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Hildebrandt BA, Fisher H, LaPalombara Z, Young ME, Ahmari SE. Corticostriatal dynamics underlying components of binge-like consumption of palatable food in mice. Appetite 2023; 183:106462. [PMID: 36682623 PMCID: PMC9974784 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a maladaptive repetitive feeding behavior present across nearly all eating disorder diagnoses. Despite the substantial negative impact of BE on psychological and physiological health, its underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. Other repetitive behavior disorders (e.g., obsessive compulsive disorder) show dysfunction within corticostriatal circuitry. However, to date, no work has investigated the in vivo neural dynamics underlying corticostriatal activity during BE episodes. The aim of the current study was to longitudinally examine in vivo neural activity within corticostriatal regions - the infralimbic cortex (IL) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS)- in a robust pre-clinical model for BE. Female C57BL6/J mice (N = 32) were randomized to receive: 1) intermittent (daily, 2-h) binge-like access to palatable food (sweetened condensed milk) (BE), or 2) continuous, non-intermittent (24-h) access to palatable food (control). In vivo calcium imaging was performed via fiber photometry at baseline and after chronic (4 weeks) engagement in the model for BE. Specific consummatory behaviors (feeding bout onset/offset) during recordings were captured using lickometers which generated TTL outputs for precise alignment of behavior to neural data. IL showed no specific changes in neural activity related to BE. However, BE animals showed decreased DLS activity at feeding onset and offset at the chronic timepoint when compared to activity at the baseline timepoint. Additionally, BE mice had significantly lower DLS activity at feeding onset and offset at the chronic timepoint compared to control mice. These results point to a role for DLS hypofunction in chronic BE, highlighting a potential target for future treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britny A Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Hayley Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zoe LaPalombara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael E Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Cleland L, Kennedy HL, Pettie MA, Kennedy MA, Bulik CM, Jordan J. Eating disorders, disordered eating, and body image research in New Zealand: a scoping review. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:7. [PMID: 36650575 PMCID: PMC9847028 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevention and treatment of eating disorders relies on an extensive body of research that includes various foci and methodologies. This scoping review identified relevant studies of eating disorders, body image, and disordered eating with New Zealand samples; charted the methodologies, sample characteristics, and findings reported; and identified several gaps that should be addressed by further research. METHODS Using scoping review methodology, two databases were searched for studies examining eating disorders, disordered eating, or body image with New Zealand samples. Snowball methods were further used to identify additional relevant articles that did not appear in initial searches. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of 473 records. Full text assessment of the remaining 251 records resulted in 148 peer-reviewed articles being identified as eligible for the final review. A search of institutional databases yielded 106 Masters and Doctoral theses for assessment, with a total of 47 theses being identified as eligible for the final review. The included studies were classified by methodology, and the extracted information included the study foci, data collected, sample size, demographic information, and key findings. RESULTS The eligible studies examined a variety of eating disorder categories including binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa, in addition to disordered eating behaviours and body image in nonclinical or community samples. Methodologies included treatment trials, secondary analysis of existing datasets, non-treatment experimental interventions, cross-sectional observation, case-control studies, qualitative and mixed-methods studies, and case studies or series. Across all of the studies, questionnaire and interview data were most commonly utilised. A wide range of sample sizes were evident, and studies often reported all-female or mostly-female participants, with minimal inclusion of males and gender minorities. There was also an underrepresentation of minority ethnicities in many studies, highlighting the need for future research to increase diversity within samples. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of research into eating disorders and body image in New Zealand, while highlighting important considerations for both local and international research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Cleland
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Hannah L Kennedy
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Michaela A Pettie
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin A Kennedy
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jordan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand. .,Mental Health Clinical Research Unit, Te Whatu Ora, Waitaha, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Functional Characterization and Molecular Marker Development of the Proenkephalin as Biomarker of Food Addiction in Food Habit Domestication of Mandarin Fish (Siniperca Chuatsi). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proenkephalin (PENK), as the precursor of endogenous opioid enkephalin (ENK), is widely present in the nervous system and plays an important role in animal food addiction and rewarding behavior. In our study, we intend to study the functional characterization and molecular marker development of the penk gene related to food habit domestication of mandarin fish. We found that the penk gene of mandarin fish had three types of endogenous opioid peptide sequences. Compared with other tissues, penk mRNA was highly expressed in the whole brain. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of lysine or methionine significantly increased the expression of penk mRNA. The expression of penk mRNA in the brain of mandarin fish that could be easily domesticated from eating live prey fish to artificial diets was significantly higher than those that could not. After feeding with high-carbohydrate artificial diets, the expression of penk mRNA showed no significant difference between mandarin fish with hypophagia and those that still ate normally. A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci related to easy domestication toward eating artificial diets were screened from the mandarin fish population. Additionally, the TT genotype at one of the loci was significantly correlated with the food habit domestication of mandarin fish.
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Hildebrandt BA, Ahmari SE. Breaking It Down: Investigation of Binge Eating Components in Animal Models to Enhance Translation. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:728535. [PMID: 34484010 PMCID: PMC8414642 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.728535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a core eating disorder behavior that is present across nearly all eating disorder diagnoses (e. g., bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa binge/purge subtype), and is also widely present in the general population. Despite the prevalence of BE, limited treatment options exist and there are often high rates of relapse after treatment. There is evidence showing that genetic factors contribute to the heritability of BE and support for biological contributions to BE. However, more work is needed to fully understand neurobiological mechanisms underlying BE. One approach to target this problem is to separate BE into its distinct clinical components that can be more easily modeled using pre-clinical approaches. To date, a variety of animal models for BE have been used in pre-clinical studies; but there have been challenges translating this work to human BE. Here, we review these pre-clinical approaches by breaking them down into three clinically-significant component parts (1) consumption of a large amount of food; (2) food consumption within a short period of time; and (3) loss of control over eating. We propose that this rubric identifies the most frequently used and effective ways to model components of BE behavior using pre-clinical approaches with the strongest clinical relevance. Finally, we discuss how current pre-clinical models have been integrated with techniques using targeted neurobiological approaches and propose ways to improve translation of pre-clinical work to human investigations of BE that could enhance our understanding of BE behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britny A Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abstract
AbstractA better understanding of the factors that influence eating behaviour is of importance as our food choices are associated with the risk of developing chronic diseases such as obesity, CVD, type 2 diabetes or some forms of cancer. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that the industrial food production system is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emission and may be unsustainable. Therefore, our food choices may also contribute to climate change. By identifying the factors that influence eating behaviour new interventions may be developed, at the individual or population level, to modify eating behaviour and contribute to society’s health and environmental goals. Research indicates that eating behaviour is dictated by a complex interaction between physiology, environment, psychology, culture, socio-economics and genetics that is not fully understood. While a growing body of research has identified how several single factors influence eating behaviour, a better understanding of how these factors interact is required to facilitate the developing new models of eating behaviour. Due to the diversity of influences on eating behaviour this would probably necessitate a greater focus on multi-disciplinary research. In the present review, the influence of several salient physiological and environmental factors (largely related to food characteristics) on meal initiation, satiation (meal size) and satiety (inter-meal interval) are briefly discussed. Due to the large literature this review is not exhaustive but illustrates the complexity of eating behaviour. The present review will also highlight several limitations that apply to eating behaviour research.
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Shank LM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Nelson EE, Shomaker LB, Ranzenhofer LM, Hannallah LM, Field SE, Vannucci A, Bongiorno DM, Brady SM, Condarco T, Demidowich A, Kelly NR, Cassidy O, Simmons WK, Engel SG, Pine DS, Yanovski JA. Attentional bias to food cues in youth with loss of control eating. Appetite 2015; 87:68-75. [PMID: 25435490 PMCID: PMC4333006 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that adults with binge eating may exhibit an attentional bias toward highly palatable foods, which may promote obesogenic eating patterns and excess weight gain. However, it is unknown to what extent youth with loss of control (LOC) eating display a similar bias. We therefore studied 76 youth (14.5 ± 2.3 years; 86.8% female; BMI-z 1.7 ± .73) with (n = 47) and without (n = 29) reported LOC eating. Following a breakfast to reduce hunger, youth participated in a computerized visual probe task of sustained attention that assessed reaction time to pairs of pictures consisting of high palatable foods, low palatable foods, and neutral household objects. Although sustained attentional bias did not differ by LOC eating presence and was unrelated to body weight, a two-way interaction between BMI-z and LOC eating was observed (p = .01), such that only among youth with LOC eating, attentional bias toward high palatable foods versus neutral objects was positively associated with BMI-z. These findings suggest that LOC eating and body weight interact in their association with attentional bias to highly palatable foods cues, and may partially explain the mixed literature linking attentional bias to food cues with excess body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Shank
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren B Shomaker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, Campus Delivery 1570, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lisa M Ranzenhofer
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louise M Hannallah
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara E Field
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana M Bongiorno
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tania Condarco
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Omni Cassidy
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), DoD, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA; Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, 4502 E. 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 700 1st Ave S, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Vadiveloo M, Dixon LB, Mijanovich T, Elbel B, Parekh N. Dietary variety is inversely associated with body adiposity among US adults using a novel food diversity index. J Nutr 2015; 145:555-63. [PMID: 25733472 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.199067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consuming a variety (vs. monotony) of energy-poor, nutrient-dense foods may help individuals adhere to dietary patterns favorably associated with weight control. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine whether greater healthful food variety quantified using the US Healthy Food Diversity (HFD) index favorably influenced body adiposity. METHODS Men and nonpregnant, nonlactating women aged ≥20 y with two 24-h recalls from the cross-sectional NHANES 2003-2006 (n = 7470) were included in this study. Dietary recalls were merged with the MyPyramid Equivalent database to generate the US HFD index, which ranges from 0 to ∼1, with higher scores indicative of diets with a higher number and proportion of healthful foods. Multiple indicators of adiposity including BMI, waist-to-height ratio, android-to-gynoid fat ratio, fat mass index (FMI), and percentage body fat were assessed across US HFD index quintiles. ORs and 95% CIs were computed with use of multivariable logistic regression (SAS v. 9.3). RESULTS The US HFD index was inversely associated with most adiposity indicators in both sexes. After multivariable adjustment, the odds of obesity, android-to-gynoid ratio >1, and high FMI were 31-55% lower (P-trend < 0.01) among women in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 of the US HFD index. Among men, the odds of obesity, waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5, and android-to-gynoid ratio >1 were 40-48% lower (P-trend ≤ 0.01) in quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 of the US HFD index. CONCLUSIONS Higher US HFD index values were inversely associated with indicators of body adiposity in both sexes, indicating that greater healthful food variety may protect against excess adiposity. This study explicitly recognizes the potential benefits of dietary variety in obesity management and provides the foundation to support its ongoing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Vadiveloo
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - L Beth Dixon
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; and
| | - Tod Mijanovich
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in the Professions, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, and
| | - Niyati Parekh
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
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Batra P, Das SK, Salinardi T, Robinson L, Saltzman E, Scott T, Pittas AG, Roberts SB. Relationship of cravings with weight loss and hunger. Results from a 6 month worksite weight loss intervention. Appetite 2013; 69:1-7. [PMID: 23684901 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association of food cravings with weight loss and eating behaviors in a lifestyle intervention for weight loss in worksites. This research was part of a randomized controlled trial of a 6-month weight loss intervention versus a wait-listed control in 4 Massachusetts worksites. The intervention emphasized reducing energy intake by adherence to portion-controlled menu suggestions, and assessments were obtained in 95 participants at baseline and 6 months including non-fasting body weight, food cravings (Craving Inventory and Food Craving Questionnaire for state and trait) and the eating behavior constructs restraint, disinhibition and hunger (Eating Inventory). There were statistically significant reductions in all craving variables in the intervention group compared to the controls. Within the intervention group, changes in craving-trait were significantly associated with weight loss after controlling for baseline weight, age, gender and worksite. However, in a multivariate model with craving-trait and eating behaviors (restraint, disinhibition and hunger), hunger was the only significant predictor of weight change. In contrast to some previous reports of increased food cravings with weight loss in lifestyle interventions, this study observed a broad reduction in cravings associated with weight loss. In addition, greater reductions in craving-trait were associated with greater weight change, but craving-trait was not a significant independent correlate of weight change when hunger was included in statistical models. Studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of hunger suppressing versus craving-suppressing strategies in lifestyle interventions for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Batra
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Smith JM, Ditschun TL. Controlling satiety: how environmental factors influence food intake. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Corsica JA, Spring BJ. Carbohydrate craving: a double-blind, placebo-controlled test of the self-medication hypothesis. Eat Behav 2008; 9:447-54. [PMID: 18928908 PMCID: PMC2632958 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate craving, the overwhelming desire to consume carbohydrate-rich foods in an attempt to improve mood, remains a scientifically controversial construct. We tested whether carbohydrate preference and mood enhancement could be demonstrated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled self-administration trial. Overweight females who met strict operational criteria for carbohydrate craving participated in two 3-day discrete choice trials over a 2-week period. Participants reported their mood before and at several time points after undergoing a dysphoric mood induction and ingesting, either a carbohydrate beverage or a taste and calorie-matched protein-rich balanced nutrient beverage. Every third testing day, participants were asked to self-administer the beverage they preferred based on its previous mood effect. Results showed that, when rendered mildly dysphoric, carbohydrate cravers chose the carbohydrate beverage significantly more often than the protein-rich beverage and reported that carbohydrate produced greater mood improvement. The carbohydrate beverage was perceived as being more palatable by the carbohydrate cravers, although not by independent taste testers who performed the pre-trial taste matching. This study, performed under rigorous study conditions, supports the existence of a carbohydrate craving syndrome in which carbohydrate self-administration improves mildly dysphoric mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A. Corsica
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science/Chicago Medical School, Rush University Medical Center
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Vander Wal JS, Johnston KA, Dhurandhar NV. Psychometric properties of the State and Trait Food Cravings Questionnaires among overweight and obese persons. Eat Behav 2007; 8:211-23. [PMID: 17336791 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A crucial problem in studies involving food cravings is the lack of a psychometrically sound measure for use among overweight and obese populations. The degree to which the Food Cravings Questionnaires-Trait (FCQ-T) and State (FCQ-S) evidenced acceptable psychometric properties among overweight and obese participants was assessed. In study 1, 109 participants completed the FCQ-T and FCQ-S. Item-total correlations, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and factor structures were examined. Results indicate good internal consistency and partially support the factor structures. In study 2, the construct and predictive validity of the FCQ-S were examined. Twenty-eight women completed the FCQ-S 15 min after finishing a standardized breakfast and then twice more, 90 min apart. Subsequent ad libitum food intake was recorded. Results suggest that the FCQ-S is sensitive to state changes in food cravings, but that the magnitude of the changes was moderate. The FCQ-S was not a good predictor of subsequent food intake. The FCQ-T and FCQ-S may be useful in studies that examine triggers of and interventions for excessive food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillon S Vander Wal
- Saint Louis University, Department of Psychology, 221 North Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
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Coelho JS, Polivy J, Herman CP. Selective carbohydrate or protein restriction: Effects on subsequent food intake and cravings. Appetite 2006; 47:352-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Polivy J, Coleman J, Herman CP. The effect of deprivation on food cravings and eating behavior in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 38:301-9. [PMID: 16261600 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relation between being deprived of a food and intake and craving for that food was investigated in restrained and unrestrained eaters. METHOD For 1 week, 103 female undergraduate students were assigned to be chocolate deprived, vanilla deprived, or nondeprived. Only chocolate deprivation was expected to elicit cravings, as chocolate is not easily substituted, whereas vanilla is. RESULTS The main effect of chocolate deprivation on consumption was qualified by an interaction with restraint. Chocolate-deprived restrained eaters consumed more chocolate food than did any other group. Restrained eaters experienced more food cravings than did unrestrained eaters and were more likely to eat the craved food. Moreover, restrained eaters deprived of chocolate spent the least time doing an anagram task before a "taste-rating task" in which they expected that chocolate foods might be available. CONCLUSION Converging measures of craving indicate that deprivation causes craving and overeating, but primarily in restrained eaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Polivy
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Herrin
- Herrin Nutrition Services, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
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Abstract
Food cravings are extremely common, particularly among women. Cravings are frequently reported for specific types of foods, including chocolate and foods high in both sugar and fat. Cravings for specific macronutrients, such as carbohydrate, have been postulated to result from a physiological need to alter neurotransmitters in such states as eating disorders, affective disorders or obesity. However, studies of such cravings are often confounded by differing sensory properties of high and low carbohydrate foods. There is some evidence that sweet, high fat foods are preferred by women with binge-eating disorders and that those preferences are mediated by the endogenous opioid system. Aversion to fat is seen primarily in women with anorexia nervosa. However, it is possible that changes in fat preference may be achieved through behavioral or pharmacological approaches. An understanding of food cravings and aversions may lead to improved methods for the prevention and treatment of obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yanovski
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Abstract
This study investigated the effects of meals varying in macronutrient composition on plasma tryptophan/large neutral amino acid (tryp:LNAA) ratios and subsequent appetite and mood in women defined as "food cravers." Nine women consumed one of each of a high protein, high carbohydrate and mixed meal on three separate days. Blood samples and appetite and mood ratings were taken before and at intervals up to 150 min after meal consumption. The first subsequent ad libitum food intake was recorded in diaries. The tryp:LNAA ratio increased significantly after the carbohydrate meal compared to protein and mixed meals. No significant correlations between change in tryp:LNAA ratio and mood or macronutrient intake at the ad libitum eating episode were observed. There was a negative correlation between tryp:LNAA ratio and desire to binge eat (p=0.03) and a trend towards a negative correlation between tryp:LNAA ratio and craving for carbohydrate-rich foods (p=0.07). Participants whose ad libitum eating episode was categorized as a binge had a trend (p=0.06) toward lower plasma tryp:LNAA ratio than those who did not binge. Regression analysis showed that the effects of change in tryp:LNAA ratio on desire to binge eat was independent of meal type and changes in insulin and glucose concentrations. These findings suggest that reducing plasma tryp:LNAA ratio, via consumption of a protein-rich meal, may mediate the desire to binge eat in susceptible women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gendall
- University Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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