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You Y, Xiao J, Chen J, Li Y, Li R, Zhang S, Jiang Q, Liu P. Integrated Information for Pathogenicity and Treatment of Spiroplasma. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:252. [PMID: 38953991 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Spiroplasma, belonging to the class Mollicutes, is a small, helical, motile bacterium lacking a cell wall. Its host range includes insects, plants, and aquatic crustaceans. Recently, a few human cases of Spiroplasma infection have been reported. The diseases caused by Spiroplasma have brought about serious economic losses and hindered the healthy development of agriculture. The pathogenesis of Spiroplasma involves the ability to adhere, such as through the terminal structure of Spiroplasma, colonization, and invasive enzymes. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism of Spiroplasma remains a mystery. Therefore, we systematically summarize all the information about Spiroplasma in this review article. This provides a reference for future studies on virulence factors and treatment strategies of Spiroplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jianmin Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Genome Editing of Veterinary Relevant Mycoplasmas Using a CRISPR-Cas Base Editor System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0099622. [PMID: 36000854 PMCID: PMC9469718 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00996-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are minimal bacteria that infect humans, wildlife, and most economically relevant livestock species. Mycoplasma infections cause a large range of chronic inflammatory diseases, eventually leading to death in some animals. Due to the lack of efficient recombination and genome engineering tools for most species, the production of mutant strains for the identification of virulence factors and the development of improved vaccine strains is limited. Here, we demonstrate the adaptation of an efficient Cas9-Base Editor system to introduce targeted mutations into three major pathogenic species that span the phylogenetic diversity of these bacteria: the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the two most important bovine mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. As a proof of concept, we successfully used an inducible SpdCas9-pmcDA1 cytosine deaminase system to disrupt several major virulence factors in these pathogens. Various induction times and inducer concentrations were evaluated to optimize editing efficiency. The optimized system was powerful enough to disrupt 54 of 55 insertion sequence transposases in a single experiment. Whole-genome sequencing of the edited strains showed that off-target mutations were limited, suggesting that most variations detected in the edited genomes are Cas9-independent. This effective, rapid, and easy-to-use genetic tool opens a new avenue for the study of these important animal pathogens and likely the entire class Mollicutes. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasmas are minimal pathogenic bacteria that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wild animals. Major pathogenic species cause acute to chronic infections involving still poorly characterized virulence factors. The lack of precise genome editing tools has hampered functional studies of many species, leaving multiple questions about the molecular basis of their pathogenicity unanswered. Here, we demonstrate the adaptation of a CRISPR-derived base editor for three major pathogenic species: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Several virulence factors were successfully targeted, and we were able to edit up to 54 target sites in a single step. The availability of this efficient and easy-to-use genetic tool will greatly facilitate functional studies of these economically important bacteria.
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Quintero-Yanes A, Lee CM, Monson R, Salmond G. The FloR master regulator controls flotation, virulence and antibiotic production in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2921-2938. [PMID: 32352190 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 produces intracellular gas vesicles to enable upward flotation in water columns. It also uses flagellar rotation to swim through liquid and swarm across semi-solid surfaces. Flotation and motility can be co-regulated with production of a β-lactam antibiotic (carbapenem carboxylate) and a linear tripyrrole red antibiotic, prodigiosin. Production of gas vesicles, carbapenem and prodigiosin antibiotics, and motility are controlled by master transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, including the SmaI/SmaR-based quorum sensing system and the mRNA binding protein, RsmA. Recently, the ribose operon repressor, RbsR, was also defined as a pleiotropic regulator of flotation and virulence factor elaboration in this strain. Here, we report the discovery of a new global regulator (FloR; a DeoR family transcription factor) that modulates flotation through control of gas vesicle morphogenesis. The floR mutation is highly pleiotropic, down-regulating production of gas vesicles, carbapenem and prodigiosin antibiotics, and infection in Caenorhabditis elegans, but up-regulating flagellar motility. Detailed proteomic analysis using TMT peptide labelling and LC-MS/MS revealed that FloR is a physiological master regulator that operates through subordinate pleiotropic regulators including Rap, RpoS, RsmA, PigU, PstS and PigT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Quintero-Yanes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,Bacterial Cell cycle and Development (BCcD), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Chin Mei Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300, Malaysia
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - George Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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CORDOVA CAIOM, HOELTGEBAUM DANIELAL, MACHADO LAÍSD, SANTOS LARISSADOS. Molecular biology of mycoplasmas: from the minimum cell concept to the artificial cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88 Suppl 1:599-607. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mycoplasmas are a large group of bacteria, sorted into different genera in the Mollicutes class, whose main characteristic in common, besides the small genome, is the absence of cell wall. They are considered cellular and molecular biology study models. We present an updated review of the molecular biology of these model microorganisms and the development of replicative vectors for the transformation of mycoplasmas. Synthetic biology studies inspired by these pioneering works became possible and won the attention of the mainstream media. For the first time, an artificial genome was synthesized (a minimal genome produced from consensus sequences obtained from mycoplasmas). For the first time, a functional artificial cell has been constructed by introducing a genome completely synthesized within a cell envelope of a mycoplasma obtained by transformation techniques. Therefore, this article offers an updated insight to the state of the art of these peculiar organisms' molecular biology.
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Bolaños LM, Servín-Garcidueñas LE, Martínez-Romero E. Arthropod-Spiroplasma relationship in the genomic era. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 91:1-8. [PMID: 25764543 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Spiroplasma comprises wall-less, low-GC bacteria that establish pathogenic, mutualistic and commensal symbiotic associations with arthropods and plants. This review focuses on the symbiotic relationships between Spiroplasma bacteria and arthropod hosts in the context of the available genomic sequences. Spiroplasma genomes are reduced and some contain highly repetitive plectrovirus-related sequences. Spiroplasma's diversity in viral invasion susceptibility, virulence factors, substrate utilization, genome dynamics and symbiotic associations with arthropods make this bacterial genus a biological model that provides insights about the evolutionary traits that shape bacterial symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Bolaños
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Luis E Servín-Garcidueñas
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México
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Mitrović J, Siewert C, Duduk B, Hecht J, Mölling K, Broecker F, Beyerlein P, Büttner C, Bertaccini A, Kube M. Generation and analysis of draft sequences of 'stolbur' phytoplasma from multiple displacement amplification templates. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 24:1-11. [PMID: 24158016 DOI: 10.1159/000353904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are reported for more than 1,000 plant species worldwide. Only a few genome sequences are available in contrast to the economical importance of these bacterial pathogens. A new strategy was used to retrieve phytoplasma strain-specific genome data. Multiple displacement amplification was performed on DNA obtained from <3 g of plant tissue from tobacco and parsley samples infected with 'stolbur' strains. Random hexamers and Phi29 polymerase were evaluated with and without supplementation by group-assigned oligonucleotides providing templates for Illumina's sequencing approach. Metagenomic drafts derived from individual and pooled strain-specific de novo assemblies were analyzed. Supplementation of the Phi29 reaction with the group-assigned oligonucleotides resulted in an about 2-fold enrichment of the percentage of phytoplasma-assigned reads and thereby improved assembly results. The obtained genomic drafts represent the largest datasets available from 'stolbur' phytoplasmas. Sequences of the two strains (558 kb, 448 proteins and 516 kb, 346 proteins, respectively) were annotated allowing the identification of prominent membrane proteins and reconstruction of core pathways. Analysis of a putative truncated sucrose phosphorylase provides hints on sugar degradation. Furthermore, it is shown that drafts obtained from repetitive-rich genomes allow only limited analysis on multicopy regions and genome completeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mitrović
- Laboratory of Applied Phytopathology, Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
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Carle P, Saillard C, Carrère N, Carrère S, Duret S, Eveillard S, Gaurivaud P, Gourgues G, Gouzy J, Salar P, Verdin E, Breton M, Blanchard A, Laigret F, Bové JM, Renaudin J, Foissac X. Partial chromosome sequence of Spiroplasma citri reveals extensive viral invasion and important gene decay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3420-6. [PMID: 20363791 PMCID: PMC2876439 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02954-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of 20,000 sequencing reads obtained from shotgun and chromosome-specific libraries of the Spiroplasma citri genome yielded 77 chromosomal contigs totaling 1,674 kbp (92%) of the 1,820-kbp chromosome. The largest chromosomal contigs were positioned on the physical and genetic maps constructed from pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridizations. Thirty-eight contigs were annotated, resulting in 1,908 predicted coding sequences (CDS) representing an overall coding density of only 74%. Cellular processes, cell metabolism, and structural-element CDS account for 29% of the coding capacity, CDS of external origin such as viruses and mobile elements account for 24% of the coding capacity, and CDS of unknown function account for 47% of the coding capacity. Among these, 21% of the CDS group into 63 paralog families. The organization of these paralogs into conserved blocks suggests that they represent potential mobile units. Phage-related sequences were particularly abundant and include plectrovirus SpV1 and SVGII3 and lambda-like SpV2 sequences. Sixty-nine copies of transposases belonging to four insertion sequence (IS) families (IS30, IS481, IS3, and ISNCY) were detected. Similarity analyses showed that 21% of chromosomal CDS were truncated compared to their bacterial orthologs. Transmembrane domains, including signal peptides, were predicted for 599 CDS, of which 58 were putative lipoproteins. S. citri has a Sec-dependent protein export pathway. Eighty-four CDS were assigned to transport, such as phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase systems (PTS), the ATP binding cassette (ABC), and other transporters. Besides glycolytic and ATP synthesis pathways, it is noteworthy that S. citri possesses a nearly complete pathway for the biosynthesis of a terpenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carle
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Colette Saillard
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Carrère
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sybille Duret
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Eveillard
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Gaurivaud
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Gourgues
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Jérome Gouzy
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Salar
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Eric Verdin
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Marc Breton
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Alain Blanchard
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Laigret
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Joseph-Marie Bové
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Joel Renaudin
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- INRA, UMR1090 Génomique Diversité Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France, INRA, CNRS, Laboratoire Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes UMR441/2594, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France, INRA, UR419 Espèces Fruitières, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Yang Q, Yi G, Zhang F, Thon MR, Sze SH. Identifying gene clusters within localized regions in multiple genomes. J Comput Biol 2010; 17:657-68. [PMID: 20500020 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2009.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An important strategy to study genome evolution is to investigate the clustering of orthologous genes among multiple genomes, in which the most popular approaches require that the distance between adjacent genes in a cluster be small. We investigate a different formulation based on constraining the overall size of a cluster and develop statistical significance estimates that allow direct comparison of clusters of different sizes. We first consider a restricted version which requires that orthologous genes are strictly ordered within each cluster and show that it can be solved in polynomial time. We then develop practical exact algorithms for the unrestricted problem that allows paralogous genes within a genome and clusters that may not appear in every genome while considering a general model in which a gene is allowed to appear in more than one orthologous group. We show that our algorithm can identify biologically relevant gene clusters on four bacterial genomes Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridium acetobutylicum. We also show that our algorithm can identify significantly more functionally enriched gene clusters on four yeast genomes Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Saccharomyces mikatae, and Saccharomyces bayanus than previous algorithms. A software program (GCFinder) and a list of gene clusters found on the bacterial and the yeast genomes are available at http://faculty.cse.tamu.edu/shsze/gcfinder .
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwu Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3112, USA
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Moreira LM, Almeida NF, Potnis N, Digiampietri LA, Adi SS, Bortolossi JC, da Silva AC, da Silva AM, de Moraes FE, de Oliveira JC, de Souza RF, Facincani AP, Ferraz AL, Ferro MI, Furlan LR, Gimenez DF, Jones JB, Kitajima EW, Laia ML, Leite RP, Nishiyama MY, Rodrigues Neto J, Nociti LA, Norman DJ, Ostroski EH, Pereira HA, Staskawicz BJ, Tezza RI, Ferro JA, Vinatzer BA, Setubal JC. Novel insights into the genomic basis of citrus canker based on the genome sequences of two strains of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:238. [PMID: 20388224 PMCID: PMC2883993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus canker is a disease that has severe economic impact on the citrus industry worldwide. There are three types of canker, called A, B, and C. The three types have different phenotypes and affect different citrus species. The causative agent for type A is Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, whose genome sequence was made available in 2002. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain B causes canker B and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain C causes canker C. RESULTS We have sequenced the genomes of strains B and C to draft status. We have compared their genomic content to X. citri subsp. citri and to other Xanthomonas genomes, with special emphasis on type III secreted effector repertoires. In addition to pthA, already known to be present in all three citrus canker strains, two additional effector genes, xopE3 and xopAI, are also present in all three strains and are both located on the same putative genomic island. These two effector genes, along with one other effector-like gene in the same region, are thus good candidates for being pathogenicity factors on citrus. Numerous gene content differences also exist between the three cankers strains, which can be correlated with their different virulence and host range. Particular attention was placed on the analysis of genes involved in biofilm formation and quorum sensing, type IV secretion, flagellum synthesis and motility, lipopolysacharide synthesis, and on the gene xacPNP, which codes for a natriuretic protein. CONCLUSION We have uncovered numerous commonalities and differences in gene content between the genomes of the pathogenic agents causing citrus canker A, B, and C and other Xanthomonas genomes. Molecular genetics can now be employed to determine the role of these genes in plant-microbe interactions. The gained knowledge will be instrumental for improving citrus canker control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nalvo F Almeida
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luciano A Digiampietri
- Escola de Artes, Ciências, e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Said S Adi
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Julio C Bortolossi
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aline M da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E de Moraes
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio C de Oliveira
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus de Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson F de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agda P Facincani
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - André L Ferraz
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria I Ferro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Furlan
- Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele F Gimenez
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Núcleo de apoio à pesquisa em microscopia eletrônica aplicada à pesquisa agropecuária, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Laia
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui P Leite
- Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milton Y Nishiyama
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Rodrigues Neto
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Vegetal, Instituto Biológico Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia A Nociti
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - David J Norman
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric H Ostroski
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Haroldo A Pereira
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Renata I Tezza
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jesus A Ferro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - João C Setubal
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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10
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Gasparich GE. Spiroplasmas and phytoplasmas: microbes associated with plant hosts. Biologicals 2010; 38:193-203. [PMID: 20153217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on two distinct genera, Spiroplasma and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma,' within the class Mollicutes (which also includes the genus Mycoplasma, a concern for animal-based cell culture). As members of the Mollicutes, both are cell wall-less microbes which have a characteristic small size (1-2 microM in diameter) and small genome size (530 Kb-2220 Kb). These two genera contain microbes which have a dual host cycle in which they can replicate in their leafhopper or psyllid insect vectors as well as in the sieve tubes of their plant hosts. Major distinctions between the two genera are that most spiroplasmas are cultivable in nutrient rich media, possess a very characteristic helical morphology, and are motile, while the phytoplasmas remain recalcitrant to cultivation attempts to date and exhibit a pleiomorphic or filamentous shape. This review article will provide a historical over view of their discovery, a brief review of taxonomical characteristics, diversity, host interactions (with a focus on plant hosts), phylogeny, and current detection and elimination techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Gasparich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA.
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11
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Mello AFS, Yokomi RK, Melcher U, Chen JC, Fletcher J. Citrus Stubborn Severity Is Associated with Spiroplasma citri Titer But Not with Bacterial Genotype. PLANT DISEASE 2010; 94:75-82. [PMID: 30754385 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-94-1-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of citrus stubborn disease, caused by Spiroplasma citri, on citrus production is associated with the symptom severity of infected trees but its association with bacterial levels and virulence are unknown. Fifty-eight S. citri isolates were cultivated from severely and mildly symptomatic trees and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and short-sequence repeat fingerprinting differentiated four major S. citri genotypes among these isolates. Each genotype was present in both mildly and severely symptomatic trees, suggesting that readily detectable genetic differences in the S. citri populations did not account for differences in disease severity. No variation in the size of amplicons of the pathogenicity-related fructose operon was observed in isolates from trees having varying degrees of symptom expression. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that spiroplasma titer is over 6,000 times higher in fruit from severely symptomatic than from mildly symptomatic trees. The genotypic similarities among S. citri isolates from severely and mildly symptomatic trees, and the consistently higher bacterial titer in the former than in the latter, suggests that titer but not genotype is, at least in part, responsible for the greater symptom severity in some of the S. citri-affected trees in the orchard evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F S Mello
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Stillwater 74078
| | - Raymond K Yokomi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Ulrich Melcher
- Oklahoma State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stillwater
| | | | - Jacqueline Fletcher
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Stillwater
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Hogenhout SA, Oshima K, Ammar ED, Kakizawa S, Kingdom HN, Namba S. Phytoplasmas: bacteria that manipulate plants and insects. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:403-23. [PMID: 18705857 PMCID: PMC6640453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Superkingdom Prokaryota; Kingdom Monera; Domain Bacteria; Phylum Firmicutes (low-G+C, Gram-positive eubacteria); Class Mollicutes; Candidatus (Ca.) genus Phytoplasma. HOST RANGE Ca. Phytoplasma comprises approximately 30 distinct clades based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of approximately 200 phytoplasmas. Phytoplasmas are mostly dependent on insect transmission for their spread and survival. The phytoplasma life cycle involves replication in insects and plants. They infect the insect but are phloem-limited in plants. Members of Ca. Phytoplasma asteris (16SrI group phytoplasmas) are found in 80 monocot and dicot plant species in most parts of the world. Experimentally, they can be transmitted by approximately 30, frequently polyphagous insect species, to 200 diverse plant species. DISEASE SYMPTOMS In plants, phytoplasmas induce symptoms that suggest interference with plant development. Typical symptoms include: witches' broom (clustering of branches) of developing tissues; phyllody (retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves); virescence (green coloration of non-green flower parts); bolting (growth of elongated stalks); formation of bunchy fibrous secondary roots; reddening of leaves and stems; generalized yellowing, decline and stunting of plants; and phloem necrosis. Phytoplasmas can be pathogenic to some insect hosts, but generally do not negatively affect the fitness of their major insect vector(s). In fact, phytoplasmas can increase fecundity and survival of insect vectors, and may influence flight behaviour and plant host preference of their insect hosts. DISEASE CONTROL The most common practices are the spraying of various insecticides to control insect vectors, and removal of symptomatic plants. Phytoplasma-resistant cultivars are not available for the vast majority of affected crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK.
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13
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Brown DR, Whitcomb RF, Bradbury JM. Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 57:2703-2719. [PMID: 17978244 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal standards for novel species of the class Mollicutes (trivial term, mollicutes), last published in 1995, require revision. The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes proposes herein revised standards that reflect recent advances in molecular systematics and the species concept for prokaryotes. The mandatory requirements are: (i) deposition of the type strain into two recognized culture collections, preferably located in different countries; (ii) deposition of the 16S rRNA gene sequence into a public database, and a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships among the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the novel species and its neighbours; (iii) deposition of antiserum against the type strain into a recognized collection; (iv) demonstration, by using the combination of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, serological analyses and supplementary phenotypic data, that the type strain differs significantly from all previously named species; and (v) assignment to an order, a family and a genus in the class, with an appropriate specific epithet. The 16S rRNA gene sequence provides the primary basis for assignment to hierarchical rank, and may also constitute evidence of species novelty, but serological and supplementary phenotypic data must be presented to substantiate this. Serological methods have been documented to be congruent with DNA-DNA hybridization data and with 16S rRNA gene placements. The novel species must be tested serologically to the greatest extent that the investigators deem feasible against all neighbouring species whose 16S rRNA gene sequences show >0.94 similarity. The investigator is responsible for justifying which characters are most meaningful for assignment to the part of the mollicute phylogenetic tree in which a novel species is located, and for providing the means by which novel species can be identified by other investigators. The publication of the description should appear in a journal having wide circulation. If the journal is not the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, copies of the publication must be submitted to that journal so that the name may be considered for inclusion in a Validation List as required by the International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature (the Bacteriological Code). Updated informal descriptions of the class Mollicutes and some of its constituent higher taxa are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0880, USA
| | - Robert F Whitcomb
- Collaborator, Vegetable Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Janet M Bradbury
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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Halbedel S, Hames C, Stülke J. Regulation of Carbon Metabolism in the Mollicutes and Its Relation to Virulence. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 12:147-54. [PMID: 17183222 DOI: 10.1159/000096470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mollicutes are cell wall-less bacteria that live in close association with their eukaryotic hosts. Their genomes are strongly reduced and so are their metabolic capabilities. A survey of the available genome sequences reveals that the mollicutes are capable of utilizing sugars as source of carbon and energy via glycolysis. The pentose phosphate pathway is incomplete in these bacteria, and genes encoding enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are absent from the genomes. Sugars are transported by the phosphotransferase system. As in related bacteria, the phosphotransferase system does also seem to play a regulatory role in the mollicutes as can be concluded from the functionality of the regulatory HPr kinase/phosphorylase. In Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the activity of HPr kinase is triggered in the presence of glycerol. This carbon source may be important for the mollicutes since it is available in epithelial tissues and its metabolism results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide, the major virulence factor of several mollicutes. In plant-pathogenic mollicutes such as Spiroplasma citri, the regulation of carbon metabolism is crucial in the adaptation to life in plant tissues or the insect vectors. Thus, carbon metabolism seems to be intimately linked to pathogenicity in the mollicutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Halbedel
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Mahmood T, Jan A, Kakishima M, Komatsu S. Proteomic analysis of bacterial-blight defense-responsive proteins in rice leaf blades. Proteomics 2006; 6:6053-65. [PMID: 17051650 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants exhibit resistance against incompatible pathogens, via localized and systemic responses as part of an integrated defense mechanism. To study the compatible and incompatible interactions between rice and bacteria, a proteomic approach was applied. Rice cv. Java 14 seedlings were inoculated with compatible (Xo7435) and incompatible (T7174) races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Cytosolic and membrane proteins were fractionated from the leaf blades and separated by 2-D PAGE. From 366 proteins analyzed, 20 were differentially expressed in response to bacterial inoculation. These proteins were categorized into classes related to energy (30%), metabolism (20%), and defense (20%). Among the 20 proteins, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (RuBisCO LSU) was fragmented into two smaller proteins by T7174 and Xo7435 inoculation. Treatment with jasmonic acid (JA), a signaling molecule in plant defense responses, changed the level of protein accumulation for 5 of the 20 proteins. Thaumatin-like protein and probenazole-inducible protein (PBZ) were commonly up-regulated by T7174 and Xo7435 inoculation and JA treatment. These results suggest that synthesis of the defense-related thaumatin-like protein and PBZ are stimulated by JA in the defense response pathway of rice against bacterial blight.
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Montenegro H, Solferini VN, Klaczko LB, Hurst GDD. Male-killing Spiroplasma naturally infecting Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 14:281-7. [PMID: 15926897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanism of action of selfish genetic elements is difficult outside species with well-defined genetics. Male-killing, the phenomenon whereby inherited bacteria kill male hosts during embryogenesis, is thus uncharacterized in mechanistic terms despite being common and important in insects. We characterized the prevalence, identity and source of the male-killing infection recently discovered in Drosophila melanogaster in Brazil. Male-killing was found to be present in 2.3% of flies from Recife, Brazil, and was uniquely associated with the presence of Spiroplasma infection. The identity of sequences across part of the 16S and across the 16S-23S ITS region indicated that the male-killing infection of D. melanogaster was very closely related to S. poulsonii, the source of the male-killing infection in willistoni group flies also found in South America. The sequences of two further protein-coding genes indicated the D. melanogaster infection to be most closely related to that found in D. nebulosa, from the willistoni group. Our data suggest that the establishment of D. melanogaster in South America was associated with the movement of male-killing bacteria between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Montenegro
- Departamento Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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17
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André A, Maucourt M, Moing A, Rolin D, Renaudin J. Sugar import and phytopathogenicity of Spiroplasma citri: glucose and fructose play distinct roles. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:33-42. [PMID: 15672816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that the glucose PTS (phosphotransferase system) permease enzyme II of Spiroplasma citri is split into two distinct polypeptides, which are encoded by two separate genes, crr and ptsG. A S. citri mutant was obtained by disruption of ptsG through homologous recombination and was proved unable to import glucose. The ptsG mutant (GII3-glc1) was transmitted to periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) plants through injection to the leaf-hopper vector. In contrast to the previously characterized fructose operon mutant GMT 553, which was found virtually nonpathogenic, the ptsG mutant GII3-glc1 induced severe symptoms similar to those induced by the wild-type strain GII-3. These results, indicating that fructose and glucose utilization were not equally involved in pathogenicity, were consistent with biochemical data showing that, in the presence of both sugars, S. citri used fructose preferentially. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of carbohydrates in plant extracts revealed the accumulation of soluble sugars, particularly glucose, in plants infected by S. citri GII-3 or GII3-glc1 but not in those infected by GMT 553. From these data, a hypothetical model was proposed to establish the relationship between fructose utilization by the spiroplasmas present in the phloem sieve tubes and glucose accumulation in the leaves of S. citri infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie André
- UMR 1090 Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogene, INRA, Université de Bordeaux 2, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, B.P. 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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18
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Boutareaud A, Danet JL, Garnier M, Saillard C. Disruption of a gene predicted to encode a solute binding protein of an ABC transporter reduces transmission of Spiroplasma citri by the leafhopper Circulifer haematoceps. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3960-7. [PMID: 15240270 PMCID: PMC444794 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.7.3960-3967.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma citri is transmitted from plant to plant by phloem-feeding leafhoppers. In an attempt to identify mechanisms involved in transmission, mutants of S. citri affected in their transmission must be available. For this purpose, transposon (Tn4001) mutagenesis was used to produce mutants which have been screened for their ability to be transmitted by the leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps to periwinkle plants. With one mutant (G76) which multiplied in leafhoppers as efficiently as S. citri wild-type (wt) strain GII-3, the plants showed symptoms 4 to 5 weeks later than those infected with wt GII-3. Thirty to fifty percent of plants exposed to leafhoppers injected with G76 remained symptomless, whereas for wt GII-3, all plants exposed to the transmission showed severe symptoms. This suggests that the mutant G76 was injected into plants by the leafhoppers less efficiently than wt GII-3. To check this possibility, the number of spiroplasma cells injected by a leafhopper through a Parafilm membrane into SP4 medium was determined. Thirty times less mutant G76 than wt GII-3 was transmitted through the membrane. These results suggest that mutant G76 was affected either in its capacity to penetrate the salivary glands and/or to multiply within them. In mutant G76, transposon Tn4001 was shown to be inserted into a gene encoding a putative lipoprotein (Sc76) In the ABCdb database Sc76 protein was noted as a solute binding protein of an ABC transporter of the family S1_b. Functional complementation of the G76 mutant with the Sc76 gene restored the wild phenotype, showing that Sc76 protein is involved in S. citri transmission by the leafhopper vector C. haematoceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boutareaud
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, INRA et Université Victor Ségalen, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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19
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André A, Maccheroni W, Doignon F, Garnier M, Renaudin J. Glucose and trehalose PTS permeases of Spiroplasma citri probably share a single IIA domain, enabling the spiroplasma to adapt quickly to carbohydrate changes in its environment. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:2687-2696. [PMID: 12949193 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spiroplasma citri is a plant-pathogenic mollicute phylogenetically related to Gram-positive bacteria. Spiroplasma cells are restricted to the phloem sieve tubes and are transmitted from plant to plant by the leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps. In the plant sieve tubes, S. citri grows on glucose and fructose, whereas in the leafhopper haemolymph the spiroplasma must grow on trehalose, the major sugar in insects. Previous studies in this laboratory have shown that fructose utilization was a key factor of spiroplasmal pathogenicity. To further study the implication of sugar metabolism in the interactions of S. citri with its plant host and its leafhopper vector, genes encoding permease enzymes II (EII(Glc) and EII(Tre)) of the S. citri phosphoenolpyruvate : glucose and phosphoenolpyruvate : trehalose phosphotransferase systems (PTS) were characterized. Mapping studies revealed that the EII(Glc) complex was split into two distinct polypeptides, IIA(Glc) and IICB(Glc), encoded by two separate genes, crr and ptsG, respectively. As expected, S. citri polypeptides IIA(Glc) and IICB(Glc) were more phylogenetically related to their counterparts from Gram-positive than to those from Gram-negative bacteria. The trehalose operon consisted of three genes treR, treP and treA, encoding a transcriptional regulator, the PTS permease (EII(Tre)) and the amylase, respectively. However, in contrast to the fructose-PTS permease, which is encoded as a single polypeptide (IIABC(Fru)) containing the three domains A, B and C, the trehalose-PTS permease (IIBC(Tre)) lacks its own IIA domain. No trehalose-specific IIA could be identified in the spiroplasmal genome, suggesting that the IIBC(Tre) permease probably functions with the IIA(Glc) domain. In agreement with this statement, yeast two-hybrid system experiments revealed that the IIA(Glc) domain interacted not only with IIB(Glc) but also with the IIB(Tre) domain. The results are discussed with respect to the ability of the spiroplasma to adapt from the phloem sap of the host plant to the haemolymph and salivary gland cells of the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie André
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Walter Maccheroni
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - François Doignon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Séquençage, UMR Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2-CNRS 5095, IBGC, 146 rue Léo Saignat, BP 64, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Monique Garnier
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Joël Renaudin
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Bové JM, Renaudin J, Saillard C, Foissac X, Garnier M. Spiroplasma citri, a plant pathogenic molligute: relationships with its two hosts, the plant and the leafhopper vector. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 41:483-500. [PMID: 12730387 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052102.104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma citri, the type species of the genus Spiroplasma (Spiroplasmataceae, Mollicutes), is restricted to the phloem sieve tubes and transmitted by phloem sap-feeding insects, as is characteristic of the phytopathogenic mollicutes. The spiroplasmas are the only mollicutes showing motility and helical morphology, apparently mediated by a contractile fibrillar cytoskeleton bound to the inner surface of the spiroplasmal membrane. MreB genes, which are involved in cell-shape determination, have been identified in S. citri. Identified genes of other functional groups are those involved in the transmission of S. citri by the leafhoppers and genes coding for lipoproteins, including spiralin, bound to the outer surface of the spiroplasma membrane. S. citri mutants that are unable to use fructose induce only mild and delayed symptoms. Fructose utilization by the sieve tube-restricted wild-type spiroplasmas is postulated to deprive the companion cells of fructose, thereby impairing sucrose loading into the sieve tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Bové
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, INRA & Universite de Bordeaux 2, BP 81 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France.
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Cordova CMM, Lartigue C, Sirand-Pugnet P, Renaudin J, Cunha RAF, Blanchard A. Identification of the origin of replication of the Mycoplasma pulmonis chromosome and its use in oriC replicative plasmids. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:5426-35. [PMID: 12218031 PMCID: PMC135349 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.19.5426-5435.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2002] [Accepted: 07/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pulmonis is a natural rodent pathogen, considered a privileged model for studying respiratory mycoplasmosis. The complete genome of this bacterium, which belongs to the class Mollicutes, has recently been sequenced, but studying the role of specific genes requires improved genetic tools. In silico comparative analysis of sequenced mollicute genomes indicated the lack of conservation of gene order in the region containing the predicted origin of replication (oriC) and the existence, in most of the mollicute genomes examined, of putative DnaA boxes lying upstream and downstream from the dnaA gene. The predicted M. pulmonis oriC region was shown to be functional after cloning it into an artificial plasmid and after transformation of the mycoplasma, which was obtained with a frequency of 3 x 10(-6) transformants/CFU/ micro g of plasmid DNA. However, after a few in vitro passages, this plasmid integrated into the chromosomal oriC region. Reduction of this oriC region by subcloning experiments to the region either upstream or downstream from dnaA resulted in plasmids that failed to replicate in M. pulmonis, except when these two intergenic regions were cloned with the tetM determinant as a spacer in between them. An internal fragment of the M. pulmonis hemolysin A gene (hlyA) was cloned into this oriC plasmid, and the resulting construct was used to transform M. pulmonis. Targeted integration of this genetic element into the chromosomal hlyA by a single crossing over, which results in the disruption of the gene, could be documented. These mycoplasmal oriC plasmids may therefore become valuable tools for investigating the roles of specific genes, including those potentially implicated in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M M Cordova
- University of Sao Paulo, Analises Clinica & Toxicologicas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Lartigue C, Duret S, Garnier M, Renaudin J. New plasmid vectors for specific gene targeting in Spiroplasma citri. Plasmid 2002; 48:149-59. [PMID: 12383732 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-619x(02)00121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In Spiroplasma citri gene inactivation through homologous recombination has been achieved by using the replicative, oriC plasmid pBOT1 as the disruption vector. However, plasmid recombination required extensive passaging of the transformants and, in most cases, recombination occurred at oriC rather than at the target gene. In the current study, we describe a new vector, in which the oriC fragment was reduced to the minimal sequences able to promote plasmid replication. Using this vector to inactivate the motility gene scm1 showed that size reduction of the oriC fragment did increase the frequency of recombination at the target gene. Furthermore, to avoid extensive passaging of the transformants, we developed a strategy in which the selective, tetracycline resistance phenotype can only be expressed once the plasmid has integrated into the chromosome by one single crossover recombination at the target gene. As an example, targeting of the spiralin gene is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Lartigue
- UMR Génomique Développement et Pouvoir Pathogène, I.B.V.M., Centre INRA de Bordeaux, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, B.P. 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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23
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Prudhomme M, Turlan C, Claverys JP, Chandler M. Diversity of Tn4001 transposition products: the flanking IS256 elements can form tandem dimers and IS circles. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:433-43. [PMID: 11751820 PMCID: PMC139565 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.2.433-443.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that both flanking IS256 elements carried by transposon Tn4001 are capable of generating head-to-tail tandem copies and free circular forms, implying that both are active. Our results suggest that the tandem structures arise from dimeric copies of the donor or vector plasmid present in the population by a mechanism in which an IS256 belonging to one Tn4001 copy attacks an IS256 end carried by the second Tn4001 copy. The resulting structures carry abutted left (inverted left repeat [IRL]) and right (inverted right repeat [IRR]) IS256 ends. Examination of the junction sequence suggested that it may form a relatively good promoter capable of driving transposase synthesis in Escherichia coli. This behavior resembles that of an increasing number of bacterial insertion sequences which generate integrative junctions as part of the transposition cycle. Sequence analysis of the IRL-IRR junctions demonstrated that attack of one end by the other is largely oriented (IRL attacks IRR). Our experiments also defined the functional tips of IS256 as the tips predicted from sequence alignments, confirming that the terminal 4 bp at each end are indeed different. The appearance of these multiple plasmid and transposon forms indicates that care should be exercised when Tn4001 is used in transposition mutagenesis. This is especially true when it is used with naturally transformable hosts, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which reconstitution of the donor plasmid may select for higher-order multimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prudhomme
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, CNRS UMR5100, F31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Garnier M, Foissac X, Gaurivaud P, Laigret F, Renaudin J, Saillard C, Bové JM. Mycoplasmas, plants, insect vectors: a matrimonial triangle. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2001; 324:923-8. [PMID: 11570280 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(01)01372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic mycoplasmas were discovered by electron microscopy, in 1967, long after the discovery and culture in 1898 of the first pathogenic mycoplasma of animal origin, Mycoplasma mycoides. Mycoplasmas are Eubacteria of the class Mollicutes, a group of organisms phylogenetically related to Gram-positive bacteria. Their more characteristic features reside in the small size of their genomes, the low guanine (G) plus cytosine (C) content of their genomic DNA and the lack of a cell wall. Plant pathogenic mycoplasmas are responsible for several hundred diseases and belong to two groups: the phytoplasmas and the spiroplasmas. The phytoplasmas (previously called MLOs, for mycoplasma like organisms) were discovered first; they are pleiomorphic, and have so far resisted in vitro cultivation. Phytoplasmas represent the largest group of plant pathogenic Mollicutes. Only three plant pathogenic spiroplasmas are known today. Spiroplasma citri, the agent of citrus stubborn was discovered and cultured in 1970 and shown to be helical and motile. S. kunkelii is the causal agent of corn stunt. S. phoeniceum, responsible for periwinkle yellows, was discovered in Syria. There are many other spiroplasmas associated with insects and ticks. Plant pathogenic mycoplasmas are restricted to the phloem sieve tubes in which circulates the photosynthetically-enriched sap, the food for many phloem-feeding insects (aphids, leafhoppers, psyllids, etc.). Interestingly, phytopathogenic mycoplasmas are very specifically transmitted by leafhoppers or psyllid species. In this paper, the most recent knowledge on phytopathogenic mycoplasmas in relation with their insect and plant habitats is presented as well as the experiments carried out to control plant mycoplasma diseases, by expression of mycoplasma-directed-antibodies in plants (plantibodies).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garnier
- UMR génomique-développement-pouvoir pathogène, laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Institut de biologie végétale moléculaire, Inra BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Chambaud I, Heilig R, Ferris S, Barbe V, Samson D, Galisson F, Moszer I, Dybvig K, Wróblewski H, Viari A, Rocha EP, Blanchard A. The complete genome sequence of the murine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pulmonis. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:2145-53. [PMID: 11353084 PMCID: PMC55444 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.10.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2001] [Revised: 03/19/2001] [Accepted: 03/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pulmonis is a wall-less eubacterium belonging to the Mollicutes (trivial name, mycoplasmas) and responsible for murine respiratory diseases. The genome of strain UAB CTIP is composed of a single circular 963 879 bp chromosome with a G + C content of 26.6 mol%, i.e. the lowest reported among bacteria, Ureaplasma urealyticum apart. This genome contains 782 putative coding sequences (CDSs) covering 91.4% of its length and a function could be assigned to 486 CDSs whilst 92 matched the gene sequences of hypothetical proteins, leaving 204 CDSs without significant database match. The genome contains a single set of rRNA genes and only 29 tRNAs genes. The replication origin oriC was localized by sequence analysis and by using the G + C skew method. Sequence polymorphisms within stretches of repeated nucleotides generate phase-variable protein antigens whilst a recombinase gene is likely to catalyse the site-specific DNA inversions in major M.pulmonis surface antigens. Furthermore, a hemolysin, secreted nucleases and a glyco-protease are predicted virulence factors. Surprisingly, several of the genes previously reported to be essential for a self-replicating minimal cell are missing in the M.pulmonis genome although this one is larger than the other mycoplasma genomes fully sequenced until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chambaud
- INRA-Université de Bordeaux 2, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave D'Ornon Cedex, France
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Gaurivaud P, Laigret F, Garnier M, Bové JM. Characterization of FruR as a putative activator of the fructose operon of Spiroplasma citri. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 198:73-8. [PMID: 11325556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of fruR, the first gene of the Spiroplasma citri fructose operon, was investigated. In vivo transcription of the fructose operon is greatly enhanced by the presence of fructose in the growth medium while glucose has no effect. When fruR is not expressed, transcription of the fructose operon is not stimulated by fructose, and fructose fermentation is decreased, indicating that FruR is an activator of the fructose operon. The promoter of the fructose operon was localized by primer extension, and a direct T-rich repeat was found to overlap the -35 box. This repeat could be the binding site of FruR. The presence of fructose in the culture medium also decreases the toxicity of methyl alpha-glucoside, however FruR is not involved in this regulation. This is the first description of transcription regulation of a mollicute operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gaurivaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 33883 Cedex, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Jagoueix-Eveillard S, Tarendeau F, Guolter K, Danet JL, Bové JM, Garnier M. Catharanthus roseus genes regulated differentially by mollicute infections. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2001; 14:225-233. [PMID: 11204786 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A differential display of mRNAs was used to isolate periwinkle cDNAs differentially expressed following infection with one of three mollicutes: Spiroplasma citri, Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia, and stolbur phytoplasma. Twenty-four differentially expressed cDNAs were characterized by Northern blots and sequence analysis. Eight of them had homologies with genes in databanks coding for proteins involved in photosynthesis, sugar transport, response to stress, or pathways of phytosterol synthesis. The regulation of these genes in periwinkle plants infected by additional phloem-restricted bacteria showed that they were not specific to a given mollicute, but correlations with particular symptoms could be established. Expression of transketolase was down regulated following infection with a pathogenic strain of S. citri. No down regulation was observed for the nonphytopathogenic mutant GMT553, which is deficient for fructose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jagoueix-Eveillard
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire INRA & Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Gaurivaud P, Danet JL, Laigret F, Garnier M, Bové JM. Fructose utilization and phytopathogenicity of Spiroplasma citri. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:1145-1155. [PMID: 11043476 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.10.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma citri is a plant-pathogenic mollicute. Recently, the so-called nonphytopathogenic S. citri mutant GMT 553 was obtained by insertion of transposon Tn4001 into the first gene of the fructose operon. Additional fructose operon mutants were produced either by gene disruption or selection of spontaneous xylitol-resistant strains. The behavior of these spiroplasma mutants in the periwinkle plants has been studied. Plants infected via leafhoppers with the wild-type strain GII-3 began to show symptoms during the first week following the insect-transmission period, and the symptoms rapidly became severe. With the fructose operon mutants, symptoms appeared only during the fourth week and remained mild, except when reversion to a fructose+ phenotype occurred. In this case, the fructose+ revertants quickly overtook the fructose- mutants and the symptoms soon became severe. When mutant GMT 553 was complemented with the fructose operon genes that restore fructose utilization, severe pathogenicity, similar to that of the wild-type strain, was also restored. Finally, plants infected with the wild-type strain and grown at 23 degrees C instead of 30 degrees C showed late symptoms, but these rapidly became severe. These results are discussed in light of the role of fructose in plants. Fructose utilization by the spiroplasmas could impair sucrose loading into the sieve tubes by the companion cells and result in accumulation of carbohydrates in source leaves and depletion of carbon sources in sink tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gaurivaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, France
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Gaurivaud P, Laigret F, Verdin E, Garnier M, Bové JM. Fructose operon mutants of Spiroplasma citri. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 9):2229-2236. [PMID: 10974110 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-9-2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fructose-negative mutants of Spiroplasma citri wild-type strain GII-3 were selected by two methods. The first method is based on the selection of spontaneous xylitol-resistant mutants, xylitol being a toxic fructose analogue. Five such mutants were obtained, but only one, xyl3, was unable to use fructose and had no phosphoenolpuryvate:fructose phosphotransferase system (fructose-PTS) activity. Amplification and sequencing of the fructose permease gene of mutant xyl3 revealed the presence of an adenylic insertion leading to a truncated permease. The second method is based on inactivation of fruA and/or fruK by homologous recombination involving one crossing-over between the chromosomal genes and inactivated genes carried by replicative plasmids. Fructose-negative mutants were obtained at a frequency of about 10%. Fructose-PTS activity and 1-phosphofructokinase activity were not detected in four representative mutants that were characterized (H31, H45, E38 and E53). In strain H31, Southern blot analysis and PCR showed that the result of homologous recombination was, as expected, the presence in the chromosome of two mutated fruA-fruK copies with the plasmid sequence in between. Only the mutated copy, under control of the fructose operon promoter, was transcribed. This work describes for the first time the use of two methods to obtain fructose-auxotrophic mutants of S. citri. The method involving homologous recombination is a general procedure for gene disruption in S. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Gaurivaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Domaine de la Grande Ferrade, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France1
| | - Frédéric Laigret
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Domaine de la Grande Ferrade, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France1
| | - Eric Verdin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Domaine de la Grande Ferrade, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France1
| | - Monique Garnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Domaine de la Grande Ferrade, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France1
| | - Joseph M Bové
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Végétale Moléculaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Domaine de la Grande Ferrade, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France1
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