke without CsA immunosuppression. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed significantly higher (5-fold more) survival of transplanted GFP+ BMSCs in the stroke striatum compared with the intact striatum. The majority of the grafts remained within the original dorsal striatal transplant site, characterized by no obvious migration in intact striatum, but with long-distance migration along the ischemic penumbra in the stroke striatum. Moreover, FACS scanning analyses revealed low levels of immunologic response of grafted BMSCs in both stroke and intact striata. These results, taken together, suggest that xenotransplantation of mouse BMSCs into adult rats is feasible. Immunosuppression therapy can enhance xenograft survival and reduce graft-induced immunologic response; however, in the acute phase posttransplantation, BMSCs can survive in intact and stroke brain, and may even exhibit long-distance migration and increased outgrowth processes without immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Irons
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chiang YH, Borlongan CV, Zhou FC, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. Transplantation of Fetal Kidney Cells: Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:1-9. [PMID: 15789657 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783983304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various trophic factors in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily have been reported to have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects. Intracerebral administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), both members of the TGF-β family, reduce ischemia- or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced injury in adult rat brain. Because BMPs and GDNF are highly expressed in fetal kidney cells, transplantation of fetal kidney tissue could serve as a cellular reservoir for such molecules and protect against neuronal injury induced by ischemia, neurotoxins, or reactive oxygen species. In this review, we discuss preclinical evidence for the efficacy of fetal kidney cell transplantation in neuroprotection and regeneration models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moyle LA, Blanc E, Jaka O, Prueller J, Banerji CR, Tedesco FS, Harridge SD, Knight RD, Zammit PS. Ret function in muscle stem cells points to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27841748 PMCID: PMC5108591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) involves sporadic expression of DUX4, which inhibits myogenesis and is pro-apoptotic. To identify target genes, we over-expressed DUX4 in myoblasts and found that the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret was significantly up-regulated, suggesting a role in FSHD. RET is dynamically expressed during myogenic progression in mouse and human myoblasts. Constitutive expression of either RET9 or RET51 increased myoblast proliferation, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ret induced myogenic differentiation. Suppressing RET activity using Sunitinib, a clinically-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rescued differentiation in both DUX4-expressing murine myoblasts and in FSHD patient-derived myoblasts. Importantly, Sunitinib also increased engraftment and differentiation of FSHD myoblasts in regenerating mouse muscle. Thus, DUX4-mediated activation of Ret prevents myogenic differentiation and could contribute to FSHD pathology by preventing satellite cell-mediated repair. Rescue of DUX4-induced pathology by Sunitinib highlights the therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of FSHD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11405.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Blanc
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane Jaka
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Prueller
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Rs Banerji
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Dr Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Knight
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chatterjee S, Kapoor A, Akiyama JA, Auer DR, Lee D, Gabriel S, Berrios C, Pennacchio LA, Chakravarti A. Enhancer Variants Synergistically Drive Dysfunction of a Gene Regulatory Network In Hirschsprung Disease. Cell 2016; 167:355-368.e10. [PMID: 27693352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common sequence variants in cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are suspected etiological causes of complex disorders. We previously identified an intronic enhancer variant in the RET gene disrupting SOX10 binding and increasing Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) risk 4-fold. We now show that two other functionally independent CRE variants, one binding Gata2 and the other binding Rarb, also reduce Ret expression and increase risk 2- and 1.7-fold. By studying human and mouse fetal gut tissues and cell lines, we demonstrate that reduced RET expression propagates throughout its gene regulatory network, exerting effects on both its positive and negative feedback components. We also provide evidence that the presence of a combination of CRE variants synergistically reduces RET expression and its effects throughout the GRN. These studies show how the effects of functionally independent non-coding variants in a coordinated gene regulatory network amplify their individually small effects, providing a model for complex disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumantra Chatterjee
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer A Akiyama
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dallas R Auer
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Courtney Berrios
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang X, Wang S, Jin X, Wang N, Luo Y, Teng Y. Detection and preliminary screening of the human gene expression profile for Hirschsprung's disease. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:641-50. [PMID: 26648025 PMCID: PMC4686122 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated a genome microarray of colorectal lesions (spasm segments) in children with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), and analyzed the results. In addition, the present study screened for differentially expressed genes in children with HSCR. Microarray technology was used to examine the human gene expression profiles of the colorectal lesions (spasm segments) of six children with HSCR, and three normal colon tissue samples. The data were analyzed be determining P‑values of significance and absolute fold changes. Preliminary screening was performed to identify genes exhibiting significant differential expression in children with HSCR, and these target genes were analyzed in subsequent verification and analytical investigations. Of >20,000 detected human genes, the preliminary screenings demonstrated that 3,850 genes were differentially expressed and upregulated, with P<0.05 and >2‑fold absolute changes in expression. In addition, 645 differentially expressed genes with P<0.05 and >2‑fold absolute changes were downregulated. Of the upregulated genes, 118 were involved in classic signaling pathways, compared with 11 of the downregulated genes (P<0.001; absolute fold change >2‑fold). HSCR etiology is complex and often involves multiple gene changes. Microarray technology can produce large quantities of gene expression data simultaneously, and analyzing this data using various techniques may provide a fast and efficient method for identifying novel gene targets and for investigating the mechanisms underlying HSCR pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Tumour Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Tumour Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xianqing Jin
- Tumour Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Tumour Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Tumour Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yinping Teng
- Tumour Laboratory of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kramer ER, Liss B. GDNF-Ret signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its implication for Parkinson disease. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3760-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system, which occurs due to the failure of neural crest cell migration. Rodent animal models of aganglionosis have contributed greatly to our understanding of the genetic basis of HSCR. Several natural or target mutations in specific genes have been reported to produce developmental defects in neural crest migration, differentiation or survival. The aim of this study was to review the currently available knockout models of HSCR to better understand the molecular basis of HSCR. METHODS A review of the literature using the keywords "Hirschsprung's disease", "aganglionosis", "megacolon" and "knockout mice model" was performed. Resulting publications were reviewed for relevant mouse models of human aganglionosis. Reference lists were screened for additional relevant studies. RESULTS 16 gene knockout mouse models were identified as relevant rodent models of human HSCR. Due to the deletion of a specific gene, the phenotypes of these knockout models are diverse and range from small bowel dilatation and muscular hypertrophy to total intestinal aganglionosis. CONCLUSIONS Mouse models of aganglionosis have been instrumental in the discovery of the causative genes of HSCR. Although important advances have been made in understanding the genetic basis of HSCR, animal models of aganglionosis in future should further help to identify the unknown susceptibility genes in HSCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmer
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ingberg E, Gudjonsdottir J, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Elevated body swing test after focal cerebral ischemia in rodents: methodological considerations. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:50. [PMID: 26242584 PMCID: PMC4525734 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The elevated body swing test (EBST) is a behavioral test used to evaluate experimental stroke in rodents. The basic idea is that when the animal is suspended vertically by the tail, it will swing its head laterally to the left or right depending on lesion side. In a previous study from our lab using the EBST after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), rats swung contralateral to the infarct day 1 post-MCAo, but ipsilateral day 3 post-MCAo. This shift was unexpected and prompted us to perform the present study. First, the literature was systematically reviewed to elucidate whether a similar shift had been noticed before, and if consensus existed regarding swing direction. Secondly, an experiment was conducted to systematically investigate the suggested behavior. Eighty-three adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to MCAo or sham surgery and the EBST was performed up to 7 days after the lesion. Results Both experimentally and through systematic literature review, the present study shows that the direction of biased swing activity in the EBST for rodents after cerebral ischemia can differ and even shift over time in some situations. The EBST curve for females was significantly different from that of males after the same occlusion time (p = 0.023). Conclusions This study highlights the importance of adequate reporting of behavioral tests for lateralization and it is concluded that the EBST cannot be recommended as a test for motor asymmetry after MCAo in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Gudjonsdottir
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. .,Division of Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Diagnostics, Linköping University, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. .,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden. .,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Brain injury continues to be one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is currently no pharmacologically effective treatment for preventing neuronal loss and repairing the brain. As a result, novel therapeutic approaches, such as cell-based therapies, are being actively pursued to repair tissue damage and restore neurological function after injury. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective potential of amniotic fluid (AF) single cell clones, engineered to secrete glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (AF-GDNF), both in vitro and in a surgically induced model of brain injury. Our results show that pre-treatment with GDNF significantly increases cell survival in cultures of AF cells or cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Since improving the efficacy of cell transplantation depends on enhanced graft cell survival, we investigated whether AF-GDNF cells seeded on polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds could enhance graft survival following implantation into the lesion cavity. Encouragingly, the AF-GDNF cells survived longer than control AF cells in serum-free conditions and continued to secrete GDNF both in vitro and following implantation into the injured motor cortex. AF-GDNF implantation in the acute period following injury was sufficient to activate the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in host neural cells in the peri-lesion area, potentially boosting endogenous neuroprotective pathways. These results were complemented with promising trends in beam walk tasks in AF-GDNF/PGA animals during the 7 day timeframe. Further investigation is required to determine whether significant behavioural improvement can be achieved at a longer timeframe.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang R, Cai X, Song X, Dong C, Hou X, Lv L. Normalization of ventral tegmental area structure following acupuncture in a rat model of heroin relapse. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:301-7. [PMID: 25206816 PMCID: PMC4146144 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs can cause obvious damage to the brain. To verify the relationship between acupuncture, neurotrophic factor expression and brain cell structural changes, this study established a rat model of heroin relapse using intramuscular injection of increasing amounts of heroin. During the detoxification period, rat models received acupuncture at Baihui (DU20) and Dazhui (DU14). Electron microscopy demonstrated that the structure of the ventral tegmental area in heroin relapse rats gradually became normalized after acupuncture treatment. Immunohistochemical staining exhibited that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increased in the ventral tegmental area following acupuncture. Moreover, the effects were similar to that of methadone, a type of medicine called an opioid. Results suggested that acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui protected brain neurons against injury in rats with heroin relapse by promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xinghui Cai
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoge Song
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chaoyang Dong
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maruccio L, D'Angelo L, de Girolamo P, Lucini C, Castaldo L. GDNF and GFRα co-receptor family in the developing feline gut. Ann Anat 2014; 196:296-302. [PMID: 24834895 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the GFRα co-receptors play a role in the developing enteric nervous system. The co-receptors elicit their action by binding receptor tyrosine kinase RET. This immunohistochemical study reports the presence of GDNF and its specific co-receptor GFRα1 in the cat gastrointestinal apparatus during development, from stage 9 to 22. At stage 9 and 11, immunoreactivity (IR) to GDNF was observed in the cells of mesenchyme of the anterior gut. From stage 14 to 22, GDNF IR was detected in nervous plexuses; moreover, GDNF and GFRα1 IR appeared localized in gastrointestinal endocrine cells. The presence of GDNF in the enteric nervous system and in the endocrine cells suggests an involvement of this neurotrophic factor in the gastrointestinal development. Moreover, the presence of the co-receptor GFRα1 in endocrine cells and its absence in the enteric nervous system seems to indicate a different mode of transduction of GDNF signal. GFRα2 and GFRα3 co-receptors were not detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - L D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - P de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - C Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - L Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de la Pena I, Pabon M, Acosta S, Sanberg PR, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Oligodendrocytes engineered with migratory proteins as effective graft source for cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. CELL MEDICINE 2014; 6:123-127. [PMID: 24999443 DOI: 10.3727/215517913x674144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by widespread immunomodulatory demyelination of the CNS resulting in nerve cell dysfunction. Accordingly, treatment strategies have been centered on immunodulation and remyelination, with the former primarily focused on reducing the pathology rather than enhancing myelin repair which the latter targets. While conceding to the emerging view of heterogeneity in the pathology of MS, which precludes variations in degree of immune response (i.e., inflammation) and demyelination, the concept of enhancing myelin repair is appealing since it is likely to provide both disease-reducing and disease-inhibiting therapeutic approach to MS. In this regard, we and several others, have proposed that cell replacement therapy is an effective strategy to repair the myelin in MS. Here, we hypothesize that transplantation of mouse bone marrow-derived oligodendrocytes (BMDOs) and BMDOs transfected with Ephrin proteins (BMDO+Ephrin), which are known to enhance cell and axonal migratory capacity, may produce therapeutic benefits in animal models of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ike de la Pena
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Mibel Pabon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair. University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Butler Tjaden NE, Trainor PA. The developmental etiology and pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. Transl Res 2013; 162:1-15. [PMID: 23528997 PMCID: PMC3691347 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract. Derived from a multipotent, migratory cell population called the neural crest, a complete enteric nervous system is necessary for proper gut function. Disorders that arise as a consequence of defective neural crest cell development are termed neurocristopathies. One such disorder is Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), also known as congenital megacolon or intestinal aganglionosis. HSCR occurs in 1/5000 live births and typically presents with the inability to pass meconium, along with abdominal distension and discomfort that usually requires surgical resection of the aganglionic bowel. This disorder is characterized by a congenital absence of neurons in a portion of the intestinal tract, usually the distal colon, because of a disruption of normal neural crest cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and/or apoptosis. The inheritance of HSCR disease is complex, often non-Mendelian, and characterized by variable penetrance. Extensive research has identified a number of key genes that regulate neural crest cell development in the pathogenesis of HSCR including RET, GDNF, GFRα1, NRTN, EDNRB, ET3, ZFHX1B, PHOX2b, SOX10, and SHH. However, mutations in these genes account for only ∼50% of the known cases of HSCR. Thus, other genetic mutations and combinations of genetic mutations and modifiers likely contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of HSCR. The aims of this review are to summarize the HSCR phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment options; to discuss the major genetic causes and the mechanisms by which they disrupt normal enteric neural crest cell development; and to explore new pathways that may contribute to HSCR pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pruett BS, Salvatore MF. Nigral GFRα1 infusion in aged rats increases locomotor activity, nigral tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine content in synchronicity. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:988-99. [PMID: 23321789 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of exogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) increases locomotor activity in rodent models of aging and Parkinson's disease in conjunction with increased dopamine (DA) tissue content in substantia nigra (SN). Striatal GDNF infusion also increases expression of GDNF's cognate receptor, GFRα1, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) ser31 phosphorylation in the SN of aged rats long after elevated GDNF is no longer detectable. In aging, expression of soluble GFRα1 in the SN decreases in association with decreased TH expression, TH ser31 phosphorylation, DA tissue content, and locomotor activity. Thus, we hypothesized that, in aged rats, replenishing soluble GFRα1 in SN could reverse these deficits and increase locomotor activity. We determined that the quantity of soluble GFRα1 in young adult rat SN is ~3.6 ng. To replenish age-related loss, which is ~30 %, we infused 1 ng soluble GFRα1 bilaterally into SN of aged male rats and observed increased locomotor activity compared to vehicle-infused rats up to 4 days following infusion, with maximal effects on day 3. Five days after infusion, however, neither locomotor activity nor nigrostriatal neurochemical measures were significantly different between groups. In a separate cohort of male rats, nigral, but not striatal, DA, TH, and TH ser31 phosphorylation were increased 3 days following unilateral infusion of 1 ng soluble GFRα1into SN. Therefore, in aged male rats, the transient increase in locomotor activity induced by replenishing age-related loss of soluble GFRα1is temporally matched with increased nigral dopaminergic function. Thus, expression of soluble GFRα1 in SN may be a key component in locomotor activity regulation through its influence over TH regulation and DA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S Pruett
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Biau S, Jin S, Fan CM. Gastrointestinal defects of the Gas1 mutant involve dysregulated Hedgehog and Ret signaling. Biol Open 2012; 2:144-55. [PMID: 23429478 PMCID: PMC3575649 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract defines the digestive system and is composed of the stomach, intestine and colon. Among the major cell types lining radially along the GI tract are the epithelium, mucosa, smooth muscles and enteric neurons. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has been implicated in directing various aspects of the developing GI tract, notably the mucosa and smooth muscle growth, and enteric neuron patterning, while the Ret signaling pathway is selectively required for enteric neuron migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The growth arrest specific gene 1 (Gas1) encodes a GPI-anchored membrane protein known to bind to Sonic Hh (Shh), Indian Hh (Ihh), and Ret. However, its role in the GI tract has not been examined. Here we show that the Gas1 mutant GI tract, compared to the control, is shorter, has thinner smooth muscles, and contains more enteric progenitors that are abnormally distributed. These phenotypes are similar to those of the Shh mutant, supporting that Gas1 mediates most of the Shh activity in the GI tract. Because Gas1 has been shown to inhibit Ret signaling elicited by Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf), we explored whether Gas1 mutant enteric neurons displayed any alteration of Ret signaling levels. Indeed, isolated mutant enteric progenitors not only showed increased levels of phospho-Ret and its downstream effectors, phospho-Akt and phospho-Erk, but also displayed altered responses to Gdnf and Shh. We therefore conclude that phenotypes observed in the Gas1 mutant are due to a combination of reduced Hh signaling and increased Ret signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Biau
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington , 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 , USA ; 2iE Foundation, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01 , Burkina Faso
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was first identified as a survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but additional studies provided evidences for a role as a trophic factor for other neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. GDNF regulates cellular activity through interaction with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface receptors, GDNF family receptor-α1, which might signal through the transmembrane Ret tyrosine receptors or the neural cell adhesion molecule, to promote cell survival, neurite outgrowth, and synaptogenesis. The neuroprotective effect of exogenous GDNF has been shown in different experimental models of focal and global brain ischemia, by local administration of the trophic factor, using viral vectors carrying the GDNF gene and by transplantation of GDNF-expressing cells. These different strategies and the mechanisms contributing to neuroprotection by GDNF are discussed in this review. Importantly, neuroprotection by GDNF was observed even when administered after the ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emília P Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Boer R, Borntraeger A, Knight AM, Hébert-Blouin MN, Spinner RJ, Malessy MJA, Yaszemski MJ, Windebank AJ. Short- and long-term peripheral nerve regeneration using a poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid scaffold containing nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor releasing microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2139-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
29
|
Wallace AS, Anderson RB. Genetic interactions and modifier genes in Hirschsprung's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4937-44. [PMID: 22174542 PMCID: PMC3236992 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i45.4937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder that occurs in 1:5000 live births. It is characterised by an absence of enteric neurons along a variable region of the gastrointestinal tract. Hirschsprung’s disease is classified as a multigenic disorder, because the same phenotype is associated with mutations in multiple distinct genes. Furthermore, the genetics of Hirschsprung’s disease are highly complex and not strictly Mendelian. The phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in Hirschsprung’s disease also suggests the involvement of modifier genes. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the genetics underlying Hirschsprung’s disease based on human and animal studies, focusing on the principal causative genes, their interactions, and the role of modifier genes.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu HS, Shen H, Harvey BK, Castillo P, Lu H, Yang Y, Wang Y. Post-treatment with amphetamine enhances reinnervation of the ipsilateral side cortex in stroke rats. Neuroimage 2011; 56:280-9. [PMID: 21349337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine (AM) treatment has been shown to alter behavioral recovery after ischemia caused by embolism, permanent unilateral occlusion of the common carotid and middle cerebral arteries, or unilateral sensorimotor cortex ablation in rats. However, the behavioral results are inconsistent possibly due to difficulty controlling the size of the lesion before treatment. There is also evidence that AM promotes neuroregeneration in the cortex contralateral to the infarction; however, the effects of AM in the ipsilateral cortex remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to employ T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) to establish controlled criteria for AM treatment and to examine neuroregenerative effects in both cortices after stroke. Adult rats were anesthetized, and the right middle cerebral artery was ligated for 90 min to generate lesions in the ipsilateral cortex. Animals were separated into two equal treatment groups (AM or saline) according to the size of infarction, measured by T2WI at 2days after stroke. AM or saline was administered to stroke rats every third day starting on day 3 for 4weeks. AM treatment significantly reduced neurological deficits, as measured by body asymmetry and Bederson's score. T2WI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to examine the size of infarction and axonal reinnervation, respectively, before and following treatment on days 2, 10 and 25 after stroke. AM treatment reduced the volume of tissue loss on days 10 and 25. A significant increase in fractional anisotropy ratio was found in the ipsilateral cortex after repeated AM administration, suggesting a possible increase in axonal outgrowth in the lesioned side cortex. Western analysis indicated that AM significantly increased the expression of synaptophysin ipsilaterally and neurofilament bilaterally. AM also enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymatic activity, determined by MMP zymography in the lesioned side cortex. qRT-PCR was used to examine the expression of trophic factors after the 1st and 2nd doses of AM or saline injection. The expression of BDNF, but not BMP7 or CART, was significantly enhanced by AM in the lesioned side cortex. In conclusion, post-stroke treatment with AM facilitates behavioral recovery, which is associated with an increase in fractional anisotropy activity, enhanced fiber growth in tractography, synaptogenesis, upregulation of BDNF, and MMP activity mainly in the lesioned cortex. Our data suggest that the ipsilateral cortex may be the major target of action in stroke brain after AM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Shan Liu
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Expression of GDNF receptors GFRα1 and RET is preserved in substantia nigra pars compacta of aging Asian Indians. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 40:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Carnicella S, Ahmadiantehrani S, Janak PH, Ron D. GDNF is an endogenous negative regulator of ethanol-mediated reward and of ethanol consumption after a period of abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1012-24. [PMID: 19302086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that activation of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) pathway in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) reduces ethanol-drinking behaviors. In this study, we set out to assess the contribution of endogenous GDNF or its receptor GFRalpha1 to the regulation of ethanol-related behaviors. METHODS GDNF and GFRalpha1 heterozygote mice (HET) and their wild-type littermate controls (WT) were used for the studies. Ethanol-induced hyperlocomotion, sensitization, and conditioned place preference (CPP), as well as ethanol consumption before and after a period of abstinence were evaluated. Blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was also measured. RESULTS We observed no differences between the GDNF HET and WT mice in the level of locomotor activity or in sensitization to ethanol-induced hyperlocomotion after systemic injection of a nonhypnotic dose of ethanol and in BEC. However, GDNF and GFRalpha1 mice exhibited increased place preference to ethanol as compared with their WT littermates. The levels of voluntary ethanol or quinine consumption were similar in the GDNF HET and WT mice, however, a small but significant increase in saccharin intake was observed in the GDNF HET mice. No changes were detected in voluntary ethanol, saccharin or quinine consumption of GFRalpha1 HET mice as compared with their WT littermates. Interestingly, however, both the GDNF and GFRalpha1 HET mice consumed much larger quantities of ethanol after a period of abstinence from ethanol as compared with their WT littermates. Furthermore, the increase in ethanol consumption after abstinence was found to be specific for ethanol as similar levels of saccharin intake were measured in the GDNF and GFRalpha1 HET and WT mice after abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that endogenous GDNF negatively regulates the rewarding effect of ethanol and ethanol-drinking behaviors after a period of abstinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Carnicella
- The Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California-San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zaman V, Boger HA, Granholm AC, Rohrer B, Moore A, Buhusi M, Gerhardt GA, Hoffer BJ, Middaugh LD. The nigrostriatal dopamine system of aging GFRalpha-1 heterozygous mice: neurochemistry, morphology and behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:1557-68. [PMID: 18973577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Given the established importance of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in maintaining dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, the nigrostriatal system and associated behaviors of mice with genetic reduction of its high-affinity receptor, GDNF receptor (GFR)alpha-1 (GFRalpha-1(+/-)), were compared with wild-type controls. Motor activity and the stimulatory effects of a dopamine (DA) D1 receptor agonist (SKF 82958) were assessed longitudinally at 8 and 18 months of age. Monoamine concentrations and dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum and the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) were assessed. The results support the importance of GFRalpha-1 in maintaining normal function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, with deficits being observed for GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice at both ages. Motor activity was lower and the stimulatory effects of the DA agonist were enhanced for the older GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice. DA in the striatum was reduced in the GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice at both ages, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell numbers in the SN were reduced most substantially in the older GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice. The combined behavioral, pharmacological probe, neurochemical and morphological measures provide evidence of abnormalities in GFRalpha-1(+/-) mice that are indicative of an exacerbated aging-related decline in dopaminergic system function. The noted deficiencies, in turn, suggest that GFRalpha-1 is necessary for GDNF to maintain normal function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Although the precise mechanism(s) for the aging-related changes in the dopaminergic system remain to be established, the present study clearly establishes that genetic reductions in GFRalpha-1 can contribute to the degenerative changes observed in this system during the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bäckman CM, Zhang Y, Malik N, Shan L, Hoffer BJ, Westphal H, Tomac AC. Generalized tetracycline induced Cre recombinase expression through the ROSA26 locus of recombinant mice. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 176:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
35
|
Boger HA, Middaugh LD, Zaman V, Hoffer B, Granholm AC. Differential effects of the dopamine neurotoxin MPTP in animals with a partial deletion of the GDNF receptor, GFR alpha1, gene. Brain Res 2008; 1241:18-28. [PMID: 18822276 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, is a potent neurotrophic protein promoting the survival and maintenance of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra during development and adulthood. DA neurons that project to the striatum in the nigrostriatal pathway express GDNF receptors, GFR alpha1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these neurons are especially sensitive to neurotoxic insults. Therefore, we examined effects of the dopaminergic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on locomotion and DA neurons in 26-month-old male GFR alpha1 heterozygous (GFR alpha1(+/-)) mice compared to aged-matched wild-type (WT) littermates. MPTP gave rise to increased locomotion, regardless of genotype, while GFR alpha1(+/-) mice treated with saline exhibited lower spontaneous locomotion, compared to WT mice. Moreover, GFR alpha1(+/-) saline mice had fewer TH-positive neurons, greater expression of inflammatory markers (CD45 immunostaining and phosphorylated p38 MAPK) in the nigra, and reduced striatal TH staining. MPTP exacerbated these effects, with the lowest density of striatal TH and highest density of nigral CD45 and phospho-p38 MAPK immunoreactivity observed in GFR alpha1(+/-) mice. The findings point to increased sensitivity of the DAergic system with age and neurotoxic exposure as a result of a genetic reduction of GFR alpha1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Boger
- Department of Neurosciences, Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hofmann MC. Gdnf signaling pathways within the mammalian spermatogonial stem cell niche. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:95-103. [PMID: 18485583 PMCID: PMC2491722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex process in which male germ-line stem cells develop to ultimately form spermatozoa. Spermatogonial stem cells, or SSCs, are found in the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium. They self-renew to maintain the pool of stem cells throughout life, or they differentiate to generate a large number of germ cells. A balance between SSC self-renewal and differentiation in the adult testis is therefore essential to maintain normal spermatogenesis and fertility. Maintenance and self-renewal are tightly regulated by extrinsic signals from the surrounding microenvironment, called the spermatogonial stem cell niche. By physically supporting the SSCs and providing them with growth factors, the Sertoli cell is the main component of the niche. In addition, adhesion molecules that connect the SSCs to the basement membrane and cellular components of the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules are important regulators of the niche function. This review mainly focuses on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf), which is produced by Sertoli cells to maintain SSCs self-renewal, and the downstream signaling pathways induced by this crucial growth factor. Interactions between Gdnf and other signaling pathways that maintain self-renewal, as well as the role of novel SSC- and Sertoli cell-specific transcription factors, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Adly MA, Assaf HA, Pertile P, Hussein MR, Paus R. Expression patterns of the glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin, their cognate receptors GFRα-1, GFRα-2, and a common signal transduction element c-Ret in the human skin hair follicles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:238-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
38
|
Hara K, Matsukawa N, Yasuhara T, Xu L, Yu G, Maki M, Kawase T, Hess DC, Kim SU, Borlongan CV. Transplantation of post-mitotic human neuroteratocarcinoma-overexpressing Nurr1 cells provides therapeutic benefits in experimental stroke: in vitro evidence of expedited neuronal differentiation and GDNF secretion. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1240-51. [PMID: 17335085 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nurr1 has been implicated as a transcription factor mediating the endogenous neuroprotective mechanism against stroke. We examined the in vivo and in vitro properties of a new human embryonic carcinoma Ntera-2 cell line carrying the human Nurr1 gene (NT2N.Nurr1). Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent experimental stroke initially and 14 days later were assigned randomly to receive stereotaxic transplantation of NT2N.Nurr1 cells or infusion of vehicle into their ischemic striatum. Transplantation of NT2N.Nurr1 cells promoted significant attenuation of behavioral impairments over a 56-day period after stroke, characterized by decreased hyperactivity, biased swing activity, and neurologic deficits, as well as significant reduction in ischemic striatal cell loss compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. Transplanted NT2N.Nurr1 cells survived and expressed neuronal phenotypic markers in the ischemic striatum. In vitro results showed that cultured NT2.Nurr1 cells were already negative for nestin even before retinoic acid treatment, despite strong nestin immunoreactivity in NT2 cells. This indicates Nurr1 triggered a rapid commitment of NT2 cells into a neuronal lineage. Indeed, NT2.Nurr1 cells, at 4 weeks into RA treatment, displayed more abundant tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells than NT2 cells. Parallel ELISA studies showed further that cultured NT2N.Nurr1, but not NT2N cells, secreted glial cell derived neurotrophic factor. The present study shows efficacy of NT2N.Nurr1 cell grafts in ischemic stroke, with in vitro evidence suggesting the cells' excellent neuronal differentiation capability and ability to secrete GDNF as likely mechanisms mediating the observed therapeutic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
He Z, Jiang J, Hofmann MC, Dym M. Gfra1 silencing in mouse spermatogonial stem cells results in their differentiation via the inactivation of RET tyrosine kinase. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:723-33. [PMID: 17625109 PMCID: PMC2911237 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.062513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatogonial stem cells divide and differentiate into sperm. The role of growth factor receptors in regulating self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells remains largely unclear. This study was designed to examine Gfra1 receptor expression in immature and adult mouse testes and determine the effects of Gfra1 knockdown on the proliferation and differentiation of type A spermatogonia. We demonstrated that GFRA1 was expressed in a subpopulation of spermatogonia in immature and adult mice. Neither Gfra1 mRNA nor GFRA1 protein was detected in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. GFRA1 and POU5F1 (also known as OCT4), a marker for spermatogonial stem cells, were co-expressed in a subpopulation of type A spermatogonia from 6-day-old mice. In addition, the spermatogonia expressing GFRA1 exhibited a potential for proliferation and the ability to form colonies in culture, which is a characteristic of stem cells. RNA interference assays showed that Gfra1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) knocked down the expression of Gfra1 mRNA and GFRA1 protein in type A spermatogonia. Notably, the reduction of Gfra1 expression by Gfra1 siRNAs induced a phenotypic differentiation, as evidenced by the elevated expression of KIT, as well as the decreased expression of POU5F1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, Gfra1 silencing resulted in a decrease in RET phosphorylation. Taken together, these data indicate that Gfra1 is expressed dominantly in mouse spermatogonial stem cells and that Gfra1 knockdown leads to their differentiation via the inactivation of RET tyrosine kinase, suggesting an essential role for Gfra1 in spermatogonial stem cell regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057
| | - Jiji Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Martin Dym
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057
- Correspondence: Martin Dym, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057. FAX: 202 687 8218;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alfano I, Vora P, Mummery R, Mulloy B, Rider C. The major determinant of the heparin binding of glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor is near the N-terminus and is dispensable for receptor binding. Biochem J 2007; 404:131-40. [PMID: 17298301 PMCID: PMC1868828 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GDNF (glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor), and the closely related cytokines artemin and neurturin, bind strongly to heparin. Deletion of a basic amino-acid-rich sequence of 16 residues N-terminal to the first cysteine of the transforming growth factor beta domain of GDNF results in a marked reduction in heparin binding, whereas removal of a neighbouring sequence, and replacement of pairs of other basic residues with alanine had no effect. The heparin-binding sequence is quite distinct from the binding site for the high affinity GDNF polypeptide receptor, GFRalpha1 (GDNF family receptor alpha1), and heparin-bound GDNF is able to bind GFRalpha1 simultaneously. The heparin-binding sequence of GDNF is dispensable both for GFRalpha1 binding, and for activity for in vitro neurite outgrowth assay. Surprisingly, the observed inhibition of GDNF bioactivity with the wild-type protein in this assay was still found with the deletion mutant lacking the heparin-binding sequence. Heparin neither inhibits nor potentiates GDNF-GFRalpha1 interaction, and the extracellular domain of GFRalpha1 does not bind to heparin itself, precluding heparin cross-bridging of cytokine and receptor polypeptides. The role of heparin and heparan sulfate in GDNF signalling remains unclear, but the present study indicates that it does not occur in the first step of the pathway, namely GDNF-GFRalpha1 engagement.
Collapse
Key Words
- artemin
- gdnf family receptor α1 (gfrα1)
- glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf)
- heparan sulfate
- heparin
- pc12 cells
- art, artemin
- bmp-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- fgf-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- gdnf, glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor
- gfrα, gdnf family receptor α
- gfl, gdnf family ligand
- hs, heparan sulfate
- ntn, neurturin
- 2-ost, 2-o-sulfotransferase psp, persephin
- rhgdnf, recombinant human gdnf
- tbs/t, tris-buffered saline containing 0.05% tween 20, tgf-β, transforming growth factor β
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Alfano
- *School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, U.K
| | - Parvez Vora
- *School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, U.K
| | - Rosemary S. Mummery
- *School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, U.K
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- †Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QC, U.K
| | - Christopher C. Rider
- *School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Goss JR. The therapeutic potential of gene transfer for the treatment of peripheral neuropathies. Expert Rev Mol Med 2007; 9:1-20. [PMID: 17367556 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399407000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common medical problem with numerous aetiologies. Unfortunately, for the majority of cases there is no available medical solution for the underlying cause, and the only option is to try to treat the resulting symptoms. Treatment options exist when neuropathy results in positive symptoms such as pain, but there is a significant lack of treatments for negative symptoms such as numbness and weakness. Systemic application of growth factor peptides has shown promise in protecting nerves from neuropathic insults in preclinical animal studies, but translation into human trials has been problematic and disappointing. Significant advancements have been made in the past few years in utilising gene therapy approaches to treat peripheral neuropathy by expressing neuroprotective gene products either systemically or in specific nervous tissues. For example, plasmids expressing vascular endothelial growth factor injected into muscle, or herpes-simplex-virus-based vectors expressing neurotrophin gene products delivered to dorsal root ganglion neurons, have been used to protect peripheral nerve function in animal models of diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy. Many published studies support the feasibility of this approach, although several questions still need to be addressed as gene therapy to treat peripheral neuropathy moves out of the laboratory and into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Goss
- Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Rm 208, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jain S, Golden JP, Wozniak D, Pehek E, Johnson EM, Milbrandt J. RET is dispensable for maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in adult mice. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11230-8. [PMID: 17065462 PMCID: PMC6674643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1876-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-mediated RET tyrosine kinase signaling is implicated in the survival of several PNS and CNS neuronal populations that are important in the pathogenesis of several disorders including Parkinson's disease and drug addiction. However, it has been difficult to study these processes and the physiological importance of this pathway in adult mice because of the neonatal lethality of Gdnf and Ret null mice. We report successful creation of RET conditional reporter mice to investigate postnatal physiologic roles of RET and monitor the fate of RET-expressing cell types. To delete RET specifically in dopaminergic neurons and determine the physiologic requirement of RET in the maintenance of substantia nigra compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), we bred the RET conditional mice with mice that specifically express Cre from the dopamine transporter (Dat) locus. A detailed morphometric and biochemical analysis including dopaminergic neuron number and size in SNC and VTA, and fiber density in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and dopamine levels indicate that RET is not required for providing global trophic support to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in adult mice. Furthermore, RET deficiency in these neurons does not cause major sensorimotor abnormalities. Hence our results support the idea that RET signaling is not critical for the normal physiology of the SNC and VTA in adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Pehek
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Eugene M. Johnson
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology
- Pathology, and Neurology and HOPE Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Pathology, and Neurology and HOPE Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bäckman CM, Malik N, Zhang Y, Shan L, Grinberg A, Hoffer BJ, Westphal H, Tomac AC. Characterization of a mouse strain expressing Cre recombinase from the 3' untranslated region of the dopamine transporter locus. Genesis 2006; 44:383-90. [PMID: 16865686 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is highly expressed in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon and regulates neurotransmission by transporting DA back into the presynaptic terminals. To mediate restricted DNA recombination events into DA neurons using the Cre/loxP technology, we have generated a knockin mouse expressing Cre recombinase under the transcriptional control of the endogenous DAT promoter. To minimize interference with DAT function by preservation of both DAT alleles, Cre recombinase expression was driven from the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the endogenous DAT gene by means of an internal ribosomal entry sequence. Crossing this murine line with a LacZ reporter showed colocalization of DAT immunocytochemistry and beta-galactosidase staining in all regions analyzed. This knockin mouse can be used for generating tissue specific knockouts in mice carrying genes flanked by loxP sites, and will facilitate the analysis of gene function in dopaminergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Bäckman
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kretz A, Jacob AM, Tausch S, Straten G, Isenmann S. Regulation of GDNF and its receptor components GFR-alpha1, -alpha2 and Ret during development and in the mature retino-collicular pathway. Brain Res 2006; 1090:1-14. [PMID: 16650834 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of the retino-tectal projection as part of the central visual pathway is accomplished around postnatal day (P) 10-14 in rodents, and trophic factors are important for topographic refinement of this projection. Emerging data indicate that GDNF may influence synaptic plasticity of this projection. To date, maturation-dependent kinetics of GDNF release and expression and biological function of single GDNF receptors along the retino-collicular pathway are ill-defined. Here, we examined mRNA and protein expression of GDNF and its multicomponent receptor complex in the retina and superior colliculus (SC) during postnatal development of the rat visual system, and after optic nerve (ON) injury by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Stable mRNA transcription of GDNF and its receptors GFR-alpha1, -alpha2 and Ret was found in retina and SC throughout development into adulthood and after ON transection. Expression of GDNF protein increased during retinal development, declined in adulthood and was further reduced in injured retina. In the SC, GDNF peaked at P0, continuously declined with maturation, and was undetectable in the deafferentiated SC. GFR-alpha1 was abundant in retina and SC throughout, while GFR-alpha2 was not expressed. Since Ret was localized primarily to the vascular compartment, the receptor tyrosine kinase may play a minor role in neuronal GDNF signaling. In summary, we provide evidence for GDNF as survival and guidance factor during development of the retino-tectal projection with differential regulation in early and premature retina and SC. Postlesionally, midbrain targets do not induce GDNF, suggesting that retrograde GDNF is not essential for rescue of adult injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kretz
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, University of Jena Medical School, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Mortell
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pedersen A, Skjong C, Shawlot W. Lim 1 is required for nephric duct extension and ureteric bud morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2005; 288:571-81. [PMID: 16216236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The nephric duct plays a central role in orchestrating the development of the mammalian urogenital system. Lim 1 is a homeobox gene required for head and urogenital development in the mouse but most Lim 1-deficient embryos die by embryonic day 10. To determine the role of Lim 1 in the development of the nephric duct, we conditionally removed Lim 1 in the nephric epithelium just after the nephric duct begins to form using a floxed allele of Lim 1 and Pax2-cre transgenic mice. We report that Lim 1 conditional knockout mice have renal hypoplasia and hydronephrosis. Developmental studies revealed that the caudal portion of the nephric duct did not reach the urogenital sinus at embryonic day 10.5, formation of the ureteric bud was delayed, the ureteric bud was smaller and branching of the ureteric bud reduced. We also found that the nephric duct was generally not maintained and extension of the Müllerian duct inhibited. Molecular analysis indicated that Pax2 was expressed normally but the expression of Wnt9b and E-cadherin in the nephric duct was markedly altered. These results suggest that Lim 1 influences nephric duct extension and ureteric bud outgrowth by regulating and or maintaining the differentiation of the nephric epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Pedersen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and University of Minnesota Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lucini C, Maruccio L, Tafuri S, Bevaqua M, Staiano N, Castaldo L. GDNF family ligand immunoreactivity in the gut of teleostean fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 210:265-74. [PMID: 16193278 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), persephin (PSPN), and artemin (ARTN) are a group of proteins belonging to the GDNF family ligands (GFLs). GDNF, NRTN, and ARTN support the survival of central, peripheral, and autonomic neuron populations, while PSPN supports the survival of only several central neuron populations. A common receptor, RET, modulates the action of this family and a co-receptor, GFRalpha, determines RET ligand specificity. GDNF and NRTN appear to be essential for enteric nervous system (ENS) development in mammals, zebrafish, and other teleostean species. GFLs are also essential for the maintenance and plasticity of adult mammalian ENS. In this study, the distribution pattern of GFLs in the intestine of five adult fish (bass, gilt-head, scorpionfish, trout, and zebrafish) was evaluated by immunochemical and immunocytochemical analysis. The results demonstrated the presence of GDNF, NRTN, and ARTN in the gut of all species studied. They appeared to be spread in the ENS and/or endocrine cells of the intestine. These findings suggest that the presence of GFLs in fish gut is not only limited to developmental period, but could be also involved in the enteric physiology of adult species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lucini
- Dipartimento di Strutture, Funzioni e Tecnologie Biologiche, Via Veterinaria 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Anderson RB, Stewart AL, Young HM. Phenotypes of neural-crest-derived cells in vagal and sacral pathways. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 323:11-25. [PMID: 16133146 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enteric neurons arise from vagal and sacral level neural crest cells. To examine the phenotype of neural-crest-derived cells in vagal and sacral pathways, we used antisera to Sox10, p75, Phox2b, and Hu, and transgenic mice in which the expression of green fluorescent protein was under the control of the Ret promoter. Sox10 was expressed prior to the emigration of vagal cells, whereas p75 was expressed shortly after their emigration. Most crest-derived cells that emigrated adjacent to somites 1-4 migrated along a pathway that was later followed by the vagus nerve. A sub-population of these vagal cells coalesced to form vagal ganglia, whereas others continued their migration towards the heart and gut. Cells that coalesced into vagal ganglia showed a different phenotype from cells in the migratory streams proximal and distal to the ganglia. Only a sub-population of the vagal cells that first entered the foregut expressed Phox2b or Ret. Sacral neural crest cells gave rise to pelvic ganglia and some neurons in the hindgut. The pathways of sacral neural crest cells were examined by using DbetaH-nlacZ mice. Sacral cells appeared to enter the distal hindgut around embryonic day 14.5. Very few of the previously demonstrated, but rare, neurons that were present in the large intestine of Ret null mutants and that presumably arose from the sacral neural crest expressed nitric oxide synthase, unlike their counterparts in Ret heterozygous mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Anderson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Carroll TJ, Park JS, Hayashi S, Majumdar A, McMahon AP. Wnt9b Plays a Central Role in the Regulation of Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transitions Underlying Organogenesis of the Mammalian Urogenital System. Dev Cell 2005; 9:283-92. [PMID: 16054034 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate urogenital system forms due to inductive interactions between the Wolffian duct, its derivative the ureteric bud, and their adjacent mesenchymes. These establish epithelial primordia within the mesonephric (embryonic) and metanephric (adult) kidneys and the Müllerian duct, the anlage of much of the female reproductive tract. We show that Wnt9b is expressed in the inductive epithelia and is essential for the development of mesonephric and metanephric tubules and caudal extension of the Müllerian duct. Wnt9b is required for the earliest inductive response in metanephric mesenchyme. Further, Wnt9b-expressing cells can functionally substitute for the ureteric bud in these interactions. Wnt9b acts upstream of another Wnt, Wnt4, in this process, and our data implicate canonical Wnt signaling as one of the major pathways in the organization of the mammalian urogenital system. Together these findings suggest that Wnt9b is a common organizing signal regulating diverse components of the mammalian urogenital system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Young HM, Turner KN, Bergner AJ. The location and phenotype of proliferating neural-crest-derived cells in the developing mouse gut. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 320:1-9. [PMID: 15714282 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells that originate in the caudal hindbrain migrate into and along the developing gastrointestinal tract to form the enteric nervous system. While they are migrating, neural-crest-derived cells are also proliferating. Previous studies have shown that the expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin-3 is highest in the embryonic caecum, and that GDNF alone or in combination with endothelin-3 promotes the proliferation of enteric neural-crest-derived cells in vitro. However, whether neural proliferative zones, like those in the central nervous system, are found along the developing gut is unknown. We used a fluorescent nucleic acid stain to identify dividing cells or BrdU labelling (2 h after administration of BrdU to the mother), combined with antibodies specific to neural crest cells to determine the percentage of proliferating crest-derived cells in various gut regions of embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and E12.5 mice. The rate of proliferation of crest-derived cells did not vary significantly in different regions of the gut (including the caecum) or at different distances from the migratory wavefront of vagal crest-derived cells. The phenotype of mitotic enteric crest-derived cells was also examined. Cells expressing the pan-neuronal markers, neurofilament-M and Hu, or the glial marker, S100b, were observed undergoing mitosis. However, no evidence was found for proliferation of cells expressing neuron-type-specific markers, such as nitric oxide synthase (at E12.5) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (at E18.5). Thus, for enteric neurons, exit from the cell cycle appears to occur after the expression of pan-neuronal proteins but prior to the expression of markers of terminally differentiated neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|