1
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Bathla S, Tran CC, Kaliaguine S, Mushrif SH. Doping an Oxophilic Metal into a Metal Carbide: Unravelling the Synergy between the Microstructure of the Catalyst and Its Activity and Selectivity for Hydrodeoxygenation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bathla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, EdmontonT6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chi-Cong Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, QuébecG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Serge Kaliaguine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, QuébecG1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, EdmontonT6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Rathod R, Santra PK. Probing Chemical-Composition-Induced Heterostructures and Interfaces in Lead Halide Perovskites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12103-12117. [PMID: 36121436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites (LHP) are of great interest for their optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic applications. Various heterostructures are created in these materials to achieve favorable optical properties and improved stability at the interfaces during the fabrication of devices. Such heterostructures are often assumed to be formed based on the reactivity of precursors and are not directly probed. In this Feature Article, we report how various strategies have been employed in LHP thin films and nanocrystals (NCs) that generate heterostructures to boost their stability and photovoltaic (PV) efficiencies and how variable energy photoelectron spectroscopy (VEPES) can probe the chemical composition variation in heterostructured materials and interfaces. We specifically discussed the internal heterostructures of LHP NCs generated due to the surface chemistry and postsynthesis anion exchange followed by a detailed discussion of the heterostructures induced by the chemical composition (anion, cation, and degradation) of LHP thin films. The difficulties in determining heterostructures as well as the potential scope of the application of VEPES in unwrapping heterostructures in diverse materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Rathod
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Arkavathi, Bengaluru 562162, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Pralay K Santra
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Arkavathi, Bengaluru 562162, India
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3
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Köwitsch N, Barth S, Ploner K, Blume R, Teschner D, Penner S, Armbrüster M. Properties of Bulk In-Pt Intermetallic Compounds in Methanol Steam Reforming. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200074. [PMID: 35312211 PMCID: PMC9311744 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts are often complex materials containing different compounds. While this can lead to highly beneficial interfaces, it is difficult to identify the role of single components. In methanol steam reforming (MSR), the interplay between intermetallic compounds, supporting oxides and redox reactions leads to highly active and CO2‐selective materials. Herein, the intrinsic catalytic properties of unsupported In3Pt2, In2Pt, and In7Pt3 as model systems for Pt/In2O3‐based catalytic materials in MSR are addressed. In2Pt was identified as the essential compound responsible for the reported excellent CO2‐selectivity of 99.5 % at 300 °C in supported systems, showing a CO2‐selectivity above 99 % even at 400 °C. Additionally, the partial oxidation of In7Pt3 revealed that too much In2O3 is detrimental for the catalytic properties. The study highlights the crucial role of intermetallic In−Pt compounds in Pt/In2O3 materials with excellent CO2‐selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Köwitsch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kevin Ploner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raoul Blume
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Simon Penner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marc Armbrüster
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Materials for Innovative Energy Concepts, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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4
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Dreyer M, Cruz D, Hagemann U, Zeller P, Heidelmann M, Salamon S, Landers J, Rabe A, Ortega KF, Najafishirtari S, Wende H, Hartmann N, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Behrens M. The Effect of Water on the 2-Propanol Oxidation Activity of Co-Substituted LaFe 1- Co x O 3 Perovskites. Chemistry 2021; 27:17127-17144. [PMID: 34633707 PMCID: PMC9299464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Perovskites are interesting oxidation catalysts due to their chemical flexibility enabling the tuning of several properties. In this work, we synthesized LaFe1−xCoxO3 catalysts by co‐precipitation and thermal decomposition, characterized them thoroughly and studied their 2‐propanol oxidation activity under dry and wet conditions to bridge the knowledge gap between gas and liquid phase reactions. Transient tests showed a highly active, unstable low‐temperature (LT) reaction channel in conversion profiles and a stable, less‐active high‐temperature (HT) channel. Cobalt incorporation had a positive effect on the activity. The effect of water was negative on the LT channel, whereas the HT channel activity was boosted for x>0.15. The boost may originate from a slower deactivation rate of the Co3+ sites under wet conditions and a higher amount of hydroxide species on the surface comparing wet to dry feeds. Water addition resulted in a slower deactivation for Co‐rich catalysts and higher activity in the HT channel state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Dreyer
- Faculty for Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN), NanoEnergieTechnikZentrum at University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Zeller
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, BESSY II, Department of Catalysis for Energy, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN), NanoEnergieTechnikZentrum at University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Soma Salamon
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Landers
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rabe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Klaus Friedel Ortega
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sharif Najafishirtari
- Faculty for Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nils Hartmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN), NanoEnergieTechnikZentrum at University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Malte Behrens
- Faculty for Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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6
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Goodwin CM, Shipilin M, Albertin S, Hejral U, Lömker P, Wang HY, Blomberg S, Degerman D, Schlueter C, Nilsson A, Lundgren E, Amann P. The Structure of the Active Pd State During Catalytic Carbon Monoxide Oxidization. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4461-4465. [PMID: 33955763 PMCID: PMC8279738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using grazing incidence X-rays and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy during the mass transfer limited catalytic oxidation of CO, the long-range surface structure of Pd(100) was investigated. Under the reaction conditions of 50:4 O2 to CO, 300 mbar pressure, and temperatures between 200 and 450 °C, the surface structure resulting from oxidation and the subsequent oxide reduction was elucidated. The reduction cycle was halted, and while under reaction conditions, angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy close to the critical angle of Pd and modeling of the data was performed. Two proposed models for the system were compared. The suggestion with the metallic islands formed on top of the oxide island was shown to be consistent with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Albertin
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Uta Hejral
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Photon
Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
(DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Degerman
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schlueter
- Photon
Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
(DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Amann
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Jia M, Broderick A, Newberg JT. The Influence of Water Vapor on the Electrochemical Shift of an Ionic Liquid Measured by Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:633-640. [PMID: 33534914 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be one of the steppingstones to fabricate next generation electrochemical devices given their unique physical and chemical properties. The addition of water to ILs significantly impact electrochemical related properties including viscosity, density, conductivity, and electrochemical window. Herein we utilize ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) to examine the impact of water on values of the electrochemical shift (S), which is determined by measuring changes in binding energy shifts as a function of an external bias. APXPS spectra of C 1s, O 1s and N 1s regions are examined for the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [C4 mim][OAc], at the IL/gas interface as a function of both water vapor pressure and external bias. Results reveal that in the absence of water vapor there is an IL ohmic drop between the working electrode and quasi reference electrode, giving rise to chemical specific S values of less than one. Upon introducing water vapor, S values approach one as a function of increasing water vapor pressure, indicating a decrease in the IL ohmic drop as the IL/water mixture becomes more conductive and the potential drop is driven by the electric double layer at the electrode/IL interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Alicia Broderick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Present Address: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate's Transportation Security Laboratory, Atlantic City, NJ, 08405, USA
| | - John T Newberg
- Material Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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8
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Renfrew SE, Starr DE, Strasser P. Electrochemical Approaches toward CO2 Capture and Concentration. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Renfrew
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - David E. Starr
- Institute for Solar Fuels Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Strasser
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Schnadt J, Knudsen J, Johansson N. Present and new frontiers in materials research by ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:413003. [PMID: 32438360 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this topical review we catagorise all ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy publications that have appeared between the 1970s and the end of 2018 according to their scientific field. We find that catalysis, surface science and materials science are predominant, while, for example, electrocatalysis and thin film growth are emerging. All catalysis publications that we could identify are cited, and selected case stories with increasing complexity in terms of surface structure or chemical reaction are discussed. For thin film growth we discuss recent examples from chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition. Finally, we also discuss current frontiers of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy research, indicating some directions of future development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Koch G, Hävecker M, Teschner D, Carey SJ, Wang Y, Kube P, Hetaba W, Lunkenbein T, Auffermann G, Timpe O, Rosowski F, Schlögl R, Trunschke A. Surface Conditions That Constrain Alkane Oxidation on Perovskites. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Koch
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Spencer J. Carey
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuanqing Wang
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- BasCat - UniCat BASF JointLab, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. EW K 01, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Kube
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Hetaba
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Auffermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Timpe
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Rosowski
- BASF SE, Process Research and Chemical Engineering, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Annette Trunschke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Novotny Z, Aegerter D, Comini N, Tobler B, Artiglia L, Maier U, Moehl T, Fabbri E, Huthwelker T, Schmidt TJ, Ammann M, van Bokhoven JA, Raabe J, Osterwalder J. Probing the solid-liquid interface with tender x rays: A new ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy endstation at the Swiss Light Source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:023103. [PMID: 32113422 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new endstation to perform operando chemical analysis at solid-liquid interfaces by means of ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is presented. The endstation is located at the Swiss Light Source and can be attached to the soft x-ray in situ spectroscopy beamline (X07DB) for solid-gas type experiments and to a tender x-ray beamline (PHOENIX I) for solid-liquid interface experiments. The setup consists of three interconnected ultrahigh vacuum chambers: one for sample preparation using surface science techniques, the analysis chamber for APXPS experiments, and an entry-lock chamber for sample transfer across the two pressure regimes. The APXPS chamber is designed to study solid-liquid interfaces stabilized by the dip and pull method. Using a three-electrode setup, the potential difference across the solid-electrolyte interface can be controlled, as is demonstrated here using an Ir(001) electrode dipped and pulled from a 0.1M KOH electrolyte. The new endstation is successfully commissioned and will offer unique opportunities for fundamental studies of phenomena that take place at solid-liquid interfaces and that are relevant for fields such as electrochemistry, photochemistry, or biochemistry, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Novotny
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dino Aegerter
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Comini
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Tobler
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Maier
- Ferrovac GmbH, Thurgauerstrasse 72, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Moehl
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Markus Ammann
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Osterwalder
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Katsaounis A, Teschner D, Zafeiratos S. The Effect of Polarization and Reaction Mixture on the Rh/YSZ Oxidation State During Ethylene Oxidation Studied by Near Ambient Pressure XPS. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Opitz AK, Rameshan C, Kubicek M, Rupp GM, Nenning A, Götsch T, Blume R, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Rupprechter G, Klötzer B, Fleig J. The Chemical Evolution of the La 0.6Sr 0.4CoO 3-δ Surface Under SOFC Operating Conditions and Its Implications for Electrochemical Oxygen Exchange Activity. Top Catal 2018; 61:2129-2141. [PMID: 30930590 PMCID: PMC6404788 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its extraordinary high activity for catalysing the oxygen exchange reaction, strontium doped LaCoO3 (LSC) is one of the most promising materials for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes. However, under SOFC operating conditions this material suffers from performance degradation. This loss of electrochemical activity has been extensively studied in the past and an accumulation of strontium at the LSC surface has been shown to be responsible for most of the degradation effects. The present study sheds further light onto LSC surface changes also occurring under SOFC operating conditions. In-situ near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted at temperatures between 400 and 790 °C. Simultaneously, electrochemical impedance measurements were performed to characterise the catalytic activity of the LSC electrode surface for O2 reduction. This combination allowed a correlation of the loss in electro-catalytic activity with the appearance of an additional La-containing Sr-oxide species at the LSC surface. This additional Sr-oxide species preferentially covers electrochemically active Co sites at the surface, and thus very effectively decreases the oxygen exchange performance of LSC. Formation of precipitates, in contrast, was found to play a less important role for the electrochemical degradation of LSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Opitz
- 1Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- 2Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/165-PC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kubicek
- 1Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ghislain M Rupp
- 1Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Nenning
- 1Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.,6Present Address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139 Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Thomas Götsch
- 3Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raoul Blume
- 4Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- 4Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- 4Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,5Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45413 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- 2Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/165-PC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- 3Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- 1Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Massué C, Pfeifer V, van Gastel M, Noack J, Algara‐Siller G, Cap S, Schlögl R. Reactive Electrophilic O I- Species Evidenced in High-Performance Iridium Oxohydroxide Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4786-4798. [PMID: 28941180 PMCID: PMC5813174 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although quasi-amorphous iridium oxohydroxides have been identified repeatedly as superior electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an exact description of the performance-relevant species has remained a challenge. In this context, we report the characterization of hydrothermally prepared iridium(III/IV) oxohydroxides that exhibit exceptional OER performances. Holes in the O 2p states of the iridium(III/IV) oxohydroxides result in reactive OI- species, which are identified by characteristic near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) features. A prototypical titration reaction with CO as a probe molecule shows that these OI- species are highly susceptible to nucleophilic attack at room temperature. Similarly to the preactivated oxygen involved in the biological OER in photosystem II, the electrophilic OI- species evidenced in the iridium(III/IV) oxohydroxides are suggested to be precursors to species involved in the O-O bond formation during the electrocatalytic OER. The CO titration also highlights a link between the OER performance and the surface/subsurface mobility of the OI- species. Thus, the superior electrocatalytic properties of the iridium (III/IV) oxohydroxides are explained by their ability to accommodate preactivated electrophilic OI- species that can migrate within the lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyriac Massué
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
- Department of Heterogenous ReactionsMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionMülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Verena Pfeifer
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHElektronenspeicherring BESSY IIBerlin12489Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Department of Molecular Theory and SpectroscopyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionMülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Johannes Noack
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
| | - Gerardo Algara‐Siller
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
| | - Sébastien Cap
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBerlin14195Germany
- Department of Heterogenous ReactionsMax Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionMülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
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15
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Kaichev VV, Saraev AA, Gladky AY, Prosvirin IP, Blume R, Teschner D, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Bukhtiyarov VI. Reversible Bulk Oxidation of Ni Foil During Oscillatory Catalytic Oxidation of Propane: A Novel Type of Spatiotemporal Self-Organization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:026001. [PMID: 28753346 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.026001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of temporal and spatial self-organization in a heterogeneous catalytic reaction is described for the first time. Using in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we show that, under certain conditions, self-sustained reaction-rate oscillations arise in the oxidation of propane over Ni foil because of reversible bulk oxidation of Ni to NiO, which can be observed even with the naked eye as chemical waves propagating over the catalyst surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Kaichev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Saraev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Gladky
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I P Prosvirin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - R Blume
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Teschner
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Hävecker
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Schlögl
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - V I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva avenue 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Trunschke A, Noack J, Trojanov S, Girgsdies F, Lunkenbein T, Pfeifer V, Hävecker M, Kube P, Sprung C, Rosowski F, Schlögl R. The Impact of the Bulk Structure on Surface Dynamics of Complex Mo–V-based Oxide Catalysts. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Trunschke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Noack
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- UniCat-BASF
Joint Lab, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. EW K 01,
Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Trojanov
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Pfeifer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Catalysis
for Energy, Group EM-GKAT, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien
und Energie GmbH, Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Pierre Kube
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Sprung
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Rosowski
- BASF SE, Process Research
and Chemical Engineering, Heterogeneous
Catalysis, Carl-Bosch-Straße
38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Papaefthimiou V, Niakolas DK, Paloukis F, Dintzer T, Zafeiratos S. Is Steam an Oxidant or a Reductant for Nickel/Doped-Ceria Cermets? Chemphyschem 2017; 18:164-170. [PMID: 27792266 PMCID: PMC5324694 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nickel/doped-ceria composites are promising electrocatalysts for solid-oxide fuel and electrolysis cells. Very often steam is present in the feedstock of the cells, frequently mixed with other gases, such as hydrogen or CO2 . An increase in the steam concentration in the feed mixture is considered accountable for the electrode oxidation and the deactivation of the device. However, direct experimental evidence of the steam interaction with nickel/doped-ceria composites, with adequate surface specificity, are lacking. Herein we explore in situ the surface state of nickel/gadolinium-doped ceria (NiGDC) under O2 , H2 , and H2 O environments by using near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies. Changes in the surface oxidation state and composition of NiGDC in response to the ambient gas are observed. It is revealed that, in the mbar pressure regime and at intermediate temperature conditions (500-700 °C), steam acts as an oxidant for nickel but has a dual oxidant/reductant function for doped ceria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Papaefthimiou
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | | | - Fotios Paloukis
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Thierry Dintzer
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Spyridon Zafeiratos
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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18
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Oh HS, Nong HN, Reier T, Bergmann A, Gliech M, Ferreira de Araújo J, Willinger E, Schlögl R, Teschner D, Strasser P. Electrochemical Catalyst–Support Effects and Their Stabilizing Role for IrOx Nanoparticle Catalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12552-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Suk Oh
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Hong Nhan Nong
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Tobias Reier
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Manuel Gliech
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Jorge Ferreira de Araújo
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Elena Willinger
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abteilung Anorganische
Chemie, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Peter Strasser
- The
Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis, and Materials Science Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
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19
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Neumann M, Teschner D, Knop-Gericke A, Reschetilowski W, Armbrüster M. Controlled synthesis and catalytic properties of supported In–Pd intermetallic compounds. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Zhu M, Rocha TCR, Lunkenbein T, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Wachs IE. Promotion Mechanisms of Iron Oxide-Based High Temperature Water–Gas Shift Catalysts by Chromium and Copper. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhu
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Tulio C. R. Rocha
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Israel E. Wachs
- Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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21
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Roiaz M, Monachino E, Dri C, Greiner M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Comelli G, Vesselli E. Reverse Water–Gas Shift or Sabatier Methanation on Ni(110)? Stable Surface Species at Near-Ambient Pressure. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4146-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Roiaz
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Monachino
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Dri
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Mark Greiner
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Comelli
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
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22
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Kast P, Friedrich M, Girgsdies F, Kröhnert J, Teschner D, Lunkenbein T, Behrens M, Schlögl R. Strong metal-support interaction and alloying in Pd/ZnO catalysts for CO oxidation. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Nenning A, Opitz AK, Rameshan C, Rameshan R, Blume R, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Rupprechter G, Klötzer B, Fleig J. Ambient Pressure XPS Study of Mixed Conducting Perovskite-Type SOFC Cathode and Anode Materials under Well-Defined Electrochemical Polarization. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:1461-1471. [PMID: 26877827 PMCID: PMC4735809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen exchange activity of mixed conducting oxide surfaces has been widely investigated, but a detailed understanding of the corresponding reaction mechanisms and the rate-limiting steps is largely still missing. Combined in situ investigation of electrochemically polarized model electrode surfaces under realistic temperature and pressure conditions by near-ambient pressure (NAP) XPS and impedance spectroscopy enables very surface-sensitive chemical analysis and may detect species that are involved in the rate-limiting step. In the present study, acceptor-doped perovskite-type La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSC), La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-δ (LSF), and SrTi0.7Fe0.3O3-δ (STF) thin film model electrodes were investigated under well-defined electrochemical polarization as cathodes in oxidizing (O2) and as anodes in reducing (H2/H2O) atmospheres. In oxidizing atmosphere all materials exhibit additional surface species of strontium and oxygen. The polaron-type electronic conduction mechanism of LSF and STF and the metal-like mechanism of LSC are reflected by distinct differences in the valence band spectra. Switching between oxidizing and reducing atmosphere as well as electrochemical polarization cause reversible shifts in the measured binding energy. This can be correlated to a Fermi level shift due to variations in the chemical potential of oxygen. Changes of oxidation states were detected on Fe, which appears as FeIII in oxidizing atmosphere and as mixed FeII/III in H2/H2O. Cathodic polarization in reducing atmosphere leads to the reversible formation of a catalytically active Fe0 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nenning
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K. Opitz
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffael Rameshan
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut
der MPG, Faradayweg 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raoul Blume
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut
der MPG, Faradayweg 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut
der MPG, Faradayweg 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut
der MPG, Faradayweg 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Rameshan R, Mayr L, Klötzer B, Eder D, Knop-Gericke A, Hävecker M, Blume R, Schlögl R, Zemlyanov DY, Penner S. Near-Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Methane-Induced Carbon Deposition on Clean and Copper-Modified Polycrystalline Nickel Materials. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2015; 119:26948-26958. [PMID: 26692914 PMCID: PMC4671104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to simulate solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-related coking mechanisms of Ni, methane-induced surface carbide and carbon growth was studied under close-to-real conditions by synchrotron-based near-ambient-pressure (NAP) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in the temperature region between 250 and 600 °C. Two complementary polycrystalline Ni samples were used, namely, Ni foam-serving as a model structure for bulk Ni in cermet materials such as Ni/YSZ-and Ni foil. The growth mechanism of graphene/graphite species was found to be closely related to that previously described for ethylene-induced graphene growth on Ni(111). After a sufficiently long "incubation" period of the Ni foam in methane at 0.2 mbar and temperatures around 400 °C, cooling down to ∼250 °C, and keeping the sample at this temperature for 50-60 min, initial formation of a near-surface carbide phase was observed, which exhibited the same spectroscopic fingerprint as the C2H4 induced Ni2C phase on Ni(111). Only in the presence of this carbidic species, subsequent graphene/graphite nucleation and growth was observed. Vice versa, the absence of this species excluded further graphene/graphite formation. At temperatures above 400 °C, decomposition/bulk dissolution of the graphene/graphite phase was observed on the rather "open" surface of the Ni foam. In contrast, Ni foil showed-under otherwise identical conditions-predominant formation of unreactive amorphous carbon, which can only be removed at ≥500 °C by oxidative clean-off. Moreover, the complete suppression of carbide and subsequent graphene/graphite formation by Cu-alloying of the Ni foam and by addition of water to the methane atmosphere was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Rameshan
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Mayr
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raoul Blume
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmitry Y. Zemlyanov
- Birck
Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2057, United States
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Velasco‐Velez JJ, Pfeifer V, Hävecker M, Weatherup RS, Arrigo R, Chuang C, Stotz E, Weinberg G, Salmeron M, Schlögl R, Knop‐Gericke A. Photoelektronenspektroskopie an der Graphen‐Flüssigelektrolyt‐Grenzfläche zur Bestimmung der elektronischen Struktur eines elektrochemisch abgeschiedenen Cobalt/Graphen‐Elektrokatalysators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Velasco‐Velez
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim 45470 (Deutschland)
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Deutschland)
| | - Verena Pfeifer
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Deutschland)
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim 45470 (Deutschland)
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Berlin 12489 (Deutschland)
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA (Großbritannien)
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720 (USA)
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX (Großbritannien)
| | | | - Eugen Stotz
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Deutschland)
| | - Gisela Weinberg
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Deutschland)
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720 (USA)
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim 45470 (Deutschland)
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Deutschland)
| | - Axel Knop‐Gericke
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Deutschland)
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Velasco‐Velez JJ, Pfeifer V, Hävecker M, Weatherup RS, Arrigo R, Chuang C, Stotz E, Weinberg G, Salmeron M, Schlögl R, Knop‐Gericke A. Photoelectron Spectroscopy at the Graphene–Liquid Interface Reveals the Electronic Structure of an Electrodeposited Cobalt/Graphene Electrocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14554-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Velasco‐Velez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim 45470 (Germany)
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Germany)
| | - Verena Pfeifer
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Germany)
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim 45470 (Germany)
- Helmholtz‐Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, BESSY II, Berlin 12489 (Germany)
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA (UK)
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720 (USA)
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- Diamond Light Source, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX (UK)
| | | | - Eugen Stotz
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Germany)
| | - Gisela Weinberg
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Germany)
| | - Miquel Salmeron
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720 (USA)
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim 45470 (Germany)
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Germany)
| | - Axel Knop‐Gericke
- Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Berlin 14195 (Germany)
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Jones TE, Rocha TCR, Knop-Gericke A, Stampfl C, Schlögl R, Piccinin S. Insights into the Electronic Structure of the Oxygen Species Active in Alkene Epoxidation on Silver. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis E. Jones
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS,
c/o SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tulio C. R. Rocha
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Stampfl
- School
of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS,
c/o SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
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28
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Falcone DD, Hack JH, Klyushin AY, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Davis RJ. Evidence for the Bifunctional Nature of Pt–Re Catalysts for Selective Glycerol Hydrogenolysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek D. Falcone
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, PO Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
| | - John H. Hack
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, PO Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
| | - Alexander Yu. Klyushin
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, 4-6 Faradayweg, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, 4-6 Faradayweg, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, 4-6 Faradayweg, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way, PO Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
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Newberg JT, Åhlund J, Arble C, Goodwin C, Khalifa Y, Broderick A. A lab-based ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectrometer with exchangeable analysis chambers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:085113. [PMID: 26329239 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is a powerful spectroscopy tool that is inherently surface sensitive, elemental, and chemical specific, with the ability to probe sample surfaces under Torr level pressures. Herein, we describe the design of a new lab-based APXPS system with the ability to swap small volume analysis chambers. Ag 3d(5/2) analyses of a silver foil were carried out at room temperature to determine the optimal sample-to-aperture distance, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis spot size, relative peak intensities, and peak full width at half maximum of three different electrostatic lens modes: acceleration, transmission, and angular. Ag 3d(5/2) peak areas, differential pumping pressures, and pump performance were assessed under varying N2(g) analysis chamber pressures up to 20 Torr. The commissioning of this instrument allows for the investigation of molecular level interfacial processes under ambient vapor conditions in energy and environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Newberg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - John Åhlund
- Scienta AB, Box 15120, 750 15 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chris Arble
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Chris Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Yehia Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Alicia Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Kaichev VV, Prosvirin IP, Bukhtiyarov VI. Decomposition and oxidation of methanol on platinum: A study by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158414040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Weissenrieder J, Gustafson J, Stacchiola D. Reactivity and Mass Transfer of Low-Dimensional Catalysts. CHEM REC 2014; 14:857-68. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research; Lund University; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Dario Stacchiola
- Chemistry Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
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Naumann d’Alnoncourt R, Csepei LI, Hävecker M, Girgsdies F, Schuster ME, Schlögl R, Trunschke A. The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Klyushin AY, Rocha TCR, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R. A near ambient pressure XPS study of Au oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:7881-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Arrigo R, Schuster ME, Abate S, Wrabetz S, Amakawa K, Teschner D, Freni M, Centi G, Perathoner S, Hävecker M, Schlögl R. Dynamics of palladium on nanocarbon in the direct synthesis of H2O2. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:179-194. [PMID: 24133011 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to clarify the nanostructural transformation accompanying the loss of activity and selectivity for the hydrogen peroxide synthesis of palladium and gold-palladium nanoparticles supported on N-functionalized carbon nanotubes. High-resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) allows the discrimination of metallic palladium, electronically modified metallic palladium hosting impurities, and cationic palladium. This is paralleled by the morphological heterogeneity observed by high-resolution TEM, in which nanoparticles with an average size of 2 nm coexisted with very small palladium clusters. The morphological distribution of palladium is modified after reaction through sintering and dissolution/redeposition pathways. The loss of selectivity is correlated to the extent to which these processes occur as a result of the instability of the particle at the carbon surface. We assign beneficial activity in the selective hydrogenation of oxygen to palladium clusters with a modified electronic structure compared with palladium metal or palladium oxides. These beneficial species are formed and stabilized on carbons modified with nitrogen atoms in substitutional positions. The formation of larger metallic palladium particles not only reduces the number of active sites for the synthesis, but also enhances the activity for deep hydrogenation to water. The structural instability of the active species is thus detrimental in a dual way. Minimizing the chance of sintering of palladium clusters by all means is thus the key to better performing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Arrigo
- Dept. Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin (Germany); Max-Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany).
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37
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Arrigo R, Hävecker M, Schuster ME, Ranjan C, Stotz E, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R. In-situ-Studie der Gasphasen-Wasserelektrolyse auf Platin mittels NAP-XPS. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Arrigo R, Hävecker M, Schuster ME, Ranjan C, Stotz E, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R. In Situ Study of the Gas-Phase Electrolysis of Water on Platinum by NAP-XPS. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11660-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Morfin F, Piccolo L. A versatile elevated-pressure reactor combined with an ultrahigh vacuum surface setup for efficient testing of model and powder catalysts under clean gas-phase conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:094101. [PMID: 24089839 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A small-volume reaction cell for catalytic or photocatalytic testing of solid materials at pressures up to 1000 Torr has been coupled to a surface-science setup used for standard sample preparation and characterization under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The reactor and sample holder designs allow easy sample transfer from/to the UHV chamber, and investigation of both planar and small amounts of powder catalysts under the same conditions. The sample is heated with an infrared laser beam and its temperature is measured with a compact pyrometer. Combined in a regulation loop, this system ensures fast and accurate temperature control as well as clean heating. The reaction products are automatically sampled and analyzed by mass spectrometry and/or gas chromatography (GC). Unlike previous systems, our GC apparatus does not use a recirculation loop and allows working in clean conditions at pressures as low as 1 Torr while detecting partial pressures smaller than 10(-4) Torr. The efficiency and versatility of the reactor are demonstrated in the study of two catalytic systems: butadiene hydrogenation on Pd(100) and CO oxidation over an AuRh/TiO2 powder catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Morfin
- Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS & Université Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
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40
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Eichelbaum M, Glaum R, Hävecker M, Wittich K, Heine C, Schwarz H, Dobner CK, Welker-Nieuwoudt C, Trunschke A, Schlögl R. Towards Physical Descriptors of Active and Selective Catalysts for the Oxidation ofn-Butane to Maleic Anhydride. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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42
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Bayer BC, Castellarin-Cudia C, Blume R, Steiner SA, Ducati C, Chu D, Goldoni A, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Cepek C, Robertson J, Hofmann S. Tantalum-oxide catalysed chemical vapour deposition of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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43
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Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy during electrochemical promotion of ethylene oxidation over a bimetallic Pt–Ag/YSZ catalyst. J Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Qadir K, Joo SH, Mun BS, Butcher DR, Renzas JR, Aksoy F, Liu Z, Somorjai GA, Park JY. Intrinsic relation between catalytic activity of CO oxidation on Ru nanoparticles and Ru oxides uncovered with ambient pressure XPS. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5761-8. [PMID: 23067327 DOI: 10.1021/nl303072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in colloidal synthesis of nanoparticles with well-controlled size, shape, and composition, together with development of in situ surface science characterization tools, such as ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), has generated new opportunities to unravel the surface structure of working catalysts. We report an APXPS study of Ru nanoparticles to investigate catalytically active species on Ru nanoparticles under oxidizing, reducing, and CO oxidation reaction conditions. The 2.8 and 6 nm Ru nanoparticle model catalysts were synthesized in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymer capping agent and deposited onto a flat Si support as two-dimensional arrays using the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition technique. Mild oxidative and reductive characteristics indicate the formation of surface oxide on the Ru nanoparticles, the thickness of which is found to be dependent on nanoparticle size. The larger 6 nm Ru nanoparticles were oxidized to a smaller extent than the smaller Ru 2.8 nm nanoparticles within the temperature range of 50-200 °C under reaction conditions, which appears to be correlated with the higher catalytic activity of the bigger nanoparticles. We found that the smaller Ru nanoparticles form bulk RuO(2) on their surfaces, causing the lower catalytic activity. As the size of the nanoparticle increases, the core-shell type RuO(2) becomes stable. Such in situ observations of Ru nanoparticles are useful in identifying the active state of the catalysts during use and, hence, may allow for rational catalyst designs for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Qadir
- Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), and NanoCentury KI, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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45
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Schnadt J, Knudsen J, Andersen JN, Siegbahn H, Pietzsch A, Hennies F, Johansson N, Mårtensson N, Ohrwall G, Bahr S, Mähl S, Schaff O. The new ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument at MAX-lab. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:701-4. [PMID: 22898948 PMCID: PMC3423313 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512032700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The new instrument for near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which has been installed at the MAX II ring of the Swedish synchrotron radiation facility MAX IV Laboratory in Lund is presented. The new instrument, which is based on a SPECS PHOIBOS 150 NAP analyser, is the first to feature the use of retractable and exchangeable high-pressure cells. This implies that clean vacuum conditions are retained in the instrument's analysis chamber and that it is possible to swiftly change between near-ambient and ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. In this way the instrument implements a direct link between ultrahigh-vacuum and in situ studies, and the entire pressure range from ultrahigh-vacuum to near-ambient conditions is available to the user. Measurements at pressures up to 10(-5) mbar are carried out in the ultrahigh-vacuum analysis chamber, while measurements at higher pressures are performed in the high-pressure cell. The installation of a mass spectrometer on the exhaust line of the reaction cell offers the users the additional dimension of simultaneous reaction data monitoring. Moreover, the chosen design approach allows the use of dedicated cells for different sample environments, rendering the Swedish ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument a highly versatile and flexible tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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46
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Schäfer S, Wyrzgol SA, Caterino R, Jentys A, Schoell SJ, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Lercher JA, Sharp ID, Stutzmann M. Platinum Nanoparticles on Gallium Nitride Surfaces: Effect of Semiconductor Doping on Nanoparticle Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12528-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schäfer
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall
4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sonja A. Wyrzgol
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Roberta Caterino
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall
4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Jentys
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian J. Schoell
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall
4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes A. Lercher
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall
4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall
4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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47
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Reininger R, Hulbert SL, Johnson PD, Sadowski JT, Starr DE, Chubar O, Valla T, Vescovo E. The electron spectro-microscopy beamline at National Synchrotron Light Source II: a wide photon energy range, micro-focusing beamline for photoelectron spectro-microscopies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:023102. [PMID: 22380074 DOI: 10.1063/1.3681440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive optical design for a high-resolution, high-flux, wide-energy range, micro-focused beamline working in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray photon energy range is proposed. The beamline is to provide monochromatic radiation to three photoelectron microscopes: a full-field x-ray photoelectron emission microscope and two scanning instruments, one dedicated to angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (μ-ARPES) and one for ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning photoelectron microscopy (AP-XPS/SPEM). Microfocusing is achieved with state of the art elliptical cylinders, obtaining a spot size of 1 μm for ARPES and 0.5 μm for AP-XPS/SPEM. A detailed ray tracing analysis quantitatively evaluates the overall beamline performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reininger
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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48
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Kaichev VV, Prosvirin IP, Bukhtiyarov VI. XPS for in situ study of the mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476611070134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Rocha TCR, Oestereich A, Demidov DV, Hävecker M, Zafeiratos S, Weinberg G, Bukhtiyarov VI, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R. The silver–oxygen system in catalysis: new insights by near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4554-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hävecker M, Wrabetz S, Kröhnert J, Csepei LI, Naumann d’Alnoncourt R, Kolen’ko YV, Girgsdies F, Schlögl R, Trunschke A. Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. J Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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