1
|
Vomstein K, Herzog A, Voss P, Feil K, Goeggl T, Strowitzki T, Toth B, Kuon RJ. Recurrent miscarriage is not associated with a higher prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13327. [PMID: 32860294 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Although not being recommended in guidelines, many physicians perform routine screening for thrombophilia in RM patients suspecting a higher prevalence in these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia in a large cohort of RM patients. METHOD OF STUDY Within a multicenter case-control study, n = 820 RM patients and n = 141 controls were included. The prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia including deficiency of protein C/S and antithrombin, elevation of factor VIII activity, APC resistance including mutation in the factor V Leiden gene, mutation in the prothrombin gene and antiphospholipid antibodies were assessed. Further, we performed a meta-analysis of the prevalence of thrombophilia in RM patients including studies between 01/2000 and 01/2020. RESULTS An antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) was only present in RM patients. Increased factor VIII concentration was significantly more prevalent in controls (RM vs controls: 5.8% vs 11.0%). None of the other thrombophilia did differ significantly between RM patients and controls. The meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in the occurrence of these thrombophilia between RM patients and controls. CONCLUSION The prevalence of inherited thrombophilia does not differ between RM patients and controls. When analyzing rare events like thrombophilia, a high number of patients are needed to obtain reliable results, which might explain contradictory findings in previous studies analyzing small cohorts of RM patients. Despite being less prevalent than previously described, we still recommend screening for APLS as it is associated with severe pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Vomstein
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Herzog
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pauline Voss
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Feil
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tamara Goeggl
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Toth
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruben-Jeremias Kuon
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frikha R, Bouayed Abdelmoula N, Rebai T. A Duplex PCR-RFLP Assay for Simultaneous Detection of FV Leiden and Prothrombin G20210A Mutations in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
3
|
Ivanov P, Tsvyatkovska T, Konova E, Komsa-Penkova R. Inherited Thrombophilia and IVF Failure: The Impact of Coagulation Disorders On Implantation Process. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 68:189-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
4
|
Ozdemir O, Yenicesu GI, Silan F, Köksal B, Atik S, Ozen F, Göl M, Cetin A. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Its Relation to Combined Parental Thrombophilic Gene Mutations. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:279-86. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oztürk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gonca Imir Yenicesu
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Fatma Silan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Binnur Köksal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Sinem Atik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Filiz Ozen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mert Göl
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ali Cetin
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karata S, Aydin Y, Ocer F, Buyru A, Balci H. Hereditary thrombophilia, anti-beta2 glycoprotein 1 IgM, and anti-annexin V antibodies in recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 67:251-5. [PMID: 22103678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We investigated the beta2-glycoprotein I and anti-annexin V antibodies as anti-phospholipid-cofactor antibodies; and factor V G1691A Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutations as hereditary thrombophilia in recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL). METHOD OF STUDY Study group consisted of 84 women with recurrent pregnancy loss and control group consisted of 84 women having at least one live birth. RESULTS Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T homozygous mutation was detected in 28.5% of the study group and in 14.2% of the controls, and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.001). Heterozygous mutation of this gene was found in 64.3% of the study population and in 38.1% of the controls, and difference in heterozygous mutation frequency was also significant (P < 0.001). Both homozygous and heterozygous mutations of PT G20210A and factor V G1691A were not different between the groups. There was no significant difference in anti-annexin V levels and anti-beta2-gp 1 levels of the groups. CONCLUSION We concluded that both homozygous and heterozygous mutations of MTHFR C677T were related with RPL in Caucasian women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suat Karata
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Factor V Leiden G1691A and factor II G20210A point mutations and pregnancy in North-West of Iran. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:1311-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-2008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Association of inherited thrombophilia with recurrent pregnancy loss in palestinian women. Obstet Gynecol Int 2011; 2011:689684. [PMID: 21765836 PMCID: PMC3135069 DOI: 10.1155/2011/689684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed at analyzing the association between recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and factor V G1691A (FVL), prothrombin G20210 (FII); and MTHFR C677T (MTHFR) in Palestinian women. Method. We studied 329 Palestinian women with RPL and/or stillbirth (SB); and compared them to 402 healthy reproductive Palestinian women. Cases and controls were tested for the above mutations. Odds ratio (OR) at confidence interval (CI) of 95% was used as a measure of association between the mutations and RPL. Results. Our statistical analysis showed a slightly increased association, which was not significant between FVL and RPL (OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.90-1.94), and no association between FII (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.38-1.92), MTHFR (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.32-1.03), and RPL. Further analysis of RPL subgroups revealed an association between FVL and first-trimester loss (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.892-1.989), and second-trimester loss (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.480-2.426), both were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the only statistically significant association was between FVL and SB (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.05-3.70). Conclusion. Our analysis had failed to find a significant association between FVL, FII, MTHFR; and RPL in either the first or second trimester. FVL was significantly associated with fetal loss if the loss was a stillbirth.
Collapse
|
8
|
Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A in Portuguese women with recurrent miscarriage: is it worthwhile to investigate? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:1127-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Mezzesimi A, Florio P, Reis FM, D'Aniello G, Sabatini L, Razzi S, Fineschi D, Petraglia F. The detection of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies is associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss in women with threatened abortion in the first trimester. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 133:164-8. [PMID: 17046145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate whether the detection of serum antiphospholipid autoantibodies may be useful in predicting pregnancy outcome in women with threatened abortion in the first trimester. STUDY DESIGN A group of 77 pregnant women of between 8 and 12 weeks' gestation with vaginal bleeding was tested for serum antiphospholipid, lupus anticoagulants, anticardiolipin, antinuclear antibodies, and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies, and was followed up until the spontaneous end of pregnancy. A control group composed of 15 healthy women with uncomplicated gestation was tested contemporarily for the same antibody panel. RESULTS Of the 77 patients with threatened abortion, 32 (41.5%) progressed to deliver at term and 45 (58.5%) experienced early pregnancy loss. Among the antibodies evaluated, only anti-beta2-glycoprotein I was significantly more frequent in those women whose pregnancy resulted in spontaneous abortion (22/45, 49%) than in those who progressed to term (6/32, 19%) or in the control group (2/15, 13%; p=0.004). This difference was specific to the IgM isotype (p=0.001). After adjustment by multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for pregnancy loss associated with a positive beta2-glycoprotein I antibody test was 5.18 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION The detection of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss in women with threatened abortion in the first trimester.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mezzesimi
- Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goodman CS, Coulam CB, Jeyendran RS, Acosta VA, Roussev R. Which thrombophilic gene mutations are risk factors for recurrent pregnancy loss? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 56:230-6. [PMID: 16938111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Thrombophilia has been associated with poor obstetrical outcomes. To determine the association of specific inherited thrombophilias and recurrent pregnancy loss, 10 thrombophilic genes were investigated. METHOD OF STUDY A total of 550 women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss had buccal swabs taken for DNA analyses of the following gene mutations: factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R (R2), factor V Y1702C, factor II prothrombin G20210A, factor XIII V34L, beta-fibrinogen -455G>A, PAI-1 4G/5G, HPA1 a/b(L33P), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, MTHFR A1298C. The frequencies of these mutations were compared with controls published in the literature. RESULTS When examined individually, PAI-1 4G/5G (P = 0.009), factor XIII V34L (P < 0.0001), and homozygous MTHFR C667T (P < 0.0001) correlated significantly with recurrent pregnancy loss compared with controls. The frequency of the factor V Y1702C mutation was extremely low in patients and controls; thus, this gene was removed from further calculations. The remaining six mutated genes, when analyzed cumulatively, also corresponded with recurrent pregnancy loss (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION A panel of thrombogenic gene mutations consisting of factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R (R2), factor II prothrombin G20210A, factor XIII V34L, beta-fibrinogen -455G>A, PAI-1 4G/5G, HPA1 a/b(L33P), MTHFR C677T, and MTHFR A1298C can identify individuals at risk for recurrent pregnancy loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyle S Goodman
- Millenova Immunology Laboratories, 233 East Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coulam CB, Jeyendran RS, Fishel LA, Roussev R. Multiple thrombophilic gene mutations rather than specific gene mutations are risk factors for recurrent miscarriage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 55:360-8. [PMID: 16635210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Recurrent miscarriage is a heterogeneous condition. While the role of acquired thrombophilia has been accepted as an etiology of recurrent miscarriage, the contribution of specific inherited thrombophilic genes to this disorder has remained controversial. We compared the prevalence of 10 thrombophilic gene mutations among women with a history of recurrent miscarriages and fertile control women. METHOD OF STUDY A total of 150 women with a history of two or more recurrent pregnancy losses and 20 fertile control women with no history of pregnancy losses had buccal swabs taken for DNA analyses of 10 gene mutations [factor V G1691A, factor V H1299R (R2), factor V Y1702C, factor II prothrombin G20210A, factor XIII V34L, beta-fibrinogen -455G>A, PAI-1 4G/5G, HPA1 a/b (L33P), MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C]. The prevalence of these mutations was compared between women experiencing recurrent miscarriage and controls. RESULTS No differences in the frequency of specific gene mutations were detected when women with recurrent miscarriage were compared with control women. However, the prevalence of homozygous mutations and total gene mutations among patients with recurrent miscarriage was significantly higher than among controls. Homozygous mutations were found in 59% of women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss contrasted to 10% of control women. More than three gene mutations among the 10 genes studied were observed in 68% of women with recurrent miscarriage and 21% of controls. CONCLUSION Inherited thrombophilias are associated with recurrent miscarriage. This association is manifest by total number of mutations rather than specific genes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn B Coulam
- Pregnancy Success Center or the Rinehart Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robertson L, Wu O, Langhorne P, Twaddle S, Clark P, Lowe GDO, Walker ID, Greaves M, Brenkel I, Regan L, Greer IA. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 2006; 132:171-96. [PMID: 16398652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that thrombophilia is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, methodological limitations have made it difficult to obtain a clear overview of the overall risks. We conducted a systematic review to determine the risk of VTE and adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with thrombophilia in pregnancy. The effectiveness of prophylactic interventions during pregnancy was also evaluated. Major electronic databases were searched, relevant data abstracted and study quality assessed by two independent reviewers. Odds ratios (ORs) stratified by thrombophilia type were calculated for each outcome. A total of 79 studies were included in our review. The risks for individual thrombophilic defects were determined for VTE (ORs, 0.74-34.40); early pregnancy loss (ORs, 1.40-6.25); late pregnancy loss (ORs, 1.31-20.09); pre-eclampsia (ORs, 1.37-3.49); placental abruption (ORs, 1.42-7.71) and intrauterine growth restriction (ORs, 1.24-2.92). Low-dose aspirin plus heparin was the most effective in preventing pregnancy loss in thrombophilic women (OR, 1.62). Our findings confirm that women with thrombophilia are at risk of developing VTE and complications in pregnancy. However, despite the increase in relative risk, the absolute risk of VTE and adverse outcomes remains low. There is also a lack of controlled trials of antithrombotic intervention to prevent pregnancy complications. Thus, at present, universal screening for thrombophilia in pregnancy cannot be justified clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paidas MJ, Ku DHW, Langhoff-Roos J, Arkel YS. Inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcome: screening and management. Semin Perinatol 2005; 29:150-63. [PMID: 16114578 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited thrombophilias are a heterogenous group of conditions which have been implicated in a variety of pregnancy complications. Evidence is mounting that implicates these inherited disorders in a range of pregnancy outcomes, including recurrent miscarriage, late fetal loss, preeclampsia, abruptio placentae, and intrauterine growth restriction. The most commonly identified inherited thrombophilias consist of Factor V Leiden and the prothrombin gene mutation G20210A. Rarer inherited thrombophilic conditions include deficiencies of protein S, C and antithrombin. More recently, deficiency of protein Z has been linked to pregnancy complications, including preterm delivery. Clinical manifestations often are associated with the presence of more than one inherited thrombophilia, consistent with their multigenic nature. Some, but not all, studies investigating the use of heparin to prevent adverse pregnancy outcome have demonstrated a benefit. However, an adequate randomized trial is required to definitively determine whether heparin anticoagulation is the best prevention option in patients who harbor one or more inherited thrombophilias and are at risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. This review will summarize the association of thrombophilic conditions and obstetrical complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lindqvist PG, Merlo J. Low molecular weight heparin for repeated pregnancy loss: is it based on solid evidence? J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:221-3. [PMID: 15670022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P G Lindqvist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malmö University Hospital, Ing 74 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Between 0.5 and 1.0% of couples experience recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), which is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages. Losses are classified as pre-embryonic (<5 weeks), embryonic (5-10 weeks) or fetal (>10 weeks). Genetic abnormalities are responsible for RPL in 2-4% of these couples. Inadequate progesterone production has been proposed a cause of RPL and progesterone is given to prevent miscarriage, despite a lack of supportive evidence. The factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations are common inherited thrombophilias also associated with RPL. Antenatal thromboprophylaxis is sometimes recommended although no data exist regarding efficacy. Antiphospholipid syndrome is known to cause RPL and antenatal thromboprophylaxis reduces the risk of miscarriage. Uterine abnormalities might also result in RPL. About 50% of cases of RPL have no identifiable cause. Alloimmune incompatibility has been proposed as a cause for RPL in these women. The concept of alloimmune-related RPL has not been scientifically validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Flint Porter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, LDS Hospital, 8th Avenue and C Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marietta M, Facchinetti F, Sgarbi L, Simoni L, Bertesi M, Torelli G, Volpe A. Elevated plasma levels of factor VIII in women with early recurrent miscarriage. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:2536-9. [PMID: 14675089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2003.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inherited and acquired thrombophilia have been found to be associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. This paper examines whether or not elevated factor (F)VIII:C plasma levels, which have been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism, are a risk factor for early recurrent miscarriages also. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive women referred to our clinic with a history of early recurrent abortion (at least three pregnancy losses before week 13 of gestation) were eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria were endocrine, immunological, anatomical and genetic causes of embryo demise, as well as any thrombophilic abnormality, either congenital or acquired, or a personal or familial history of venous thromboembolism. FVIII:C plasma levels were determined in 51 cases and in 51 controls matched for age, ethnicity and blood group. RESULTS The mean FVIII:C level in the control subjects was 106.8 IU dL-1, compared with 128.2 IU dL-1 in the patients group (P = 0.0002). Thirteen (25.5%) of the 51 patients had FVIII:C values exceeding the 90th centile of the control population (145 IU dL-1), compared with four subjects in the control group (chi2 = 4.52; P = 0.033; odds ratio = 4.02, 95% confidence interval 1.09, 16.05). No cases with increase in FVIII:C levels attributable to an acute-phase reaction, as assessed by C-reactive protein plasma concentration, were found. CONCLUSIONS We found FVIII:C levels significantly higher in women with early recurrent miscarriage compared with controls. This finding suggests a possible association between this thrombophilic condition and early reproductive failures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Marietta
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Glueck CJ, Wang P, Bornovali S, Goldenberg N, Sieve L. Polycystic ovary syndrome, the G1691A factor V Leiden mutation, and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity: associations with recurrent pregnancy loss. Metabolism 2003; 52:1627-32. [PMID: 14669168 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our specific aim was to assess associations of thrombophilia, hypofibrinolysis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) (>/=3 consecutive pregnancy losses < 20 weeks gestation). Prospective studies were performed in 33 Caucasian women referred for diagnosis and treatment of PCOS who were subsequently found to have RPL and in 16 Caucasian women referred for diagnosis and treatment of RPL, who did not have PCOS. Cases (PCOS-RPL, RPL without PCOS) were compared with controls (116 healthy Caucasian females) for the G1691A Factor V Leiden, G20210A prothrombin, C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G/5G, and platelet glycoprotein PL A1A2 gene mutations. Cases were compared with controls (44 healthy adult Caucasian females) for serologic coagulation tests including homocysteine, proteins C, S, free S, antithrombin III, anticardiolipin antibodies IgG and IgM, dilute Russel's viper venom time, activated partial thromboplastin time, Factor VIII, Factor XI, lipoprotein (Lp)(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI-Fx). The 33 Caucasian women with PCOS subsequently found to have RPL were 10% of a cohort of 322 Caucasian women who had >/= 1 previous pregnancy and had been referred for diagnosis and therapy of PCOS over a 4.3-year period. The Factor V Leiden G1691 mutation was present in 6 of 33 women (18%) with PCOS-RPL and in 3 of 16 women with RPL without PCOS (19%) versus 2 of 116 (1.7%) female controls, Fisher's P (p(f)) =.0016, p(f) =.013. The 33 PCOS-RPL cases also differed from the 44 female controls for high PAI-Fx (>21.1 U/mL), 38% versus 8%, p(f) =. 004. The thrombophilic G1691A Factor V Leiden mutation is associated with RPL in women with and without PCOS; hypofibrinolysis (high PAI-Fx) is also associated with RPL in women with PCOS.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Young G, Manco-Johnson M, Gill JC, Dimichele DM, Tarantino MD, Abshire T, Nugent DJ. Clinical manifestations of the prothrombin G20210A mutation in children: a pediatric coagulation consortium study. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:958-62. [PMID: 12871361 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prothrombin G20210A mutation is a common risk factor for thrombosis which increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis, stroke, and fetal loss. There are few publications of its clinical manifestations in children. Our objective was to determine the clinical manifestations of the prothrombin mutation in children. Via survey of pediatric hematologists, we collected data on children with thrombosis and the prothrombin mutation. Thirty-eight patients with a thrombotic event were identified as having the prothrombin mutation. Children with arterial thrombosis were younger, less than half had additional risk factors present at the time of the event, and had a high frequency of central nervous system thrombosis. Children with venous thrombosis were older, almost always had additional risk factors present, and had thrombosis occur most often in the extremities, although there were also a significant number of events in the central venous and cerebral circulation. There was a striking predilection for central nervous system events as 30% of all the events and 67% of the arterial events occurred there. In all, 14/38 children (37%) had central nervous system thrombosis. Unlike factor V Leiden and deficiencies of proteins C and S which cause venous thromboembolism, the prothrombin mutation in children is often associated with arterial thrombosis and with central nervous system events. In children with the prothrombin mutation and venous thrombosis, other risk factors are usually present. Therefore, children with arterial or venous thrombosis of any location should be evaluated for the presence of the prothrombin mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Young
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California 92868, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reznikoff-Etiévant MF, Zittoun J, Vaylet C, Pernet P, Milliez J. Low Vitamin B(12) level as a risk factor for very early recurrent abortion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 104:156-9. [PMID: 12206930 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between Vitamin B(12) deficiency and early recurrent abortion (ERA) or very early recurrent abortion (VERA) abortion around 5 weeks of amenorrhea. STUDY DESIGN Serum B(12), folate and homocysteine levels were carried out in 110 consecutive women with unexplained ERA or VERA and in 96 women with one or more children and no abortion history. RESULTS Ten women were found to have low serum B(12) levels versus one in the control group. A total of 50% of these had raised homocysteine. No difference was noticed between cases and controls for folate. Among women with low serum B(12) level and ERA, 87.5% of the abortions were VERA. Vitamin B(12) supplementation led to four normal pregnancies in five women who became pregnant again. In a statistical analysis performed on five studies in which serum B(12) was assayed in ERA, including ours, a significant relationship was found between ERA and Vitamin B(12) deficiency. CONCLUSION Vitamin B(12) deficiency may be involved in ERA. Vitamin B(12) assay should be done in ERA women whether or not hematological abnormalities are present.
Collapse
|