1
|
Avdonin PP, Blinova MS, Generalova GA, Emirova KM, Avdonin PV. The Role of the Complement System in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Forms of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Biomolecules 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 38254639 PMCID: PMC10813406 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disease and the most common cause of childhood acute renal failure. HUS is characterized by a triad of symptoms: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In most of the cases, HUS occurs as a result of infection caused by Shiga toxin-producing microbes: hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1. They account for up to 90% of all cases of HUS. The remaining 10% of cases grouped under the general term atypical HUS represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical signs. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to E. coli and S. dysenteriae type 1, a variety of bacterial and viral infections can cause the development of HUS. In particular, infectious diseases act as the main cause of aHUS recurrence. The pathogenesis of most cases of atypical HUS is based on congenital or acquired defects of complement system. This review presents summarized data from recent studies, suggesting that complement dysregulation is a key pathogenetic factor in various types of infection-induced HUS. Separate links in the complement system are considered, the damage of which during bacterial and viral infections can lead to complement hyperactivation following by microvascular endothelial injury and development of acute renal failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr P. Avdonin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, ul. Vavilova, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.B.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Maria S. Blinova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, ul. Vavilova, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.B.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Galina A. Generalova
- Saint Vladimir Moscow City Children’s Clinical Hospital, 107014 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.G.); (K.M.E.)
- Department of Pediatrics, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Khadizha M. Emirova
- Saint Vladimir Moscow City Children’s Clinical Hospital, 107014 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.G.); (K.M.E.)
- Department of Pediatrics, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Avdonin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, ul. Vavilova, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.B.); (P.V.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Complement depletion and Coombs positivity in pneumococcal hemolytic uremic syndrome (pnHUS). Case series and plea to revisit an old pathogenetic concept. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:1096-1104. [PMID: 30177469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare complication of invasive pneumococcal infection (pnHUS). Its pathogenesis is poorly understood, and treatment remains controversial. The emerging role of complement in various forms of HUS warrants a new look at this "old" disease. We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory features of three sequential cases of pnHUS since 2008 associated with pneumonia/pleural empyema, two due to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19 A. Profound depletion of complement C3 (and less of C4) was observed in two patients. One patient was Coombs test positive. Her red blood cells (RBCs) strongly agglutinated with blood group compatible donor serum at 0 °C, but not at 37 °C. All three patients were treated with hemodialysis, concentrated RBCs, and platelets. Patient 2 received frozen plasma for hepatic failure with coagulation factor depletion. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion, intended to neutralize pneumococcal neuraminidase in patient 3, was associated with rapid normalization of platelets and cessation of hemolysis. Two patients recovered without sequelae or disease recurrence. Patient 2 died within 2½ days of admission due to complicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis and multiorgan failure. Our observations suggest that pnHUS can be associated with dramatic, transient complement consumption early in the course of the disease, probably via the alternative pathway. A critical review of the literature and the reported cases argue against the postulated pathological role of preformed antibodies against the neuraminidase-exposed Thomsen-Friedenreich neoantigen (T antigen) in pnHUS. The improved understanding of complement regulation and bacterial strategies of complement evasion allows to propose a testable, new pathogenetic model of pnHUS. This model shifts emphasis from the action of natural anti-T antibodies toward impaired Complement Factor H (CFH) binding and function on desialylated membranes. Removal of neuraminic acid residues converts (protected) self to non-self surfaces that supports membrane attack complex (MAC) assembly. Complement activation is potentially exacerbated by decreased CFH availability following tight CFH binding to pneumococcal evasion proteins and/or by the presence of genetic variants of complement regulator proteins. Detailed clinical and experimental investigations are warranted to better understand the role of unregulated complement activation in pnHUS. Instead of avoidance of plasma, a new, integrated model is evolving, which may include short-term therapeutic complement blockade, particularly where genetic or functional APC dysregulation is suspected, in addition to bacterial elimination and, potentially, neuraminidase neutralization.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Post-infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by specific pathogens in patients with no identifiable HUS-associated genetic mutation or autoantibody. The majority of episodes is due to infections by Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC). This chapter reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of STEC-HUS, including bacterial-derived factors and host responses. STEC disease is characterized by hematological (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), renal (acute kidney injury) and extrarenal organ involvement. Clinicians should always strive for an etiological diagnosis through the microbiological or molecular identification of Stx-producing bacteria and Stx or, if negative, serological assays. Treatment of STEC-HUS is supportive; more investigations are needed to evaluate the efficacy of putative preventive and therapeutic measures, such as non-phage-inducing antibiotics, volume expansion and anti-complement agents. The outcome of STEC-HUS is generally favorable, but chronic kidney disease, permanent extrarenal, mainly cerebral complication and death (in less than 5 %) occur and long-term follow-up is recommended. The remainder of this chapter highlights rarer forms of (post-infectious) HUS due to S. dysenteriae, S. pneumoniae, influenza A and HIV and discusses potential interactions between these pathogens and the complement system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis F. Geary
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Y, Lan C, Ren D, Chen GY. Induction of Siglec-1 by Endotoxin Tolerance Suppresses the Innate Immune Response by Promoting TGF-β1 Production. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12370-82. [PMID: 27129263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although the prevailing theory for the sepsis syndrome is a condition of uncontrolled inflammation in response to infection, sepsis is increasingly being recognized as an immunosuppressive state known as endotoxin tolerance. We found sialylation of cell surface was significantly increased on LPS-induced tolerant cells; knockdown of Neu1 in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells resulted in enhanced LPS-induced tolerance, whereas overexpression of Neu1 or treatment with sialidase abrogated LPS-induced tolerance, as defined by measuring TNF-α levels in the culture supernatants. We also found that the expression of Siglec-1 (a member of sialic acid-binding Ig (I)-like lectin family members, the predominant sialic acid-binding proteins on cell surface) was specifically up-regulated in endotoxin tolerant cells and the induction of Siglec-1 suppresses the innate immune response by promoting TGF-β1 production. The enhanced TGF-β1 production by Siglec-1 was significantly attenuated by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor. Knockdown of siglec-1 in RAW 264.7 cells resulted in inhibiting the production of TGF-β1 by ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Syk. Mechanistically, Siglec-1 associates with adaptor protein DNAX-activation protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) and transduces a signal to Syk to control the production of TGF-β1 in endotoxin tolerance. Thus, Siglec-1 plays an important role in the development of endotoxin tolerance and targeted manipulation of this process could lead to a new therapeutic opportunity for patients with sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- From the Children's Foundation Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103
| | - Chao Lan
- From the Children's Foundation Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103
| | - Dongren Ren
- From the Children's Foundation Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103
| | - Guo-Yun Chen
- From the Children's Foundation Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen GY, Brown NK, Zheng P, Liu Y. Siglec-G/10 in self-nonself discrimination of innate and adaptive immunity. Glycobiology 2014; 24:800-6. [PMID: 24996822 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-G/10 is broadly expressed on B cells, dendritic cells and macrophage subsets. It binds strongly to CD24, a small glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored sialoprotein, in a sialylation-dependent manner. Targeted mutation of Siglecg dramatically elevates the level of natural IgM antibodies and its producer, B1 B cells. Incorporation of Siglec-G ligands to both T-dependent and T-independent immunogens reduces antibody production and induces B-cell tolerance to subsequent antigen challenges. By interacting with CD24, Siglec-G suppresses inflammatory responses to danger (damage)-associated molecular patterns, such as heat-shock proteins and high mobility group protein 1, but not to Toll-like receptor ligands. By a CD24-independent mechanism, Siglec-G has been shown to associate with Cbl to cause degradation of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 and reduce production of type I interferon in response to RNA virus infection. The negative regulation by Siglec-G/10 may provide a mechanism for the host to discriminate between infectious nonself and noninfectious self, as envisioned by the late Dr. Charles A. Janeway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yun Chen
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University
| | - Nicholas K Brown
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA Division of Pathology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Polyagglutination is the term applied to red blood cells (RBCs) that are agglutinated by almost all samples of human sera from adults but not by autologous serum or sera of newborns. The polyagglutinable state may be transient or persistent. Transient polyagglutinability results from the exposure of normally cryptic antigens by bacterial enzymatic activity during the course of an infectious process. RBCs are polyagglutinable because most sera from adults contain agglutinins for the exposed antigens. This type of polyagglutination can often be reproduced in vitro with bacterial culture fluids or isolated enzymes. Persistent polyagglutination may be a consequence of somatic mutation leading to a cellular lineage characterized by an enzyme deficiency that results in exposure of a normally cryptic antigen, Tn. Most human sera contain anti-Tn. Tn polyagglutination is regularly accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and has been associated with leukemia. Other forms of persistent polyagglutination are due to the inheritance of rare blood groups or are associated with a hematologic dyscrasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Beck
- Community Blood Center of Greater Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toma V, Sata T, Vogt P, Komminoth P, Heitz PU, Roth J. Differentiation-related expression of the Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope in developing human lung and in lung carcinoma. Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990515)85:10<2151::aid-cncr9>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
8
|
Kessler H, Kling A, Kottenhahn M. Einfache Synthese eines β(1-3)-verknüpften gal-galactal-Disaccharids und dessen Verwendung in derN-Iodsuccinimid-aktiviertenO-Glycopeptidsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19901020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
9
|
Clausen H, Hakomori S. ABH and related histo-blood group antigens; immunochemical differences in carrier isotypes and their distribution. Vox Sang 1989; 56:1-20. [PMID: 2464874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1989.tb03040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes present knowledge of the chemistry of histo-blood group ABH and related antigens. Recent advances in analytical carbohydrate chemistry (particularly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy) and the introduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have made it possible to distinguish structural variants of histo-blood group ABH antigens. Polymorphism of ABH antigens is induced by: (i) variations in peripheral core structure, of which four (type 1, 2, 3 and 4) are known in man; (ii) variation in inner core by branching process (blood group iI), leading to variation of unbranched vs. branched ABH determinants; (iii) biosynthetic interaction with other glycosyltransferases (Lewis, P. T/Tn blood systems) capable of acting on the same substrate as the ABH-defined transferases, and finally (iv) the nature of the glycoconjugate (glycolipid, glycoprotein of N- or O-linked type). ABH variants induced by item (i) above have been clearly distinguished qualitatively by MoAbs; e.g., at least six types of A determinants can be distinguished by qualitatively different classes of antibody. The variants induced by item (ii) create mono- vs. bivalent antigens which may be responsible for observed differences in antibody-binding affinity. Detailed studies of the chemistry of these antigens have increased our insight into blood groups, providing the basis for blood group iI and A subgrouping, as well as a relation between the ABH and Lewis, P, and T/Tn systems. A survey of the literature on distribution patterns of ABH variants is presented. It has been assumed that expression of histo-blood group antigens is developmentally regulated. Relationships between histo-blood group expression, development, differentiation and maturation, as well as malignant transformation, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Clausen
- Biomembrane Institute, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clausen H, Levery SB, Nudelman ED, Stroud M, Salyan ME, Hakomori S. Isolation and characterization of novel glycolipids with blood group A-related structures: galactosyl-A and sialosylgalactosyl-A. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
11
|
Paulsen H, Schultz M, Klamann JD, Waller B, Paal M. Bausteine von Oligosacchariden, LXVI. Synthese vonO-Glycopeptid-Blöcken des Glycophorins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198519851011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|