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Olson DM. The Promise of Prostaglandins: Have They Fulfilled Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets for the Delay of Preterm Birth? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:466-78. [PMID: 16202923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The elucidation some 30 years ago by Sir Mont Liggins that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-placental axis in fetal sheep led to elevated maternal prostaglandin (PG) concentrations and the initiation of labor provided hope that targeting PG synthesis or action would lead to effective tocolysis and lowering of the human preterm birth rate. This was the "promise of PGs." METHODS AND RESULTS Although early trials showed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit PG H synthase (PGHS), delayed preterm birth by 48 hours, other trials revealed an association between NSAIDs and adverse fetal effects, including oligohydramnios, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Hope was revived when studies in the mid 1990s demonstrated that much of the PGs synthesized by intrauterine tissues at preterm labor were derived from the inducible isoenzyme PGHS-2. Unfortunately, administration of specific PGHS-2 inhibitors led to the same adverse fetal effects displayed by the mixed PGHS-1 and -2 NSAIDs, causing interest in the promise of PGs to wane. This led to the development of new strategies for specific PG inhibition or antagonism. One of these is the application of a specific PGF2alpha receptor blocker, Theratechnologies (THG)113.31. THG113.31 decreases the in vitro contractile activity of mouse, sheep, and human myometrium in response to exogenous PGF2alpha, delays lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm birth in mice, and lowers uterine electromyographic activity and delays preterm birth in sheep administered RU486. There have been no observable maternal or fetal side effects with its use. CONCLUSION By developing new strategies based on other therapeutic targets, the promise of PGs may once again offer hope for delaying preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Sakurai M, Higashide T, Takahashi M, Sugiyama K. Association between genetic polymorphisms of the prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene and response to latanoprost. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:1039-45. [PMID: 17467803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between polymorphisms of the prostaglandin F(2alpha) receptor (FP receptor) gene and the effectiveness of topical latanoprost treatment in normal volunteers. DESIGN Prospective nonrandomized trial. PARTICIPANTS One hundred normal volunteers were recruited into the study. METHODS Baseline intraocular pressures (IOPs) of both eyes of 100 normal subjects were measured at 3 time points. Latanoprost (0.005%) was applied to one eye once daily for 7 days. Diurnal IOP was measured again on day 7. Response to latanoprost was evaluated by percent IOP reduction in the treated eye minus IOP fluctuations of the nontreated eye. We classified subjects by the mean diurnal percent IOP reduction (%DeltaIOP) into 3 groups: low responders (%DeltaIOP<10), medium responders (10< or =%DeltaIOP<25), and high responders (%DeltaIOP> or =25). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FP receptor gene were searched, and the genotype was determined mainly by direct DNA sequencing. A promoter assay with a reporter luciferase gene was also performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean diurnal percent IOP reduction and genotyping of SNPs in the FP receptor gene. RESULTS Ten SNPs were identified in this study. One, rs3753380, was located in the promoter region of the FP receptor gene and was significantly correlated with %DeltaIOP (CC, 20.3%+/-1.5% [mean +/- standard error]; CT + TT, 15.6%+/-1.2%; P = 0.0316). Mean diurnal percent IOP reduction was not associated with the other SNPs. When the category classified by %DeltaIOP was analyzed, not only rs3753380 but also rs3766355, an SNP in intron 1, were associated with the degree of response to latanoprost. The promoter assay revealed that the C allele of rs3766355 and T allele of rs3753380 were found in constructs with lower transcriptional activity of the FP receptor gene. CONCLUSIONS rs3753380 and rs3766355, SNPs in the promoter and intron 1 regions of the FP receptor gene, correlate with a response to short-term latanoprost treatment in normal volunteers. The genotype of these SNPs may be an important determinant of variability in response to latanoprost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Sakurai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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Zaragoza DB, Wilson R, Eyster K, Olson DM. Cloning and characterization of the promoter region of the human prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1676:193-202. [PMID: 14746914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The promoter region of the human prostaglandin F2alpha receptor (FP) gene was isolated, sequenced, and characterized. The 5'-flanking region has minimal homology to the bovine, mouse, and rat FP promoters with the exception of a 100-bp region. The human promoter similarly lacks a canonical TATA-box and a CAAT-box. Potential binding sites for SP-1, GATA-1, STAT-1, and AP-1 are present in the 5'-flanking region. One major transcription start site was identified using 5' RLM-RACE analysis and mapped to an adenine residue 262 nucleotides upstream from the initiator codon in exon 2. Transfection of HeLa cells with FP promoter-GFP deletion constructs indicates that the -2437/-1946 region contains repressor activity. DNase I footprinting analysis of this region identifies a footprint over the GATA-like site at -2400. This suggests repression of basal FP transcription may be mediated by a GATA binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean B Zaragoza
- Perinatal Research Centre, CIHR Group in Perinatal Health and Disease, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Abstract
Parturition is composed of five separate but integrated physiological events: fetal membrane rupture, cervical dilatation, myometrial contractility, placental separation and uterine involution. Prostaglandins (PGs) have central roles in each of these, but the most studied is myometrial contraction. Elevated uterine PGs or the enhanced sensitivity of the myometrium to PGs leads to contractions and labour. The regulator of PG synthesis is the mRNA expression of PGHS-2. Cytokines are important stimulators of this gene expression, and cortisol and other factors may be as well. This enzyme is an important therapeutic target in the prevention of preterm labour. Some preterm births occur without an elevation of uterine PGs, even though they are delayed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), suggesting enhanced myometrial sensitivity to PGs. The PGF(2alpha) receptor, FP, is emerging as a central component of uterine sensitivity and may prove to be involved with preterm birth and a reasonable target for tocolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CIHR Group in Perinatal Health and Disease, Perinatal Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Muratani T, Nishizawa M, Matsumura S, Mabuchi T, Abe K, Shimamoto K, Minami T, Ito S. Functional characterization of prostaglandin F2alpha receptor in the spinal cord for tactile pain (allodynia). J Neurochem 2003; 86:374-82. [PMID: 12871578 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) binds to its receptor (FP) to increase the intracellular-free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by coupling of FP with Gq protein. Spinal intrathecal administration of PGF2alpha to mouse induces touch-evoked pain (mechanical allodynia), in which capsaicin-insensitive primary afferent Abeta-fibres and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor epsilon 4 subunit are involved. FP in the spinal cord, however, was not well characterized. Here, we showed constitutive expression of FP mRNA in mouse spinal cord, and functionally characterized spinal FP-expressing cells which were involved in PGF2alpha-induced mechanical allodynia. The method for repetitive administration of oligodeoxyribonucleotides through tubing to conscious mice was established for mechanical allodynia evaluation. We identified an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide targeting FP mRNA, causing both disappearance of PGF2alpha-induced mechanical allodynia and decrease of FP mRNA. With saline-administered mice, PGF2alpha rapidly increased [Ca2+]i of the cells in the deeper layer of the dorsal horn. In contrast, when the FP antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide was repeatedly administered, the population of PGF2alpha-responsive cells in the slices reduced, and PGF2alpha-induced [Ca2+]i increase of these cells diminished. These data strongly suggested that, in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, there are the FP-expressing cells which are involved in PGF2alpha-induced mechanical allodynia.
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Olson DM, Zaragoza DB, Shallow MC, Cook JL, Mitchell BF, Grigsby P, Hirst J. Myometrial activation and preterm labour: evidence supporting a role for the prostaglandin F receptor--a review. Placenta 2003; 24 Suppl A:S47-54. [PMID: 12842413 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the myometrial expression of the prostaglandin (PG) receptors, and especially the PGF(2alpha) receptor (FP), may be an important component of the process initiating preterm labour. In this review of the literature and presentation of new possibilities, evidence will be discussed that demonstrates an increase in mouse uterine FP mRNA occurs at preterm birth whereas uterine PGF(2alpha) concentrations do not increase, suggesting elevated uterine receptor expression and sensitivity is a mechanism for preterm labour initiation. The first examination of the complete human myometrial FP promoter will be described and evidence presented that demonstrates the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta, stimulates FP mRNA expression. Finally new data showing that administration of a specific FP antagonist delays preterm birth in sheep will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Olson
- The Perinatal Research Centre, the CIHR Group in Perinatal Health and Disease, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Ishii Y, Sakamoto K. Suppression of protein kinase C signaling by the novel isoform for bovine PGF(2alpha) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:1-8. [PMID: 11437363 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone for a novel isoform of prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) receptor (FP) was isolated from the cDNA pool of the bovine corpus luteum. The sequence analysis revealed that the new FP isoform (FP(a)) encodes a 295-amino acid protein carrying a specific 28-amino acid sequence from the middle of transmembrane segment VI to the carboxyl terminus. Because only one copy gene has been identified for FP, FP(a) was generated by alternative mRNA splicing at the middle of the VI transmembrane region, resulting in the lack of a VII transmembrane segment and an intracellular carboxyl tail. The RT-PCR analysis for FP and FP(a) indicated that both mRNAs are expressed similarly during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The PGF(2alpha) stimulation drastically enhanced protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the COS-7 cell transfected with FP, whereas no PKC activation was detected in FP(a)-transfected cells. Cotransfection of an excess amount of FP(a) markedly reduced FP-mediated PKC activity, suggesting that the novel FP isoform might play a role as a negative regulator to attenuate normal FP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishii
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Friedel RH, Stubbusch J, Barde YA, Schnürch H. A novel 7-transmembrane receptor expressed in nerve growth factor-dependent sensory neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:31-40. [PMID: 11161467 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2000.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the full-length cDNA cloning of a gene identified on the basis of its preferential expression in nerve growth factor, compared with neurotrophin-3-dependent neurons. It encodes a putative 7-transmembrane polypeptide that is distantly related to other members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Unique features of this receptor include a very long carboxy-terminal tail of 360 amino acids and a specific expression pattern in the chick peripheral nervous system, including nerve growth factor-dependent sensory and sympathetic neurons, as well as enteric neurons. In the central nervous system, the receptor is strongly developmentally regulated and is expressed at high levels in the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum, as well as in motoneurons of the spinal cord, and in retinal ganglion cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/cytology
- Central Nervous System/embryology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enteric Nervous System/cytology
- Enteric Nervous System/embryology
- Enteric Nervous System/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- In Situ Hybridization
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Peripheral Nervous System/cytology
- Peripheral Nervous System/embryology
- Peripheral Nervous System/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Friedel
- Abteilung Neurobiochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, Martinsried, D-82152, Germany
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Neuschäfer-Rube F, Möller U, Püschel GP. Structure of the 5'-flanking region of the rat prostaglandin F(2alpha) receptor gene and its transcriptional control functions in hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:278-85. [PMID: 11097831 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)), modulates hepatocyte functions via a heptahelical G(q)-coupled PGF(2alpha)-receptor (FP-R) which in liver is expressed exclusively in hepatocytes. The aim of the present study was to isolate the 5'-flanking region of the rat FP-R gene and to elucidate its basal and IL-6-modulated transcription control function in rat hepatocytes. The 5'-non-translated region of the rat hepatocyte FP-R mRNA differed from the corresponding region in rat fetal astrocyte or corpus luteum. It was encoded by exons 1a and 2 which were separated by a 1. 4 kb intron containing the exons 1b and 1c coding for the 5'-untranslated region of rat fetal astrocyte and corpus luteum FP-R mRNA, respectively. The transcription initiation site in hepatocytes was localized 263 bp upstream of the start ATG by 5'-RACE. A DNA-fragment covering the 5'-flanking region of the rFP-R gene from -1 of the transcription initiation site to -2590 bp was cloned and sequenced. Its 3'-two thirds had a 65% sequence identity to the mouse FP-R promoter however no homology to the bovine FP-R promoter. In the overlapping sequence most of the putative transcription factor binding sites were conserved between mouse and rat. The rat promoter contained no classical TATA- or CAAT-boxes but putative binding sites for the transcription factors C/EBP, GATA-1, HNF-1, HNF-3beta, SP-1, and USF. Luciferase reporter gene constructs containing portions of the 5'-flanking region were transfected into rat hepatocytes. Luciferase expression ranked -181 >/= -608 < -1418 > -1821 >/= -2590. The strongest transcriptional activity was conferred by the region between -608 and -1418 containing a cluster of potential HNF-1 and HNF-3beta binding sites that might allow the exclusive expression of FP-R mRNA in hepatocytes. The amount of FP-R mRNA and the luciferase expression under control of the -2590 promoter fragment were reduced by IL-6 in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Neuschäfer-Rube
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Abteilung Biochemie der Ernährung, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, D-14558, Germany.
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Nishizawa M, Nakajima T, Yasuda K, Kanzaki H, Sasaguri Y, Watanabe K, Ito S. Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes. Genes Cells 2000; 5:111-25. [PMID: 10672042 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily and catalyses the reaction of progesterone to the inactive form 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Progesterone plays an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy, and, in rodents, plasma progesterone levels decrease abruptly just before parturition. The induction of 20alpha-HSD is thought to be responsible for the decrease in plasma progesterone at term. High homology between human 20alpha-HSD [AKR 1C1] cDNA with other AKRs had caused difficulty in gene isolation and expression analysis. Thus, the metabolism of progesterone in the human reproductive system remained unclear. RESULTS By hybridization with rat 20alpha-HSD [AKR 1C8] cDNA and high-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with gene-specific primers, we were able to isolate the human 20alpha-HSD, bile acid-binding protein (BABP) [AKR 1C2], prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS) [AKR 1C3], and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD) 4 [AKR 1C4] genes. These genes had similar exon-intron organizations and shared a high homology. The four recombinant enzymes encoded by these genes showed distinct substrate specificity. By reverse transcription-PCR analysis, human 20alpha-HSD, BABP and PGFS mRNAs were expressed ubiquitously, while DD4 mRNA was restricted to the liver. Promoter activities of the 20alpha-HSD, BABP and PGFS genes were high, both in ovarian granulosa cells and hepatocytes. Radiation hybridization analysis revealed that all these genes were located close together in chromosome 10. CONCLUSION The human gene encoding for the progesterone-metabolizing enzyme 20alpha-HSD in the female reproductive system was cloned, and its expression and gene localization were elucidated. BABP, PGFS and DD4 genes, which were highly homologous to the 20alpha-HSD gene, were also cloned, and their structure and function were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nishizawa
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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Katsuyama M, Sugimoto Y, Okano K, Segi E, Ikegami R, Negishi M, Ichikawa A. Characterization of the gene for the mouse prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP2: tissue-specific initiation of transcription in the macrophage and the uterus. Biochem J 1998; 330 ( Pt 3):1115-21. [PMID: 9494075 PMCID: PMC1219251 DOI: 10.1042/bj3301115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic DNA clones for the mouse prostaglandin (PG) E receptor subtype EP2 were isolated and characterized. The mouse EP2 gene is composed of 2 exons and 1 intron, and spans 16 kb. The intron which is approx. 12 kb in length is located at the end of the sixth transmembrane domain, as with other prostanoid receptor genes. Based on this structure, transcripts were analysed in endotoxin-treated macrophages and pseudopregnant uteri, in which abundant expression of EP2 mRNA was observed. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones from these origins and Northern hybridization of these RNAs revealed that the uterine EP2 mRNA (U-type) has a longer 5'-untranslated region than the macrophage EP2 transcript (M-type). The major transcription initiation sites for M-type and U-type EP2 are located 124 and 769 bp upstream of the translation start site, respectively. The M-type was expressed in various tissues, whereas the U-type was found only in the uterus. The 2 kb segment containing the immediate 5'-flanking and 5'-noncoding regions contain three consensus sequences for the NF-IL6 binding site, one consensus sequence for the NF-kappaB binding site, four AP-2 consensus sequences, one AP-4 consensus sequence, one potential cAMP response element, and one potential progesterone response element. These results suggest that EP2 gene expression in the macrophage and uterus is under the control of distinct mechanisms involving alternative promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katsuyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan
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