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Ahn JH, Shin MC, Park JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Yan BC, Hwang IK, Moon SM, Ahn JY, Ohk TG, Lee TH, Cho JH, Shin HC, Won MH. Increased immunoreactivity of c‑Fos in the spinal cord of the aged mouse and dog. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1043-8. [PMID: 25351722 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of c‑Fos in the spinal cord following nociceptive stimulation is considered to be a neurotoxic biomarker. In the present study, the immunoreactivity of c‑Fos in the spinal cord was compared between young adult (2‑3 years in dogs and 6 months in mice) and aged (10‑12 years in dogs and 24 months in mice) Beagle dogs and C57BL/6J mice. In addition, changes to neuronal distribution and damage to the spinal cord were also investigated. There were no significant differences in neuronal loss or degeneration of the spinal neurons observed in either the aged dogs or mice. Weak c‑Fos immunoreactivity was observed in the spinal neurons of the young adult animals; however, c‑Fos immunoreactivity was markedly increased in the nuclei of spinal neurons in the aged dogs and mice, as compared with that of the young adults. In conclusion, c‑Fos immunoreactivity was significantly increased without any accompanying neuronal loss in the aged spinal cord of mice and dogs, as compared with the spinal cords of the young adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chul Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative Traditional and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151‑742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445‑170, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Geun Ohk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hun Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Cheul Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
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Offner H, Subramanian S, Parker SM, Afentoulis ME, Vandenbark AA, Hurn PD. Experimental stroke induces massive, rapid activation of the peripheral immune system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:654-65. [PMID: 16121126 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical experimental stroke induces injurious local brain inflammation. However, effects on the peripheral immune system have not been well characterized. We quantified mRNA and protein levels for cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors (CCR) in brain, spinal cord, peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, blood, and cultured mononuclear cells from these sources), and blood plasma after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham treatment in male C57BL/6 mice. Middle cerebral artery occlusion induced a complex, but organ specific, pattern of inflammatory factors in the periphery. At both 6 and 22 h after MCAO, activated spleen cells from stroke-injured mice secreted significantly enhanced levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-2. Unstimulated splenocytes expressed increased chemokines and CCR, including MIP-2 and CCR2, CCR7 and CCR8 at 6 h; and MIP-2, IP-10, and CCR1 and CCR2 at 22 h. Also at 22 h, T cells from blood and lymph nodes secreted increased levels of inflammatory cytokines after activation. As expected, there were striking proinflammatory changes in postischemic brain. In contrast, spinal cord displayed suppression of all mediators, suggesting a compensatory response to intracranial events. These data show for the first time that focal cerebral ischemia results in dynamic and widespread activation of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CCR in the peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Omori T, Kawashima H, Kizuka T, Ohiwa N, Tateoka M, Soya H. Increased c-fos gene expression in alpha motoneurons in rat loaded hindlimb muscles with inclined locomotion. Neurosci Lett 2005; 389:25-9. [PMID: 16055265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential usefulness of c-fos gene expression as an indicator of the activity level of spinal alpha motoneurons was examined in loaded locomotive rats. The motor pools of the plantaris (PL) and soleus muscles (SOL), mainly composed respectively of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers, were investigated in rats under locomotion at 25 m/min on a 20% incline. We first labeled motoneurons with a retrograde tracer, Nuclear Yellow (NY), and then quantified the c-fos mRNA expression level in the NY-labeled alpha motoneurons by means of in situ hybridization. Electromyographic (EMG) activities were also recorded. The c-fos expression level per alpha motoneuron showed a greater increase in the PL (75%) than in the SOL motor pool (38%). EMG activities also showed a greater increase in the PL (159%) than in the SOL (43%). Taken together, these results suggest that c-fos expression levels in alpha motoneurons are associated with the activity levels of their corresponding muscle. This cytochemical method for identifying the c-fos expression level has potential for use as a tool for estimating the activity level of large populations of alpha motoneurons in unrestricted animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Omori
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennôdai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
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Block F, Dihné M, Loos M. Inflammation in areas of remote changes following focal brain lesion. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 75:342-65. [PMID: 15925027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal brain lesions can lead to metabolic and structural changes in areas distant from but connected to the lesion site. After focal ischemic or excitotoxic lesions of the cortex and/or striatum, secondary changes have been observed in the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, hippocampus and spinal cord. In all these regions, inflammatory changes characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes appear. In the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and hippocampus, an expression of proinflammatory cytokine like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta is induced. However, time course of expression and cellular localisation differ between these regions. Neuronal damage has consistently been observed in the thalamus, substantia nigra and spinal cord. It can be present in the hippocampus depending on the procedure of induction of focal cerebral ischemia. This secondary neuronal damage has been linked to antero- and retrograde degeneration. Anterograde degeneration is associated with somewhat later expression of cytokines, which is localised in neurons. In case of retrograde degeneration, the expression of cytokines is earlier and is localised in astrocytes. Pharmacological intervention aiming at reducing expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha leads to reduction of secondary neuronal damage. These first results suggest that the inflammatory changes in remote areas might be involved in the pathogenesis of secondary neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Block
- Department of Neurology UK Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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Fu D, Ng YK, Gan P, Ling EA. Permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery upregulates expression of cytokines and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord and urinary bladder in the adult rat. Neuroscience 2004; 125:819-31. [PMID: 15120843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal cord and the bladder in response to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. In this connection, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 in the lumbosacral spinal cord and the bladder as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction was upregulated. In the spinal cord, the immunoreactivity of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was mainly localized in the ventral horn motoneurons contralateral to MCAO. In the bladder, TNF-alpha was mainly expressed in the inflammatory cells. The expression of nNOS immunoreactivity as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining in the spinal cord and bladder was also markedly increased in response to MCAO. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial expression of nNOS paralleled that of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the spinal cord. On the other hand, there was no noticeable change in gene expression and immunoreactivity of SP and CGRP. The present results have shown that cytokines and nNOS expression are elevated in areas far removed from the primary site of ischemic infarct, namely, the lumbosacral spinal cord and bladder. This together with some neuronal deaths maybe linked to the dysfunction of the latter in a clinical stroke. On the other hand, the apparent lack of SP and CGRP changes following MCAO suggests that the two neurotransmitters are not directly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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Bird GC, Asghar AU, Ackley MA, King AE. Modulation of primary afferent-mediated neurotransmission and Fos expression by glutamate uptake inhibition in rat spinal neurones in vitro. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41:582-91. [PMID: 11587713 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(01)00111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of altered endogenous levels of synaptic glutamate on neurotransmission and synaptic dorsal horn Fos expression was determined in rat spinal cord in vitro. The uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (L-PDC, 1mM) was tested against dorsal root-ventral root potentials (DR-VRP), afferent-mediated slow dorsal horn excitatory postsynaptic potentials (DR-EPSP) and nociceptive afferent-induced synaptic currents (EPSCs) of substantia gelatinosa neurones. L-PDC reduced DR-VRP fast and slow peak amplitude and duration (P<0.05), slow DR-EPSP amplitude and duration (P<0.005) and EPSC amplitude (P<0.05). The Group II/III mGluR antagonist (RS)-alpha-cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG, 100 microM) reduced L-PDC inhibition of synaptic potentials. The Group II antagonist (2S)-2-amino-2-(1S,2S-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid (LY341495, 300 nM) and the Group III antagonist (RS)-alpha-methylserine-O-phosphate (MSOP, 10 microM) partially reversed EPSC inhibition by L-PDC. The Group III agonist L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4, 30 microM) mimicked CPPG-sensitive inhibitory effects of L-PDC on DR-VRP (P<0.001) and the slow DR-EPSP (P<0.005). L-PDC (1mM) or L-AP4 (30 microM) reduced afferent-evoked dorsal horn Fos expression, this effect was reversed by CPPG. These data suggest that increased synaptic glutamate levels may activate inhibitory Group II/III mGluR receptors and impact significantly on nociceptive neurotransmission and transcriptional adaptive responses of target neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bird
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NQ, UK
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