1
|
Albenayyan HA, AlSubaie R, Alarfaj MO, Alshekhmobarak L, Alkhalifah MF, Alsaleem H, Almulhim D, AlJughaiman AA, Albahrani FA, Aleidan AA, Alzahrani RM, Alobaid L, Alhinidi T. Cancer Stigma Among 800 Saudi Citizens: A Cross-Sectional Study and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e49088. [PMID: 38125214 PMCID: PMC10731515 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer-related stigmatization is a noteworthy phenomenon, yet it has not received sufficient attention in public health studies. Despite recent advancements in treatment and improvements in survival, the burden of stigma remains a challenging concern for individuals diagnosed with cancer. AIM This study aims to assess the presence of cancer stigma in the Saudi Arabian population by using the Cancer Stigma Scale (CASS). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was facilitated through a self-administered online questionnaire, incorporating socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, and regional residence and employing the CASS instrument to gauge the prevalent attitudes and stigmas related to cancer. RESULTS Out of the 874 participants, a majority of 87.1% were female, with 60.2% aged between 20 and 39 years. Notably, 59% reported having a close friend or family member diagnosed with cancer. The average CASS score stood at 1.59 (SD 0.39) on a 5-point scale, with an overwhelming 97.1% registering scores under 2.5, suggesting a generally low stigma perception. In dissecting the CASS components, 'severity' recorded the highest mean score (mean: 2.23), followed by 'awkwardness' (mean: 1.86) and 'financial discrimination' (mean: 1.71). 'avoidance' registered the lowest mean score at 1.11. Notably, a trend of increasing stigma was observed with advancing age, and male respondents indicated a marginally higher propensity towards stigmatizing attitudes. CONCLUSION In Saudi Arabia, cancer-related stigma is generally low. However, 'severity' is the most prominent stigma aspect, with 'avoidance' being the least. Older individuals and males exhibit slightly higher stigmatizing attitudes. These insights highlight the need for targeted public health efforts to address remaining stigmatization, especially based on age and gender.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed AH, Jassim TS, Ali RW, Hameed AR, Alfalki AM. Systemic computational investigation to identify potential inhibitors against cancer by targeting P21-activated kinase 4 and D(CGATCG). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:9356-9365. [PMID: 36326467 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2141894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer accounts for more than 10 million deaths in the year 2020. Development of drugs that specifically target cancer signaling pathways and proteins attain significant importance in the recent past. The p21-activated kinase 4 enzyme, which plays diverse functions in cancer and is reported in elevated expression makes this enzyme an attractive anti-cancer drug target. Similarly, cancer cells' DNA could also serve as a good platform for anti-cancer drug development. Herein, a robust in silico framework is designed to virtually screen multiple drug libraries from diverse sources to identify potential binders of the mentioned cancer targets. The virtual screening process identified three compounds (BAS_01059603, ASN_10027856, and ASN_06916672) as best docked molecules with a binding energy score of ≤ -10 kcal/mol for p21-activated kinase 4 and ≤ -6 kcal/mol for D(CGATCG). In the docking analysis, the filtered compounds revealed stable binding to the same site to which controls bind in X-ray structures. The binding interactions of the compounds with receptors are dominated by van der Waals interactions. The average root mean square deviation (rmsd) value for p21-activated kinase 4 systems is noticed at ∼2 Å, while for D(CGATCG), the average rmsd is 2.7 Å. The MMGB/PBSA interpreted ASN_12674021 to show strong intermolecular binding energy compared to the other two systems and control in both receptors. Moreover, the entropy energy contribution is less than the mean binding energy. In short, the compounds are showing promising binding to the biomolecules and therefore must be evaluated for anti-cancer activity in experimental studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameen Haider Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technique, Al Salam University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Tabarak Sabah Jassim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technique, Dijlah University College, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rusul Waleed Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technique, Dijlah University College, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alaa R Hameed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, School of Life Sciences, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali Mamoon Alfalki
- College of Health Professions, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fish JA, Prichard I, Ettridge K, Grunfeld EA, Wilson C. Predicting men’s intentions to seek help for cancer symptoms: a comparison of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Health Belief Model. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2039042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Fish
- Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Rosemary Bryant Ao Research Centre, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kerry Ettridge
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Carlene Wilson
- Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tyagi H, Daulton E, Bannaga AS, Arasaradnam RP, Covington JA. Urinary Volatiles and Chemical Characterisation for the Non-Invasive Detection of Prostate and Bladder Cancers. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110437. [PMID: 34821653 PMCID: PMC8615657 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are some of the most common cancers in the world. In both BCa and PCa, the diagnosis is often confirmed with an invasive technique that carries a risk to the patient. Consequently, a non-invasive diagnostic approach would be medically desirable and beneficial to the patient. The use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for disease diagnosis, including cancer, is a promising research area that could support the diagnosis process. In this study, we investigated the urinary VOC profiles in BCa, PCa patients and non-cancerous controls by using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) to analyse patient samples. GC-IMS separated BCa from PCa (area under the curve: AUC: 0.97 (0.93-1.00)), BCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.95 (0.90-0.99)) and PCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.89 (0.83-0.94)) whereas GC-TOF-MS differentiated BCa from PCa (AUC: 0.84 (0.73-0.93)), BCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.81 (0.70-0.90)) and PCa vs. non-cancerous (AUC: 0.94 (0.90-0.97)). According to our study, a total of 34 biomarkers were found using GC-TOF-MS data, of which 13 VOCs were associated with BCa, seven were associated with PCa, and 14 VOCs were found in the comparison of BCa and PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heena Tyagi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Emma Daulton
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Ayman S. Bannaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (A.S.B.); (R.P.A.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Ramesh P. Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (A.S.B.); (R.P.A.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - James A. Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrova D, Okan Y, Salamanca-Fernández E, Domínguez-López S, Sánchez MJ, Rodríguez-Barranco M. Psychological factors related to time to help-seeking for cancer symptoms: a meta-analysis across cancer sites. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 14:245-268. [PMID: 31284829 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1641425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The time patients wait before seeking help for cancer symptoms is among the most important factors contributing to diagnostic delays in cancer. We reviewed the association between time to help-seeking and three psychological factors: symptom knowledge, symptom interpretation, and beliefs about cancer. Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, providing data from 22 countries concerning seven cancer sites. Better symptom knowledge was related to lower odds of a long help-seeking interval in both studies with healthy populations (OR = .73, 95% CI [.63, .84], k = 19) and patients (OR = .40, 95% CI [.23, .69], k = 12), and so was interpreting experienced symptoms as cancer-related (OR = .52, 95% CI [.36, .75], k = 13 studies with patients). More positive beliefs about cancer (i.e., that cancer is treatable) were associated with lower odds of a long help-seeking interval in both studies with healthy populations (OR = .70, 95% CI [.52, .92], k = 11) and with patients (OR = .51, 95% CI [.32, .82], k = 7). Symptom knowledge, interpretation, and beliefs about cancer are likely to be universal predictors of help-seeking and should be incorporated into theoretical models of patient help-seeking and interventions aiming to reduce delays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafina Petrova
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Okan
- Centre for Decision Research, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María-José Sánchez
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Cancer Registry of Granada, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, University of Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Momeni M, Rafii F. Help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms: an evolutionary concept analysis. Scand J Caring Sci 2019; 34:807-817. [PMID: 31749236 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer survival largely depends on its early diagnosis. Therefore, assessing help-seeking behaviours among people with potential symptoms of cancer is essential. AIM This study aimed to analyse the concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms. METHODS This concept analysis was conducted using Rodger's evolutionary method. An online literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases to find relevant articles published from 2000 to 2017 in English peer-reviewed journals. In total, ninety articles were included in the study. Through thematic analysis, the data were analysed for the definitions, attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms. RESULTS The concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms includes a chain of behaviours and is defined as the process of informed decision-making for seeking medical help and using healthcare services after the detection of the first potential cancer symptoms. The attributes of the concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms include process, problem-centeredness, intentional action and interpersonal interaction. Antecedents of the concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms were broadly categorised as its facilitators and barriers, among which old age, young age, marriage, low education level, positive family history of cancer, fear over cancer, low perceived threat, symptom disclosure to significant others are both facilitator and barrier. The consequences of the concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms were also broadly categorised in the two main categories of positive consequences and adverse consequences. CONCLUSIONS Help-seeking behaviour is a multidimensional time-dependent and context-bound concept which is usually defined based on the concept of time in order to facilitate its measurement. It is generally used for assessing patients' delay in seeking medical help. The findings of this study provide better understanding about the concept of help-seeking behaviour for cancer symptoms and its implications for research and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Momeni
- Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Rafii
- Nursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Park HY, Kim YS, Park HJ, Lee HS, Suk SH. Awareness and Understanding of Dementia in Community-Dwelling Adults Without Dementia and Stroke. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2016. [DOI: 10.4235/agmr.2016.20.4.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Park
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science and Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Iksan, Korea
| | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science and Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyung Jong Park
- Department of Neurology, National Naju Hospital, Naju, Korea
| | - Hak Seung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science and Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seung Han Suk
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University Sanbon Medical Center and Wonkwang University Ansan Municipal Geriatric Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Azri M, Al-Hamedi I, Al-Awisi H, Al-Hinai M, Davidson R. Public awareness of warning signs and symptoms of cancer in oman: a community-based survey of adults. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2731-7. [PMID: 25854355 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of deaths from cancer occur in low and middle income countries, partly due to poor public awareness of the signs and symptoms of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A community based survey using the Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) questionnaire was conducted in three different communities in Oman. Omani adults aged 18 years and above were invited to participate in the study. RESULTS A total of 345 responded from 450 invited participants (response rate=76.7%). The majority of respondents were unable to identify the common signs and symptoms of cancer identified in the CAM (average awareness was 40.6%). The most emotional barrier to seeking help was worry about what the doctor might find (223, 64.6%); a practical barrier was too busy to make an appointment (259, 75.1%) and a service barrier was difficulty talking to the doctor (159, 46.1%). The majority of respondents (more than 60% for seven out of ten symptoms) would seek medical help in two weeks for most signs or symptoms of cancer. Females were significantly more likely than males to be embarrassed (p<0.001), scared (p=0.001), and lack confidence talking about their symptoms (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS Urgent strategies are needed to improve public awareness of the signs and symptoms of cancer in Oman. This might leads to earlier diagnosis, improved prognosis and reduced mortality from cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Azri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yong MH, Yoo CU, Yang YA. Comparison of knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia between health-related and non-health-related university students. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3641-3. [PMID: 26834322 PMCID: PMC4713761 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study compared the knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia between
health-related and non-health-related students. [Subjects] The subjects consisted of a
total of 416 people, 213 health-related students and 203 non-health-related students, at K
University, which is located in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea, between May 1 and 14,
2014. [Methods] The subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire about their
knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia. [Results] There was a significant difference
in knowledge of and attitudes toward dementia between the two groups examined.
[Conclusion] Health-related students displayed higher knowledge of dementia and a more
positive attitude toward dementia compared with non-health-related students. In the
future, education to cultivate professional knowledge about dementia and enhance positive
attitudes toward dementia should be provided continuously to health-related students. This
is because students in health-related fields will likely provide services to patients with
dementia in the clinical field. Additionally, as they will likely provide support to the
elderly in the future, non-health-related students also need to be educated about and
develop positive attitudes toward dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Yong
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health, Kyungwoon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Uk Yoo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Hanlyo University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Ae Yang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Inje University, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fish JA, Prichard I, Ettridge K, Grunfeld EA, Wilson C. Psychosocial factors that influence men's help-seeking for cancer symptoms: a systematic synthesis of mixed methods research. Psychooncology 2015. [PMID: 26202128 DOI: 10.1002/pon.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effectiveness of cancer control partly depends upon early identification and treatment. Men appear to be more likely to delay help-seeking for symptoms, resulting in later diagnosis. This review aims to provide a mixed research synthesis of the psychosocial barriers to and facilitators of help-seeking for cancer symptoms among men. METHODS Systematic methods were followed, including a predefined research question and search strategy. Searches retrieved 7131 international records from online databases: MEDLINE (n = 3011), PubMed (n = 471), SCOPUS (n = 896), Informit (n = 131), PsychINFO (n = 347), and Web of Science (n = 2275). Forty studies were eligible for inclusion in the review (25 qualitative studies, 11 quantitative studies, and 4 mixed-method studies). RESULTS There was strong observational evidence for several psychosocial barriers to men's help-seeking behaviour: low cancer knowledge and inaccurate symptom interpretation, embarrassment and fear, and conformity to masculine gender role norms. The strongest facilitating factor associated with men's help-seeking behaviour was encouragement and support of spouses and family members. The majority of research was qualitative and used small samples, making generalisations to the wider population difficult. CONCLUSIONS Men's help-seeking for cancer symptoms is influenced by several psychosocial factors, which, in part, may be gender-specific. Health promotion initiatives to improve help-seeking behaviour among men should aim to increase cancer knowledge, reduce embarrassment and fear, address social norms deterring timely help-seeking, and acknowledge informal help-seeking with spouses and family members. Increasing the theoretical grounding of research could aid cohesion across the research area and the design of effective health promotion interventions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fish
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Social Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kerry Ettridge
- Population Health Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Carlene Wilson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Council SA, Eastwood, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Whitaker KL, Scott SE, Wardle J. Applying symptom appraisal models to understand sociodemographic differences in responses to possible cancer symptoms: a research agenda. Br J Cancer 2015; 112 Suppl 1:S27-34. [PMID: 25734385 PMCID: PMC4385973 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sociodemographic inequalities in the stage of diagnosis and cancer survival may be partly due to differences in the appraisal interval (time from noticing a bodily change to perceiving a reason to discuss symptoms with a health-care professional). A number of symptom appraisal models have been developed describing the psychological factors that underlie how people make sense of symptoms, although none explicitly focus on sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS We therefore conducted a conceptual review synthesising all symptom appraisal models, and focus on potential links with sociodemographics that could be the focus of future research. RESULTS Common psychological elements across nine symptom appraisal models included knowledge, attention, expectation and identity, all of which could be sensitive to sociodemographic factors. For example, lower socioeconomic status (SES), male sex and older age are associated with lower health literacy generally and lower cancer symptom knowledge. Limited attentional resources, lower expectations about health and lack of social support also hamper symptom interpretation, and would be likely to be more prevalent in those from lower SES backgrounds. Symptom heuristics ('rules of thumb') may lead to symptoms being normalised because they are common within the social network, potentially disadvantaging older populations. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the processes through which people interpret their symptoms, and the way these processes differ by sociodemographic factors, could help guide the development of interventions with the aim of reducing inequalities in cancer outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Whitaker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - S E Scott
- Unit of Social and Behavioural Sciences, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE5 9RW, UK
| | - J Wardle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rahaei Z, Ghofranipour F, Morowatisharifabad MA, Mohammadi E. Determinants of Cancer Early Detection Behaviors:Application of Protection Motivation Theory. Health Promot Perspect 2015; 5:138-46. [PMID: 26290829 PMCID: PMC4539052 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2015.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is account for 13% of all deaths around the world and is the third cause of mortality in Iran. More than one third of these cases are pre-ventable and about 33% are curable with early detection. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of cancer early detection (CED) behaviors applying Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, cluster sampling method was employed to recruit 260 individuals of above 20 years old in Yazd, Iran and a researcher designed questionnaire was completed through interviews for each of the respondents. PMT theoretical variables and CED behaviors were the basis of data collection procedure. RESULTS Participants acquired 64.47% of the protection motivation, 30.97% of the passive and 45.64% of the active behaviors‟ possible scores. Theory constructs predicted 19.8%, 15.6% and 9.6% of the variations for protection motivation, passive and active behavior respectively. Protection motivation was responsible for 3.6% of passive and 8% of active behaviors‟ variations. CONCLUSION Considering the scarceness of CED behaviors and the applicability of PMT in predicting these behaviors, utilization of the PMT‟s constructs in any interventional programs to accelerate CED behaviors could be an alternate methodological choice in the cancer control initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Rahaei
- Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazlollah Ghofranipour
- Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ghofranipour Fazlollah Tel: +98 21 82883869;
| | | | - Eesa Mohammadi
- Department of Nursing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al-Hussami M, Zeilani R, AlKhawaldeh OA, Abushaika L. Jordanian women's personal practices regarding prevention and early detection of breast cancer. Int J Nurs Knowl 2014; 25:189-94. [PMID: 25088985 DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer, as a leading cause of mortality, is responsible for 12.5% of all deaths in Jordan. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe Jordanian women's personal practices and perceptions of breast cancer screening tests. METHODS A quantitative cross-sectional survey using a proportionate stratified sample of 331 women was conducted. The target population includes all Jordanian women living in high- and low-density neighborhoods. The population involved women from the 12 governorates areas. RESULTS Perception of susceptibility, confidence in performing breast self-examination (BSE) barriers of the group that had previously performed BSE were significantly higher than those who did not practice (t = 8.38, p = .02; t = 9.90, p = .00; t = -0.98, p = .01, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study provide information to policy makers and healthcare leaders who seek to improve breast cancer prevention and response to cancer control efforts.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bronner K, Mesters I, Weiss-Meilik A, Geva R, Rozner G, Strul H, Inbar M, Halpern Z, Kariv R. Determinants of adherence to screening by colonoscopy in individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2013; 93:272-281. [PMID: 23916675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although first-degree relatives (FDRs) of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, as a high-risk population, have the most to gain from colonoscopy screening, their adherence is suboptimal. Thus, an assessment of the determinants of adherence to screening is of potential importance. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 318 FDRs of 164 CRC patients treated at Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. Interviews were conducted with a questionnaire using I-Change Model. RESULTS Adherence to interval colonoscopy was low with only 73 FDRs (23.0%). Greater adherence was associated with socio-demographic variables (older age, siblings, having spouse, higher level of education and income) and behavioral variables (healthier lifestyle, utilization of preventive health services). Family physicians and kin were identified as the most influential figures on uptake. Intention, affective barriers, positive attitudes, social support, cues to action, age, and health maintenance were the strongest determinants of participation in CRC screening. CONCLUSION Adherence to colonoscopy is determined by multiple variables. Medical staff can play a key role in increasing adherence to colonoscopy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Future interventions should focus on fostering positive attitudes, overcoming barriers, enhancing social support and providing a medical recommendation. Special efforts should be invested in young FDRs, those of low socio-economic status and those who underutilize preventive medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bronner
- The Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
O'Mahony M, McCarthy G, Corcoran P, Hegarty J. Shedding light on women's help seeking behaviour for self discovered breast symptoms. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2013; 17:632-9. [PMID: 23643696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe women's help seeking behaviour (HSB) and the associated influencing factors on self-discovery of a breast symptom. METHODS A descriptive, correlational survey design was used. Following ethical approval, survey data were collected from women (n = 449) attending the breast clinics of two large urban hospitals within the Republic of Ireland. RESULTS The majority of women (69.9%; n = 314) sought help (by visiting their General practitioner, GP) within one month, 30.1% (n = 135) delayed help seeking for more than one month following symptom discovery and 16.7% (n = 75) delayed for three months or more. The factors most significantly associated with delayed HSB were knowledge around symptom identity (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.80, p = 0.005); ignoring the symptom and hoping it would go away (OR = 10.72, p < 0.001) and women's belief that the symptom would persist for a long time (OR = 1.18, p = 0.023). Being afraid on symptom discovery (OR = 0.37, p = 0.005) was associated with reduced risk of delayed HSB. CONCLUSIONS It is encouraging to see that the majority of women who find a breast symptom seek help promptly. However, a small cohort of women delay seeking help from their GP. HSB is influenced by multiple factors which can impact on patient outcomes. Findings are important for oncology nurses who have a key role to play in promoting breast awareness, prompt help seeking and early detection and treatment of breast cancer, amongst women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Máirín O'Mahony
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing & Midwifery, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Do individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer adhere to medical recommendations for the prevention of colorectal cancer? Fam Cancer 2013; 12:629-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-013-9627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Sarkar M, Konar H, Raut DK. Gynecological malignancies: epidemiological characteristics of the patients in a tertiary care hospital in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2997-3004. [PMID: 22938496 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional observational study was undertaken to identify the epidemiological characteristics of patients with gynecological malignancies in India, in relation to gynecological cancer risk. METHODS In the gynecology out-patient clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata, India, the patients with suggestive symptoms of gynecological malignancies were screened. One hundred thirteen patients with histopathologically confirmed gynecological malignancies were interviewed. RESULTS More than two-thirds of the cases (69.0%) occurred in the age range of 35-64 years and the same proportion of patients was from rural areas. Almost all the patients were "ever-married" (96.5%). More than half (54.9%) were illiterate/just literate. Nearly two-thirds (64.6%) were parity 3 or higher. Among the 18 patients with history of multiple sexual partners of the husband, 94.4% (17) were suffering from cervical malignancy, along with all the 3 patients with history of STD syndromes (sexually transmitted diseases) of their husbands. No one had given a history of condom use by her husband. Most of the patients (91.1%) used old / reused cloth pieces during menstruation. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to increase awareness among women and the broader community about different epidemiological factors that may be responsible for increased risk of gynecological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhutandra Sarkar
- Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Jones SC, Johnson K. Women's awareness of cancer symptoms: a review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:579-91. [PMID: 22934731 DOI: 10.2217/whe.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in cancer detection and treatment have led to consistent declines in mortality from many cancers. However, many patients present for treatment at a point where more invasive treatment is required and/or treatment outcomes are less than optimal. One factor that has been consistently shown to be associated with late diagnosis and treatment is delay in seeking help for symptoms. This paper reviews the literature on women's awareness of cancer symptoms and aims to identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to improve help-seeking behaviors. The discovery of substantial gaps in awareness suggest a need for improved community education regarding cancer symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jones
- Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Skeppner E, Andersson SO, Johansson JE, Windahl T. Initial symptoms and delay in patients with penile carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 46:319-25. [PMID: 22989150 DOI: 10.3109/00365599.2012.677473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess initial symptoms and factors associated with patients' and doctors' delay in penile carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty consecutive patients with penile carcinoma treated with an organ-sparing technique and nine with partial amputation were enrolled in a prospective study at the Department of Urology, Örebro University Hospital, between 2005 and 2009. Face-to-face structured interviews in combination with self-assessment forms were used for the patients' descriptions of clinical symptoms, treatment seeking and reasons for delay. Data were also extracted from the medical records confirming time-lag between GP assessment, specialist care and time for diagnosis. RESULTS Erythema, rash and eczema were the most common initial symptoms (35%). In total, 65% had a patients' delay of more than 6 months, and among these there was a small, but not statistically significant, predominance for pT1 and pTis tumours. Living with a stable partner did not affect the delay. The most common reason for patients' delay was the feeling of embarrassment over symptoms localized in a sexual body area. Nine patients had a doctors' delay of more than 3 months from first special visit to diagnosis. Eight of these patients consulted dermatologists and were subjected to repeated biopsies, leaving premalignant results. CONCLUSIONS A considerable proportion of the patients had a patients' delay of more than 6 months, perhaps due to benign initial symptoms as erythema, rash or eczema. Psychological factors such as embarrassment and denial may also be involved, as well as insufficient awareness or knowledge.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sarkar M, Konar H, Raut DK. Knowledge and health care-seeking behavior in relation to gynecological malignancies in India: a study of the patients with gynecological malignancies in a tertiary care hospital of Kolkata. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2011; 26:348-354. [PMID: 20922514 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-010-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional observational study was undertaken to find out the knowledge about gynecological malignancies and health care-seeking behavior of patients with gynecological malignancies. In a gynecology out-patient clinic in Kolkata, India, the patients with the suggestive symptoms of gynecological malignancies were screened out. Their diagnoses were confirmed by histopathology. One hundred thirteen patients with histopathologically confirmed gynecological malignancies were interviewed. Eleven patients (9.7%) knew that white discharge or bleeding per vagina was the early symptom and 38 (33.6%) patients knew that gynecological malignancies were treatable. Fifty-six patients (49.5%) had discussed about their symptoms first with their husbands. Most of the patients (91 patients or 80.5%) had visited a private health facility first for their symptoms. Educational level of the patients was found to be inversely associated with the time of presentation at this hospital. This study highlights the need to increase the awareness about gynecological malignancies among women and the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhutandra Sarkar
- Department of Community Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Mahony M, Hegarty J, McCarthy G. Women's help seeking behaviour for self discovered breast cancer symptoms. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2010; 15:410-8. [PMID: 21094088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH The aim of the study was to explore women's Help Seeking Behaviour (HSB) for a self discovered breast symptom, in order to gain understanding of women's experience of finding a breast symptom and how this influenced their HSB. In addition, the study sought to confirm the appropriateness of the "Help Seeking Behaviour & Influencing Factors" framework, for use in phase two of the study. METHODS AND SAMPLE A qualitative descriptive method was used involving semi-structured interviews with ten women, ranging in age from 25 to 55 years, who had discovered a breast symptom. KEY RESULTS Women's HSB ranged from up to one month (n = 6), one to three months (n = 2) and over three months (n = 2), following symptom discovery. The key variables linked to delayed help seeking were denial, fear, social factors and knowledge and beliefs. The study verified that the variables within the "Help Seeking Behaviour and Influencing Factors" framework act as both facilitators and barriers to women's HSB. Thus, confirming the appropriateness of this framework for a larger quantitative study of women's help seeking behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights that despite continued emphasis on early help seeking for breast cancer symptoms, delay is still prevalent amongst women. This reiterates the need for continued emphasis on the message of early detection for breast cancer symptoms. To this end, nurses have a significant role to play in educating women in both clinical and community settings, about breast cancer and early detection practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairin O'Mahony
- Catherine McAuley School of Nursing & Midwifery, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maree JE, Wright SC. How would early detection be possible? An enquiry into cancer related knowledge, understanding and health seeking behaviour of urban black women in Tshwane, South Africa. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2010; 14:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Andersen RS, Vedsted P, Olesen F, Bro F, Søndergaard J. Patient delay in cancer studies: a discussion of methods and measures. BMC Health Serv Res 2009; 9:189. [PMID: 19840368 PMCID: PMC2770466 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is no validated way of measuring the prevalence and duration of patient delay, and we do not know how people perceive and define the time intervals they are asked to report in patient delay studies. This lack of a validated measure hampers research in patient delay and is counterproductive to efforts directed at securing early diagnosis of cancer. Discussion The main argument of the present paper is that current studies on patient delay do not sufficiently consider existing theories on symptom interpretation. It is illustrated that the interpretation of bodily sensations as symptoms related to a specific cancer diagnosis is embedded within a social and cultural context. We therefore cannot assume that respondents define delay periods in identical ways. Summary In order to improve the validity of patient delay studies, it is suggested that research be strengthened on three counts: More research should be devoted to symptom interpretation processes, more research should seek to operationalise patient delay, and, importantly, more research is needed to develop valid instruments for measuring patient delay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Sand Andersen
- The Research Unit for General Practice, Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reubsaet A, van Osch LADM, de Vries H, de Coul MRO, Lechner L. Some signals cannot wait: effects of a national campaign on early detection of cancer among Dutch adults (>55 years). Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:194-200. [PMID: 19695974 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined the effects of the campaign "early detection of cancer" on knowledge, attitudes, awareness, and intention to perform passive detection and timely seeking medical help. Further, the campaign was evaluated on recall and recognition and the various campaign components were evaluated. METHODS A longitudinal study using a Solomon four-group design among 784 Dutch adults aged 55 years and older was conducted. Data was gathered by means of telephone interviews. RESULTS The results showed moderate levels of campaign awareness. After the campaign, solely respondents who received a pre-test questionnaire and were aware of the campaign had significant higher cancer knowledge levels regarding passive detection. Respondents who were only aware of the campaign were significantly more willing to perform passive detection behavior and to timely seek medical help in the future. Further, they were more aware that paying attention to cancer warning signs can lead to early detection of cancer. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that solely the combination of the pre-test questionnaire and exposure to the campaign had a significant positive impact on respondents' cancer knowledge levels. The effects of the campaign on intention and awareness are indistinct and could be a consequence of (the results of) a self-selection bias. It seems that the dose, frequency, and duration of the campaign should be increased in order to substantiate the effects of the campaign.
Collapse
|
27
|
Cervical cancer: the route from signs and symptoms to treatment in South Africa. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS 2009; 16:9-17. [PMID: 19027618 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-8080(08)32399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Africa, in 2005-06, 100% of primary health care clinics in South Africa had health professionals trained to conduct Pap smears, yet the screening rate was only 1.3% and one in 26 women develop cervical cancer during their lifetime. Many women admitted to oncology wards are at such an advanced stage of disease that palliation is the only treatment option left. The purpose of this qualitative study in 2007, using semi-structured interviews with 15 women with advanced cervical cancer, was to understand the routes they followed from first signs and symptoms of disease to receiving treatment. The willingness of the women to be diagnosed was a positive finding of the study. The women did seek treatment, often more than once, and were not solely responsible for presenting late. The average number of months from first contact with a health care professional until diagnosis was 17.3, ranging from 11.8 months for urban participants to 28.4 months for rural participants, and three to seven months from diagnosis to referral for treatment. Lack of knowledge and awareness among health care professionals resulted in a low suspicion of cancer and misdiagnosis. A national cervical cancer strategy, including health education and re-training of health professionals, should be made a priority.
Collapse
|
28
|
Su CC, Chen YM, Kuo BJ. Development and psychometric testing of the Cancer Knowledge Scale for Elders. J Clin Nurs 2008; 18:700-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Substantial under-estimation in cancer incidence estimates for developing countries due to under-ascertainment in elderly cancer cases. Cancer Lett 2008; 264:250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Ruiter RAC, de Nooijer J, van Breukelen G, Ockhuysen-Vermey CF, de Vries H. Intended coping responses to cancer symptoms in healthy adults: the roles of symptom knowledge, detection behavior, and perceived threat. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:818-26. [PMID: 18381477 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the causal effects of the knowledge of cancer-related symptoms and detection behavior on coping with cancer-related symptoms have not been identified. Therefore, the current study explored the effects of active or passive detection of supposedly well-known or less-known cancer-related symptoms on intended coping responses. In addition, we were interested in the extent to which these effects are driven by heightened perceptions of threat. METHODS In an experimental study using a 2 x 2 within-subject design, 221 Dutch adults from the general population responded to a survey study sent to their homes (18.4% response). They were asked to read scenario information about four cancer-related symptoms that were (a) well known or less known and (b) actively or passively detected (e.g., self-examination versus unusual blood loss). The authors measured intended coping responses to the detection of cancer-related symptoms as either adaptive (e.g., visiting a general practitioner) or maladaptive (e.g., denial of the symptom). RESULTS As expected, the findings revealed that well-known symptoms resulted in more anticipated adaptive coping and less anticipated maladaptive coping than less-known symptoms. Unfortunately, the findings also suggest that the active as opposed to passive detection of cancer symptoms (e.g., self-examination versus unusual blood loss) is likely to result in more maladaptive coping. These effects were mediated by heightened perceptions of threat. CONCLUSIONS Future health education programs that aim to motivate people to be more active in the early detection of cancer symptoms should first focus on increasing people's knowledge about the early warning signs of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Korsgaard M, Pedersen L, Laurberg S. Delay of diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer—A population-based Danish Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
32
|
Mutyaba T, Faxelid E, Mirembe F, Weiderpass E. Influences on uptake of reproductive health services in Nsangi community of Uganda and their implications for cervical cancer screening. Reprod Health 2007; 4:4. [PMID: 17594474 PMCID: PMC1936416 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the most common female cancer in Uganda. Over 80% of women diagnosed or referred with cervical cancer in Mulago national referral and teaching hospital have advanced disease. Plans are underway for systematic screening programmes based on visual inspection, as Pap smear screening is not feasible for this low resource country. Effectiveness of population screening programmes requires high uptake and for cervical cancer, minimal loss to follow up. Uganda has poor indicators of reproductive health (RH) services uptake; 10% postnatal care attendance, 23% contraceptive prevalence, and 38% skilled attendance at delivery. For antenatal attendance, attendance to one visit is 90%, but less than 50% for completion of care, i.e. three or more visits. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using eight focus group discussions with a total of 82 participants (16 men, 46 women and 20 health workers). We aimed to better understand factors that influence usage of available reproductive health care services and how they would relate to cervical cancer screening, as well as identify feasible interventions to improve cervical cancer screening uptake. Results Barriers identified after framework analysis included ignorance about cervical cancer, cultural constructs/beliefs about the illness, economic factors, domestic gender power relations, alternative authoritative sources of reproductive health knowledge, and unfriendly health care services. We discuss how these findings may inform future planned screening programmes in the Ugandan context. Conclusion Knowledge about cervical cancer among Ugandan women is very low. For an effective cervical cancer-screening programme, awareness about cervical cancer needs to be increased. Health planners need to note the power of the various authoritative sources of reproductive health knowledge such as paternal aunts (Sengas) and involve them in the awareness campaign. Cultural and economic issues dictate the perceived reluctance by men to participate in women's reproductive health issues; men in this community are, however, potential willing partners if appropriately informed. Health planners should address the loss of confidence in current health care units, as well as consider use of other cervical cancer screening delivery systems such as mobile clinics/camps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Twaha Mutyaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Faxelid
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of International Health Care and Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florence Mirembe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Etiological Research, The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
van Osch L, Lechner L, Reubsaet A, de Nooijer J, de Vries H. Passive cancer detection and medical help seeking for cancer symptoms: (in)adequate behavior and psychosocial determinants. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 16:266-74. [PMID: 17415098 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000236241.10125.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the performance and psychosocial determinants of passive cancer detection behavior, that is, attentiveness to cancer symptoms, and medical help seeking, and investigated potential dependency between these two behaviors. A detailed telephone survey was conducted among 459 respondents, aged 55 years or older. The survey assessed passive detection behavior and appropriately timed medical help seeking, regarding 14 cancer symptoms. Knowledge of cancer symptoms and various other psychosocial determinants were also measured. Knowledge of cancer symptoms and adequate passive detection behavior was low to moderate. Timely medical help-seeking behavior was low to moderate for urgent symptoms but relatively high for prolonged symptoms. Overall, women had higher knowledge levels, paid more attention to cancer symptoms, and performed more timely help seeking than men. Passive detection behavior was positively associated with premotivational awareness factors (knowledge and awareness), female gender, and perceived advantages. Timely medical help seeking was positively related to cognitive motivational factors (perceived advantages, self-efficacy expectations, and intention) and negatively related to educational level and perceived susceptibility to cancer. Furthermore, a strong positive association was found between the performance of passive detection behavior and timely medical help seeking. The suboptimal levels of knowledge and performance of early cancer detection behaviors found in this study emphasize a need for educational efforts in the area of early cancer detection. The effectiveness of these efforts may benefit from considering the distinct sets of determinants of passive detection behavior and medical help seeking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth van Osch
- aDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht bFaculty of Psychology, Open University Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruiz-Torrejón A, Ramos-Monserrat M, Llobera-Cánaves J. [Family practice and diagnosis of cancer]. Aten Primaria 2006; 37:16-21. [PMID: 16545299 PMCID: PMC8149143 DOI: 10.1157/13083935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the types of cancer identified in primary health care, their clinical presentation, management until diagnosis and delay in diagnosis. DESIGN Descriptive study based on secondary information from medical records. SETTING Two urban health care centres in Mallorca, Spain. PARTICIPANTS Patients over 14 years old diagnosed with cancer between 1994 and 1998. MEASUREMENTS Age, sex, location of tumour, symptoms, role of family doctor, specialist referral, care environment, time from first symptom to diagnosis, and stage of tumour. RESULTS We identified 408 cancers. Mean age at diagnosis was 66.5 years (95% CI, 65.3-67.7); 237 (58.1%) were male. The most frequent tumours were colorectal, lung, prostate, breast and bladder, and the most common symptom was pain (33.1%; 95% CI, 28-38.3). The family doctor was involved in 63% of diagnoses (95% CI, 58.2-67.8). Mean delay from first symptom until diagnosis was 90 days, of which 26 were attributed to the patient and 55 to primary health care services. For colorectal, lung and prostate cancers, delay was shorter. The tumour was less advanced at diagnosis when family doctors were involved. CONCLUSIONS Family doctors are involved in the diagnosis of most cancers. In colorectal, lung and prostate cancers, their contribution could improve prognosis. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Torrejón
- Centro de Salud Emili Darder, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vries HD, Mesters I, van de Steeg H, Honing C. The general public's information needs and perceptions regarding hereditary cancer: an application of the Integrated Change Model. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2005; 56:154-65. [PMID: 15653244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Revised: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 01/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Integrated Change Model (the I-Change Model) was used to analyse the general public's need and perceptions concerning receiving information on the role of hereditary factors with regard to cancer. The results from a study in 457 Dutch adults showed that 25% correctly indicated the types of cancer where hereditary factors can play a role. Respondents, however, overestimated the role of hereditary factors causing breast cancer. Recognition of warning signs was low, as was the recognition of inheritance patterns. Participants wanted to know the types of cancer with hereditary aspects, how to recognise hereditary cancer in the family, personal risks and the steps to be taken when hereditary predisposition is suspected. The most popular information channels mentioned were leaflets, the general practitioner, and the Internet. Respondents interested in receiving information on heredity and cancer were more often female, had had experiences with hereditary diseases, had more knowledge, perceived more advantages, encountered more social support in seeking information, and had higher levels of self-efficacy. Education should outline the most important facts about hereditary cancer, how to get support, and create realistic expectations of the impact of genetic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Education, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lechner L, De Nooijer J, De Vries H. Breast self-examination: longitudinal predictors of intention and subsequent behaviour. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13:369-76. [PMID: 15452448 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200410000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study analysed in a longitudinal design the relationship between past breast self-examination (BSE) behaviour, determinants, intention and future BSE behaviour in a population of adult Dutch women. Past behaviour and psychosocial determinants were assessed at T1, followed 6 weeks later (T2) with the assessment of the intention to perform BSE monthly. Half a year after the first measurement the current BSE behaviour was assessed by means of a telephone survey (T3) (total end response 78%, n=364). The questionnaires included BSE behaviour, intention, attitude (pros and cons of BSE, anticipated regret, moral obligation), social influence (support, modelling) and self-efficacy. Other background variables assessed were past BSE behaviour, and demographics. Although 81% of the women stated that they performed BSE, only 41% of the women performed BSE correctly. Women who performed BSE correctly differed from women who did not on all psychosocial determinants assessed a half year earlier, with the exception of anticipated regret. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the psychosocial determinants explained 51% of the variance in intention to perform BSE, assessed 6 weeks later; past behaviour accounted for 2% of extra explained variance. Logistic regression analyses showed that past behaviour, the psychosocial determinants and intention were significant predictors of correct BSE behaviour a half year later (Nagelkerke's total explained variance was 47%). It was concluded that misperceptions of correct BSE behaviour was highly prevalent. Both the psychosocial determinants as well as past behaviour were important predictors of intention to perform BSE and subsequent BSE behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lechner
- School of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, PO Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Werner P. Knowledge about symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: correlates and relationship to help-seeking behavior. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:1029-36. [PMID: 14618555 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess relationships between knowledge about symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and help seeking intention among the lay public. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 150 community-dwelling persons aged over 45, who did not have a close relative diagnosed with AD, participated in the study. MEASURES Knowledge about 11 warning signs of AD as described in the information provided by the Alzheimer's Association, and four non-AD symptoms was assessed, together with intentions to seek help from professional and non-professional sources. Background characteristics included socio-demographic characteristics, personal experience with AD, and perceived threat. RESULTS Although participants' knowledge about AD symptoms overall was fair, only a slight percentage reported memory problems to be symptoms of the disease. Participants differentiated between AD warning and non-warning signs. Older participants reported consistently more AD and non-AD symptoms, while higher concerns about developing the disease was associated with reporting more non-AD symptoms. Higher knowledge about AD symptoms was associated with increased intentions to seek help from professional sources. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to increase knowledge about AD symptoms should be expanded, with special attention to risk groups. Improved recognition of AD symptoms will promote adequate help-seeking behaviors and will increase early identification and treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perla Werner
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Social Welfare and Healht Studies, University of Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|