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Xu C, Aragam N, Li X, Villla EC, Wang L, Briones D, Petty L, Posada Y, Arana TB, Cruz G, Mao C, Camarillo C, Su BB, Escamilla MA, Wang K. BCL9 and C9orf5 are associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51674. [PMID: 23382809 PMCID: PMC3558516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric condition affecting slightly more than 1% of the population worldwide and it is a multifactorial disorder with a high degree of heritability (80%) based on family and twin studies. Increasing lines of evidence suggest intermediate phenotypes/endophenotypes are more associated with causes of the disease and are less genetically complex than the broader disease spectrum. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are attractive intermediate phenotypes based on their clinical and treatment response features. Therefore, our objective was to identify genetic variants underlying the negative symptoms of schizophrenia by analyzing two genome-wide association (GWA) data sets consisting of a total of 1,774 European-American patients and 2,726 controls. Logistic regression analysis of negative symptoms as a binary trait (adjusted for age and sex) was performed using PLINK. For meta-analysis of two datasets, the fixed-effect model in PLINK was applied. Through meta-analysis we identified 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with negative symptoms with p<5×10(-5). Especially we detected five SNPs in the first two genes/loci strongly associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia (P(meta-analysis)<6.22×10(-6)), which included three SNPs in the BCL9 gene: rs583583 showed the strongest association at a P(meta-analysis) of 6.00×10(-7) and two SNPs in the C9orf5 (the top SNP is rs643410 with a p = 1.29 ×10(-6)). Through meta-analysis, we identified several additional negative symptoms associated genes (ST3GAL1, RNF144, CTNNA3 and ZNF385D). This is the first report of the common variants influencing negative symptoms of schizophrenia. These results provide direct evidence of using of negative symptoms as an intermediate phenotype to dissect the complex genetics of schizophrenia. However, additional studies are warranted to examine the underlying mechanisms of these disease-associated SNPs in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xu
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nagesh Aragam
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennesee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - David Briones
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leonora Petty
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Posada
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tania Bedard Arana
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Grace Cruz
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Cynthia Camarillo
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Michael A. Escamilla
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry/Neurology and the Center of Excellence in Neuroscience, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - KeSheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennesee, United States of America
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Slaugenhaupt SA, Blumenfeld A, Gill SP, Leyne M, Mull J, Cuajungco MP, Liebert CB, Chadwick B, Idelson M, Reznik L, Robbins CM, Makalowska I, Brownstein MJ, Krappmann D, Scheidereit C, Maayan C, Axelrod FB, Gusella JF. Tissue-specific expression of a splicing mutation in the IKBKAP gene causes familial dysautonomia. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:598-605. [PMID: 11179008 PMCID: PMC1274473 DOI: 10.1086/318810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2000] [Accepted: 01/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD; also known as "Riley-Day syndrome"), an Ashkenazi Jewish disorder, is the best known and most frequent of a group of congenital sensory neuropathies and is characterized by widespread sensory and variable autonomic dysfunction. Previously, we had mapped the FD gene, DYS, to a 0.5-cM region on chromosome 9q31 and had shown that the ethnic bias is due to a founder effect, with >99.5% of disease alleles sharing a common ancestral haplotype. To investigate the molecular basis of FD, we sequenced the minimal candidate region and cloned and characterized its five genes. One of these, IKBKAP, harbors two mutations that can cause FD. The major haplotype mutation is located in the donor splice site of intron 20. This mutation can result in skipping of exon 20 in the mRNA of patients with FD, although they continue to express varying levels of wild-type message in a tissue-specific manner. RNA isolated from lymphoblasts of patients is primarily wild-type, whereas only the deleted message is seen in RNA isolated from brain. The mutation associated with the minor haplotype in four patients is a missense (R696P) mutation in exon 19, which is predicted to disrupt a potential phosphorylation site. Our findings indicate that almost all cases of FD are caused by an unusual splice defect that displays tissue-specific expression; and they also provide the basis for rapid carrier screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Slaugenhaupt
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Anat Blumenfeld
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Sandra P. Gill
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Maire Leyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - James Mull
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Math P. Cuajungco
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Christopher B. Liebert
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Brian Chadwick
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Maria Idelson
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Luba Reznik
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Christiane M. Robbins
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Izabela Makalowska
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Michael J. Brownstein
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Channa Maayan
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Felicia B. Axelrod
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - James F. Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Harvard Institute of Human Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and National Human Genome Research Institute, and Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; and Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, New York
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