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Larimer ME, Kilmer JR, Lee CM. College Student Drug Prevention: A Review of Individually-Oriented Prevention Strategies. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/002204260503500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current paper highlights the college years as a risk period for development, continuation, and escalation of illicit substance use and substance use disorders and reviews the literature related to the prevention and treatment of these disorders in college populations. Despite widespread implementation of college drug prevention programs, a review of the literature reveals few controlled trials targeting this population. However, alcohol prevention has been extensively studied, and many efficacious interventions for college drinking share theoretical and methodological underpinnings with interventions shown to be efficacious in drug prevention and treatment with other populations (i.e., school-based prevention, adolescent and adult drug treatment). These interventions could be adapted to target drug prevention on college campuses. Barriers to implementation and evaluation of these interventions on campus are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research and programmatic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Larimer
- Associate director of the University of Washington's Addictive Behaviors Research Center, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, and adjunct associate professor of psychology
| | - Jason R. Kilmer
- addictive behaviors specialist and adjunct member of the faculty at The Evergreen State College
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Acting assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington
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Steed H, Groome M, Rice P, Simpson K, Day A, Ker J. A brief report on perceptions of alcohol and society among Scottish medical students. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 47:75-8. [PMID: 22085525 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess perceptions on alcohol misuse and addiction among medical students prior to in-depth training in order to determine areas of the curriculum that need to be reshaped or focused on. METHODS A questionnaire assessment of first- and second-year medical students' perceptions of alcohol misuse. RESULTS Students had some misconceptions about current alcohol misuse rates, including a perception that addiction is common among health professionals, that the under-25s had the fastest increasing rate of alcohol addiction and that British women had a more rapidly increasing rate of alcohol addiction than British men. CONCLUSION Encouragingly, students overwhelmingly felt that alcohol addiction was something to which they could make a difference. It highlights that early education about alcohol misuse is important in terms of teaching students how to recognize hazardous and harmful drinkers and how to manage them.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Liu C, Liu H, Han X, Wu B, Zhong B, Gong Z. Synthesis and Characterization of Thienorphine and Its Glucuronide Conjugate. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐He Liu
- a No. 7 Department , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- a No. 7 Department , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yu Han
- a No. 7 Department , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- a No. 7 Department , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo‐Hua Zhong
- a No. 7 Department , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ze‐Hui Gong
- a No. 7 Department , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing, P. R. China
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Wilson JJ, Levin FR. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset substance use disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005; 15:751-63. [PMID: 16262592 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2005.15.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased recognition of the common comorbidity of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorder (SUD) among adolescents and adults. ADHD can be an important factor in the pathogenesis and maintenance of SUD; moreover, retrospective studies suggest that treating ADHD during childhood may prevent the development of SUD. In addition, treatment of ADHD among adults, and possibly adolescents, with SUD can reduce their risk of relapse. Theoretical mechanisms that may explain the relationship between ADHD and SUD are explored in this paper. Current research and recommended clinical practices related to the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD with SUD in adolescents are discussed as well. More research is needed to definitively assess the effectiveness and safety of medications in this population of youths with ADHD and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Wilson
- Division on Substance Abuse, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Liu CH, Liu H, Han XY, Wu B, Zhang XB, Zhong BH. Synthesis, Crystal Structure of 7α-[(S)-1-hydroxy-1-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-6, 14-endoethanotetrahydrothebaine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234054213654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
7α-[(S)-2-Hydroxy-2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-6,14-endoethanotetrahydrothebaine was synthesised and studied by 1H NMR and MS spectroscopy, its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-he Liu
- No. 7 Department, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- No. 7 Department, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-yu Han
- No. 7 Department, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- No. 7 Department, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- No. 7 Department, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Bo-hua Zhong
- No. 7 Department, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
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Flanzer J. The status of health services research on adjudicated drug-abusing juveniles: selected findings and remaining questions. Subst Use Misuse 2005; 40:887-911. [PMID: 16021921 DOI: 10.1081/ja-200058862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the factors that affect the availability, accessibility, and opportunity of effective treatment for the adjudicated adolescent drug user The social and developmental context of "drug abuse" and its treatment in adolescents, and particularly in adjudicated adolescents, is reviewed and compared with that in adults. Selected health services research findings on this population are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of delivering treatment services; the organization, management, and financing of services; and adoption of best practices (technology transfer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Flanzer
- Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9589, USA.
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Abstract
Trends in prevalence in substance misuse in young people in the UK are described: increased use over the last decade, the tendency to polydrug use, the narrowing of the gender gap. The complex issues relating to the description, definition and classification, and diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity and substance misuse are outlined. The fact that there is no uniformly accepted definition of what constitutes 'dual diagnosis' or 'psychiatric comorbidity' in young people is highlighted: this variability impacts upon clinical assessment and study design. Despite these considerable drawbacks, a degree of consistency is beginning to emerge in the co-occurrence of some conditions, e.g. disruptive and suicidal behaviours. It is recognized that psychological distress and substance misuse are also associated with multiple social and physical complications. The rapid advances in treatment options are presented. At present the 'best practice' is implementation of what works for adults with addiction and young people with psychiatric disorder. This includes psychosocial interventions such as motivational enhancement techniques and cognitive behavioural treatment, as well as appropriate safe (usually), short-term use of a range of pharmacological agents. Very few comprehensive designated adolescent addiction services exist, while child and adolescent mental health services are under serious pressure. Thus the need for a longitudinal and multidisciplinary approach, with appropriate assessment instruments in young people, is required to further explore diagnostic classification which will classify the degrees and patterns of relationships between disorders. In this way it may be possible to build up a picture of the nature and extent of numerous complex, and sometimes overlapping, problems and needs in children and adolescents in a variety of settings: primary and secondary care, the criminal justice system and educational establishments. This might strengthen the development of innovative treatment services where novel interventions are tested as a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Crome
- 1Keele University Medical School, Stoke on Trent, UK
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Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that often continues to manifest symptoms into adulthood. In children and adults, this condition may contribute to addictive vulnerability. Several factors are common to the developmental psychopathology of these conditions, suggesting an underlying deficit in behavioral regulation as an explanation for this comorbidity. Developmentally, faulty learning processes or attempts to self-medicate dysfunctional behavior may contribute to the pathogenesis of substance use disorders. Substance abuse itself also may contribute to the development of attentional deficits and behavioral dysregulation through direct (eg, prenatal or self-inflicted exposures to neurotoxic substances) and indirect (eg, poverty, neglect, abuse) mechanisms. Because ADHD can be identified prior to the peak onset of substance use, effective treatment of this common disorder may reduce the development of substance use disorders. Adult ADHD may also contribute to the development and maintenance of substance use disorders Substance abuse patients may particularly benefit from treatment of this comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wilson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Neumeyer JL, Gu XH, van Vliet LA, DeNunzio NJ, Rusovici DE, Cohen DJ, Negus SS, Mello NK, Bidlack JM. Mixed kappa agonists and mu agonists/antagonists as potential pharmacotherapeutics for cocaine abuse: synthesis and opioid receptor binding affinity of N-substituted derivatives of morphinan. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2735-40. [PMID: 11591513 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of new N-substituted derivatives of morphinan was synthesized and their binding affinity for the three opioid receptors (mu, delta, and kappa) was determined. A paradoxical effect of N-propargyl (MCL-117) and N-(3-iodoprop-(2E)-enyl) (MCL-118) substituents on the binding affinities for the mu and kappa opioid receptors was observed. All of these novel derivatives showed a preference for the mu and kappa versus delta binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Neumeyer
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-second installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 1999 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vaccarino
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Abstract
To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood, adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for independence. Certain behavioral features, including age-related increases in social behavior and risk-taking/novelty-seeking, are common among adolescents of diverse mammalian species and may aid in this process. Reduced positive incentive values from stimuli may lead adolescents to pursue new appetitive reinforcers through drug use and other risk-taking behaviors, with their relative insensitivity to drugs supporting comparatively greater per occasion use. Pubertal increases in gonadal hormones are a hallmark of adolescence, although there is little evidence for a simple association of these hormones with behavioral change during adolescence. Prominent developmental transformations are seen in prefrontal cortex and limbic brain regions of adolescents across a variety of species, alterations that include an apparent shift in the balance between mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems. Developmental changes in these stressor-sensitive regions, which are critical for attributing incentive salience to drugs and other stimuli, likely contribute to the unique characteristics of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Spear
- Department of Psychology and Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Adolescent substance abuse is rising dramatically in the United States. This observation is especially troubling given the association between substance use and HIV, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases. Surprisingly, there have been few carefully constructed, controlled studies examining different treatment approaches with adolescent substance abusers. In our review of the literature, we note that family therapy and, to a lesser extent, cognitive behavioral therapy, received the most attention as intervention strategies with adolescents. Both approaches appear to have some success, although further research is necessary. In addition, developing and assessing strategies to improve family involvement in treatment requires additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Booth
- Campus Box C-251, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 1643 Boulder Street, Denver, CO 80211, USA
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