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Ljevaković-Musladin I, Kozačinski L, Krilanović M, Vodnica Martucci M, Lakić M, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga BT. Enterotoxigenic and Antimicrobic Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Fresh Cheese in Croatia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2993. [PMID: 38138137 PMCID: PMC10745915 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain Staphylococcus aureus strains harbour staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and hence can produce enterotoxin during their growth in food. Therefore, food can be a source of staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide. Epidemiological data show that S. aureus is often present in raw milk cheeses, and consequently, cheeses are often the source of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from fresh cheese, including antibiotic susceptibility; the presence of classical sea-see enterotoxin genes through molecular methods; and the isolate's ability to produce SEA-SEE enterotoxins in vitro through reversed passive latex agglutination. A total of 180 coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 18 out of 30 cheese samples, and 175 were confirmed as S. aureus through latex agglutination and API STAPH tests. All isolates possessed phenotypic characteristics typical for S. aureus, with certain variations in the egg yolk reaction (18.3% of the isolates showed a weak reaction and 28% no reaction at all) and haemolysis pattern (36.6% of the isolates produced double-haemolysis and 4.6% were non-haemolytic). Antibiotic resistance was observed in 1.1% of the isolates and to mupirocin only. Real-time PCR detected the sec gene in 34 (19.4%) isolates, but most isolates (80.6%) were not enterotoxigenic. For all 34 (19.4%) strains that carried the sec gene, the RPLA method detected the production of the SEC enterotoxin in vitro. For those enterotoxigenic strains, the possibility of enterotoxin production in fresh cheese could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ljevaković-Musladin
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Lidija Kozačinski
- Department of Hygiene, Technology and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Krilanović
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Marina Vodnica Martucci
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Mato Lakić
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
| | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
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Vujinović S, Graber HU, Vićić I, Vejnović B, Stevanović O, Krnjaić D, Milivojević D, Katić V. Genotypes and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in Serbia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 101:102056. [PMID: 37678080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis and to genotype the S. aureus isolates using the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (RS-PCR) method. In addition, the genes responsible for adherence, biofilm formation, host evasion, tissue necrosis, methicillin resistance, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus were investigated. The overall prevalence of S. aureus subclinical mastitis in lactating cows was 5.4% (95% confidence interval, CI=4.7-6.1%). An increased risk of S. aureus intramammary infection was observed on small family farms (odds ratio, OR=4.2, 95% CI=2.6-6.6, P < 0.001) and medium-sized farms (OR=3.5, 95% CI=2.2-5.7, P < 0.001). The RS-PCR analysis revealed 44 genotypes and genotype variants, of which 15 new genotypes and five new variants were detected within small and medium-sized farms. S. aureus isolates of new genotypes and genotype variants carried the clfA gene responsible for adherence at a lower frequency (64.8%) and enterotoxin-producing genes sea (20.4%), seb (14.8%) and sec (14.8%) at a higher frequency than the other known genotypes (P < 0.001), and were confirmed to carry the sej and sep genes. The spa gene was detected in all S. aureus isolates, whereas none harbored bap, ser, or tsst-1 genes. Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) were also detected, with a higher prevalence (19.2%) on large farms with more than 50 cows (P < 0.001). Using molecular techniques as diagnostic tools provides a better understanding of intramammary staphylococcal infections' occurrence, spread, and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Vujinović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute "Šabac", Vojvode Putnika 54, 15000 Šabac, Serbia
| | - Hans Ulrich Graber
- Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Vićić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliver Stevanović
- PI Veterinary Institute Dr Vaso Butozan Banja Luka, Branka Radicevića 18, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dejan Krnjaić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Milivojević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Katić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Staphylococcus aureus from Subclinical Cases of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in Poland, What Are They Hiding? Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profile. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121404. [PMID: 36558738 PMCID: PMC9781172 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a common disease worldwide, and staphylococci are one of the most important etiological factors of this disease. Staphylococcus aureus show adaptability to new conditions, by which monitoring their virulence and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is extremely important, as it can lead to the development of new therapies and prevention programs. In this study, we analyzed Staphylococcus aureus (n = 28) obtained from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis in Poland. The sensitivity of the isolated strains to antibiotics were confirmed by the disc diffusion method. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined for vancomycin, cefoxitin and oxacillin. Genotyping was performed by two methods: PCR melting profile and MLVF-PCR (multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting). Furthermore, the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were checked using PCR reactions. The analyzed strains showed the greatest resistance to penicillin (57%), oxytetracycline (25%) and tetracycline (18%). Among the analyzed staphylococci, the presence of 9 of 15 selected virulence-related genes was confirmed, of which the icaD, clfB and sea genes were confirmed in all staphylococci. Biofilm was observed in the great majority of the analyzed bacteria (at least 70%). In the case of genotyping among the analyzed staphylococci (combined analysis of results from two methods), 14 patterns were distinguished, of which type 2 was the dominant one (n = 10). This study provides new data that highlights the importance of the dominance of biofilm over antibiotic resistance among the analyzed strains.
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Afzal M, Vijay AK, Stapleton F, Willcox M. Virulence Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Associated With Keratitis, Conjunctivitis, and Contact Lens-Associated Inflammation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 35802366 PMCID: PMC9279920 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Staphylococcus aureus, cause a range of ocular diseases in humans, including noninfectious corneal infiltrative events (niCIE), infectious conjunctivitis and sight threatening microbial keratitis (MK). This study aimed to determine the possession of known virulence genes of S. aureus associated with MK and conjunctivitis, in strains isolated from these conditions and niCIE. Methods Sixty-three S. aureus strains—23 from MK, 26 from conjunctivitis, and 14 from niCIE—were evaluated for possession of genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of mecA and 10 known virulence genes involved in MK (clfA, fnbpA, eap, coa, scpA, sspB, sspA, hla, hld, and hlg), 2 associated with conjunctivitis (pvl and seb). Results mecA was present in 35% of infections and 7% of niCIE strains (P = 0.05). It was not seen in infection strains from Australia. Adhesion genes were found in all strains except clfA, which was found in 75% of infection and 93% of niCIE strains. Invasion genes were found in higher frequency in infections strains—hlg (100% vs. 85%; P = 0.04) and hld (94% vs. 50%; P = 0.005)—compared with niCIE strains. Evasion genes were common in infection strains except scpA, which was found at a significantly higher frequency in niCIE strains (86%) compared with infection strains (45%; P = 0.001). Conclusions The higher rates of hlg and hld in strains isolated from infections than niCIE may have a role in pathogenesis, whereas scpA may be an important virulence factor during niCIEs. Translational Relevance This study has identified virulence factors involved in the ocular pathogenesis of S. aureus infections and niCIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Afzal
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ajay Kumar Vijay
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Azara E, Longheu CM, Attene S, Sanna S, Sale M, Addis MF, Tola S. Comparative profiling of agr locus, virulence, and biofilm-production genes of human and ovine non-aureus staphylococci. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:212. [PMID: 35655210 PMCID: PMC9161600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a collaboration between animal and human health care professionals, we assessed the genetic characteristics shared by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) infecting humans and dairy ewes to investigate their relatedness in a region concentrating half of the total National sheep stock. We examined by PCR 125 ovine and 70 human NAS for biofilm production, pyrogenic toxins, adhesins, autolysins genes, and accessory gene regulator (agr) locus. The microtiter plate assay (MPA) was used for the phenotypic screening of biofilm production. Ovine NAS included S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. caprae, S. warneri, S. saprophyticus, S. intermedius, and S. muscae. Human NAS included S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. capitis, S. warneri, S. xylosus, S. pasteuri, and S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis. Results Phenotypically, 41 (32.8%) ovine and 24 (34.3%) human isolates were characterized as biofilm producers. Of the ovine isolates, 12 were classified as biofilm-producing while the remaining 29 as weak biofilm-producing. All 24 human isolates were considered weak biofilm-producing. Few S. epidermidis isolates harbored the icaA/D genes coding for the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), while the bhp, aap, and embp genes coding biofilm accumulation proteins were present in both non-producing and biofilm-producing isolates. Fifty-nine sheep NAS (all S. epidermidis, 1 S. chromogenes, and 1 S. haemolyticus) and 27 human NAS (all S. epidermidis and 1 S. warneri) were positive for the agr locus: agr-3se (57.8%) followed by agr-1se (36.8%) predominated in sheep, while agr-1se (65.4%), followed by agr-2se (34.6%) predominated in humans. Concerning virulence genes, 40, 39.2, 47.2%, 52.8, 80 and 43.2% of the sheep isolates carried atlE, aae, sdrF, sdrG, eno and epbS respectively, against 37.1, 42.8, 32.8, 60, 100 and 100% of human isolates. Enterotoxins and tsst were not detected. Conclusions Considerable variation in biofilm formation ability was observed among NAS isolates from ovine and human samples. S. epidermidis was the best biofilm producer with the highest prevalence of adhesin-encoding genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03257-w.
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Algharib SA, Dawood A, Xie S. Nanoparticles for treatment of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:292-308. [PMID: 32036717 PMCID: PMC7034104 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1724209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial pathogens, infecting human beings and a wide range of animals, in particular, dairy cattle. Globally. S. aureus causing bovine mastitis is one of the biggest problems and an economic burden facing the dairy industry with a strong negative impact on animal welfare, productivity, and food safety. Furthermore, its smart pathogenesis, including facultative intracellular parasitism, increasingly serious antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation, make it challenging to be treated by conventional therapy. Therefore, the development of nanoparticles, especially liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanogels, and inorganic nanoparticles, are gaining traction and excellent tools for overcoming the therapeutic difficulty accompanied by S. aureus mastitis. Therefore, in this review, the current progress and challenges of nanoparticles in enhancing the S. aureus mastitis therapy are focused stepwise. Firstly, the S. aureus treatment difficulties by the antimicrobial drugs are analyzed. Secondly, the advantages of nanoparticles in the treatment of S. aureus mastitis, including improving the penetration and accumulation of their payload drugs intracellular, decreasing the antimicrobial resistance, and preventing the biofilm formation, are also summarized. Thirdly, the progression of different types from the nanoparticles for controlling the S. aureus mastitis are provided. Finally, the difficulties that need to be solved, and future prospects of nanoparticles for S. aureus mastitis treatment are highlighted. This review will provide the readers with enough information about the challenges of the nanosystem to help them to design and fabricate more efficient nanoformulations against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Attia Algharib
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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G. Abril A, G. Villa T, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P, Carrera M. Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090537. [PMID: 32825515 PMCID: PMC7551672 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. S. aureus expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, S. aureus exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from S. aureus infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of S. aureus toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Tomás G. Villa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Benito Cañas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angeles Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marine Research Institute (IIM), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
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Aljasir SF, D'Amico DJ. The effect of protective cultures on Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103541. [PMID: 32539968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of staphylococcal food poisoning and is a common contaminant in milk. Despite efforts to control S. aureus, recalls and outbreaks continue to occur, highlighting the need for additional interventions. This study determined the potential for protective cultures (PC) that are commercially available to producers to control S. aureus growth in raw milk and attenuate virulence by impeding staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production in raw milk and laboratory medium. Cultures of Hafnia alvei and Lactococcus lactis effectively inhibited S. aureus growth in raw milk to counts ~5 log CFU/mL lower than control when cocultured following a cheesemaking time and temperature profile; two cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited growth to ~1.5 log CFU/mL less than control. Cocultures of S. aureus with Lc. lactis, H. alvei and Lb. plantarum in raw milk reduced SE levels by 24.9%, 62.4%, and 76%, respectively. Lc. lactis also decreased SE production in raw milk in the absence of PC-mediated growth inhibition. Significant reductions in SE production in the absence of pathogen growth inhibition were also achieved in laboratory medium. Together, these results demonstrate the potential for PCs to inhibit S. aureus growth and impede SE production in the absence of growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman F Aljasir
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, U-4163, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Dennis J D'Amico
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, U-4163, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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Dan M, Yehui W, Qingling M, Jun Q, Xingxing Z, Shuai M, Kuojun C, Jinsheng Z, Zibing C, Zaichao Z, Xuepeng C. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profile and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows in Xinjiang Province, northwest China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 16:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Sivakumar M, Dubal ZB, Kumar A, Bhilegaonkar K, Vinodh Kumar OR, Kumar S, Kadwalia A, Shagufta B, Grace MR, Ramees TP, Dwivedi A. Virulent methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in street vended foods. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:1116-1126. [PMID: 30956291 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Street foods are one of the important sources of foodborne infections and Staphylococcus aureus is an important infectious agent transmitted through various sources including street foods. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are of public health significance, hence the study was taken to assess the street foods as a source of MRSA, for which 430 street vended foods of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs and their products) and associated environmental samples were processed for isolation and characterization. A total of 52 (12.1%) S. aureus were isolated and resistant was observed to oxacillin (36.5%), cefoxitin (25%) and penicillin G (82.7%) by disc diffusion test. On genotypic screening, mecA and blaZ have detected in 17.3% and 69.2% isolates, respectively. The virulence typing identified nuc, coa, clfA, spA, FnbA and enterotoxin A (sea) genes in 100%, 96.2%, 30.8%, 55.8, 50% and 7.7% isolates, respectively. Genetic diversity among the isolates was observed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR with a D value of 0.77. The presence of virulent MRSA in street vended foods trigger the public health concern and emphasis to educate the consumers and street food vendors about quality and safety of such foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sivakumar
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Zunjar B Dubal
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Kiran Bhilegaonkar
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Obli Rajendran Vinodh Kumar
- 2Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Suman Kumar
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Anukampa Kadwalia
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Bi Shagufta
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - M R Grace
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - T P Ramees
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
| | - Anamika Dwivedi
- 1Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243 122 India
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Azara E, Longheu C, Sanna G, Tola S. Biofilm formation and virulence factor analysis ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates collected from ovine mastitis. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:372-379. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Azara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sardinia”G. Pegreffi”; Sassari Italy
| | - C. Longheu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sardinia”G. Pegreffi”; Sassari Italy
| | - G. Sanna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sardinia”G. Pegreffi”; Sassari Italy
| | - S. Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sardinia”G. Pegreffi”; Sassari Italy
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Isolation and Identification of Common Mastitis Causing Pathogens from Clinical Bovine Mastitic Milk. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yadav R, Sharma SK, Yadav J, Kataria AK. Typing of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from mastitic milk of cattle and buffalo on the basis of two virulence-associated genes (spa and clfA). Vet World 2016; 8:398-402. [PMID: 27047104 PMCID: PMC4774850 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.398-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to type Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cattle and buffalo mastitic milk on the basis of spa (X-region) and clfA genes, both responsible for producing virulence factors. Material and Methods: In the present investigation S. aureus isolates were isolated as per standard protocols. Typing of S. aureus was carried out by molecular detection of spa and clfA gene by polymerase chain reaction. Results: All the 32 isolates from cattle (16) and buffalo (16) were divisible into seven spa types with amplicon sizes ranging between 120 and 380bp. The cattle isolates produced seven different spa amplicons of 120, 150, 200, 250, 280, 300, and 330 bp with 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 and 12 number of tandem repeats, respectively whereas buffalo isolates were divisible into five spa types with amplicons of 150, 200, 250, 330 and 380 bp having calculated number of repeats of 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14, respectively. Of the total isolates, 24 were considered pathogenic on the basis of more than seven number of tandem repeats. In the present investigation, clfA gene was amplified in 27 isolates from cattle and buffalo producing two different amplicons of 900 and 1000 bp sizes showing polymorphism. The most (71.80%) of the isolates produced amplicons of 900 bp while amplicon size of 1000 bp was produced by four (12.5%) of the isolates. Conclusion: The presence of these genes with a wide degree of polymorphism confirmed the pathogenic potential of S. aureus and their association with clinical manifestations in mastitis among cattle and buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal science, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jyotika Yadav
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Kataria
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal science, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
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Virulence gene profiles in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis in eastern Poland. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:228-35. [PMID: 27032339 DOI: 10.1017/s002202991600008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is arguably the most important pathogen involved in bovine mastitis. The aim of this study was to determine the virulence gene profiles of 124 Staph. aureus isolates from subclinical mastitis in cows in eastern Poland. The presence of 30 virulence genes encoding adhesins, proteases and superantigenic toxins was investigated by PCR. The 17 different combinations of adhesin genes were identified. Occurrence of eno (91·1%) and fib (82·3%) genes was found to be common. The frequency of other adhesion genes fnbA, fnbB, ebps were 14·5, 50, 25%, respectively, and for cna and bbp were 1·6%. The etA and etD genes, encoding exfoliative toxins, were present in genomes of 5·6 and 8·9% isolates, respectively. The splA and sspA, encoding serine protease, were detected in above 90% isolates. The most frequent enterotoxin genes were sei (21%), sem (19·4%), sen (19·4%), seg (18·5%) and seo (13·7%). The tst gene was harboured by 2·4% isolates. The 19 combinations of the superantigenic toxin genes were obtained and found in 35·5% of isolates. Three of them (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo; sec, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and seg, sei, sem, sen) were the most frequent and found in 16·1% of the isolates. The most common virulotype, present in 17·7% of the isolates, was fib, eno, fnbB, splA, splE, sspA. The results indicate the variation in the presence of virulence genes in Staph. aureus isolates and considerable diversity of isolates that are able to cause mastitis in cows.
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Dormanesh B, Siroosbakhat S, Khodaverdi Darian E, Afsharkhas L. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Various Types of Hospital Infections in Pediatrics: Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec SCCmec Phenotypes and Antibiotic Resistance Properties. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e11341. [PMID: 26862375 PMCID: PMC4741056 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.11341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus has long been considered as a major pathogen of hospital infections. Objectives: The present investigation was carried out to study the distribution of Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec (SCCmec) types, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) gene and antibiotic resistance properties of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from various types of infections found in Iranian pediatric patients. Patients and Methods: Two-hundred and fifty-five clinical specimens were collected from four major provinces of Iran. Samples were cultured and the MRSA strains were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The patterns of antibiotic resistance were determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: Seventy-four out of 255 (29.01%) clinical samples were positive for MRSA. Of the 74 MRSA strains, 47 (63.51%) were PVL positive. The clinical samples of respiratory tract infections (36.36%), those from the Shiraz province (37.87%) and samples collected during the summer season (56.48%) were the most commonly infected samples. The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were tetK (89.18%), mecA (71.62%), msrA (56.75%) and tetM (54.05%). Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus had the highest levels of resistance against penicillin (100%), tetracycline (98.64%), ampicillin (93.24%) and oxacillin (93.24%). The most commonly detected SCCmec types in the MRSA strains were type V (18.91%) and III (17.56%). Conclusions: Regular surveillance of hospital-associated infections and monitoring of the antibiotic sensitivity patterns are required to reduce the prevalence of MRSA. We recommend initial management of children affected by MRSA with imipenem, lincomycin and cephalothin prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Dormanesh
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | | | - Ladan Afsharkhas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Aliasghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ladan Afsharkhas, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Aliasghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9123374045, Fax: +98-2122220066, E-mail:
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Elsayed MS, Mahmoud El-Bagoury AE, Dawoud MA. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis in cattle and water buffaloes from different farms of Sadat City in Egypt. Vet World 2015; 8:1051-8. [PMID: 27047197 PMCID: PMC4774771 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1051-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and subclinical mastitis and identify virulence factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and two milk samples were collected, 143 from mastitic cattle and buffaloes 94 and 49, respectively, and 59 from apparently healthy cattle and buffaloes 35 and 24, respectively. RESULTS California mastitis test was applied and positive prevalence were 91.48% and 75.51% for cattle and buffalo with clinical mastitis and 37.14% and 45.83% for cattle and buffalo with subclinical mastitis. S. aureus was isolated from clinically mastitic cattle and buffaloes were 39.29% and 50%, respectively. While, from subclinical mastitic cattle and buffaloes were 80% and 72.73%, respectively. Hemolytic activity was assessed for S. aureus isolated from clinically and subclinical mastitic cases with prevalences of 100% and 56.25%, respectively. Thermo nuclease production from clinically and subclinical mastitic cases was 25% and 56.25%, respectively. Simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conducted on S. aureus using 16S rRNA, clumping factor A, Panton valentine leukocidin, coagulase (Coa), alpha-hemolysin and beta-hemolysin those proved existence in 100%, 46.9%, 65.6%, 100%, 34.4%, and 43.75% of the isolates, respectively. While, multiplex PCR is utilized for detection of enterotoxins and proved that 12.5% was positive for enterotoxine Type D. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that simplex and multiplex PCR assays can be used as rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools to detect the presence of S. aureus and characterize its virulence factors that help in detection of severity of infection, distribution and stating preventive and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sabry Elsayed
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | | | - Mai Abdallah Dawoud
- Library of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia, 32897, Egypt
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Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk from Greek traditional ovine farms. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dahms C, Hübner NO, Wilke F, Kramer A. Mini-review: Epidemiology and zoonotic potential of multiresistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile in livestock and food. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2014; 9:Doc21. [PMID: 25285265 PMCID: PMC4184042 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Information on the epidemiology of multiresistant bacteria (MRB) with zoonotic potential is growing but still remains quite incomplete. This narrative mini-review provides a general overview of the epidemiology of the most important zoonotic MRB in cattle, swine and poultry in Europe. METHODS A literature search was conducted mainly on the PubMed website including articles published until April 2012. RESULTS Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) especially poses a zoonotic risk to people working in close contact with livestock. These people may become carriers themselves and the hazard of transmission into health-care facilities needs surveillance. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing bacteria are widely spread in both humans and livestock, sharing similar genotypes, especially of the CTX-M-group, which makes a zoonotic transfer very likely. Identical strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were found both in humans and animals, after ingestion of animal strains transient colonization of the human gut may be possible. Only a few data are available on the transmission of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) between humans and animals. Direct contact to colonized animals may be a risk factor as well as the exchange of resistance genes between human and animal staphylococci. Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) ribotype 078 emerges in livestock and humans and a zoonotic transmission seems probable as genotypes and diseases resemble each other. CONCLUSION All discussed MRB and C. difficile are important nosocomial agents which also occur in livestock and were found in foods of animal origin. Further analysis is needed to reveal the exact transmission routes and to perform a reliable risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Dahms
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nils-Olaf Hübner
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics (IMD), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Wilke
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Fusco V, Quero GM. Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods Used in the Microbial Safety Assessment of Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:493-537. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- Nal. Research Council of Italy; Inst. of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA); Bari Italy
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Valihrach L, Alibayov B, Zdenkova K, Demnerova K. Expression and production of staphylococcal enterotoxin C is substantially reduced in milk. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:54-9. [PMID: 25084645 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is a global problem. The gene encoding enterotoxin C (sec) has been reported several times as the most frequent enterotoxin gene identified in food poisoning cases caused by contaminated milk. In this study, the expression of sec was examined during the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in milk compared to routinely used laboratory media. Additionally, expression of several regulatory genes (sarA, saeS, codY, srrA, rot, hld, agrA, sigB) and other five enterotoxin genes (sea, seg, seh, sek, sel) were observed. It has been well established for that S. aureus is able to grow in milk and we found significantly reduced expression of sec in milk compared to the laboratory medium (P < 0.05). Here, we report the first study providing a comprehensive view on the expression of enterotoxin genes and its regulation in milk. The milk environment dramatically changed the expression profiles of several enterotoxin genes although staphylococcal growth was not affected at all. The mechanism of the reduction may be explained by downregulation of the agr system, although other factors are expected to be involved. The constituent of milk causing the inhibitory effect remains unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Valihrach
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Babek Alibayov
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Zdenkova
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
As the manufacture of cheese relies in part on the select outgrowth of microorganisms, such conditions can also allow for the multiplication of unwanted contaminants. Milk ultimately becomes contaminated with microorganisms originating from infection, the farm environment, and feedstuffs, as well as milking and processing equipment. Thus, poor sanitation, improper milk handling, and animal health issues can result in not only decreased yield and poor quality but also sporadic cases and outbreaks of dairy-related disease. The entry, establishment, and persistence of food-borne pathogens in dairy processing environments also present a considerable risk to products postprocessing. Food safety management systems coupled with regulatory policies and microbiological standards for milk and milk products currently implemented in various nations work to reduce risk while improving the quality and safety of cheese and other dairy products. With that, cheese has enjoyed an excellent food safety record with relatively few outbreaks of food-borne disease considering the amount of cheese produced and consumed worldwide. However, as cheese production and consumption continue to grow, we must remain vigilant in ensuring the continued production of safe, high-quality cheese.
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Paniagua-Contreras G, Monroy-Pérez E, Gutiérrez-Lucas R, Sainz-Espuñes T, Bustos-Martínez J, Vaca S. Genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares and catheter of ambulatory hemodialysis patients in Mexico. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 59:295-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Momtaz H, Dehkordi FS, Rahimi E, Asgarifar A, Momeni M. Virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat in Isfahan province, Iran. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fijałkowski K, Masiuk H, Czernomysy-Furowicz D, Karakulska J, Nawrotek P, Paszkowska A, Struk M, Giedrys-Kalemba S. Superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:674-83. [PMID: 24273801 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Genomic relatedness of S. aureus was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis of macro-restricted chromosomes. The presence of genes encoding superantigens was confirmed by multiplex PCR. To study the biological activity of S. aureus exosecretions, the supernatants from bacterial liquid cultures were classified into three groups: those with leukotoxin‐like properties, those with superantigen‐like properties and those with no particular activity on leukocytes cultured in vitro. It was shown that all analyzed bacterial isolates belonged to the same clonal type and harbored the same combination of superantigen genes, namely sed, selj and ser. However, 22% of all isolates produced factors with superantigen‐like and 48% of them with leukotoxin‐like activities. Finally, although there were no detectable genetic differences between the analyzed bacterial isolates, the virulence factors secreted by them differed considerably.
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Enterotoxinomics: The omic sciences in the study of staphylococcal toxins analyzed in food matrices. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Steele N, McDougall S. Effect of prolonged duration therapy of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows using penethamate hydriodide. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:38-46. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.830350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Costa GMD, Barros RA, Custódio DADC, Pereira UDP, Figueiredo DJ, Silva ND. Resistência a antimicrobianos em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de mastite em bovinos leiteiros de Minas Gerais, Brasil. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572013000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) destaca-se como um dos agentes etiológicos mais frequentes da mastite bovina, que causa os maiores prejuízos econômicos à pecuária leiteira brasileira. Visando avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade deste agente aos antimicrobianos, 352 isolados provenientes de 35 rebanhos leiteiros localizados em Minas Gerais foram submetidos a testes de antibiograma, utilizando-se a técnica de difusão em disco. Nitrofurantoína, bem como as associações de neomicina, bacitracina e tetraciclina (NBT) e penicilina, nafcilina e dihidroestreptomicina (PND), apresentaram 100% de eficiência in vitro. Foram verificados baixos índices de resistência no grupo das cefalosporinas, com valores de 0, 0,28 e 0,40% para cefquimona, cefalotina e ceftiofur, respectivamente. Entre os aminoglicosídeos, observou-se 1,69% de resistência para gentamicina e 3,35% para a neomicina. O maior índice de resistência foi observado para polimixina B (82%), seguido pelos betalactâmicos, ampicilina e penicilina, com índices de resistência de 80,92 e 80,45%, respectivamente. Níveis intermediários de resistência foram observados para tetraciclina, lincomicina, cefoperazona e sulfazotrim. Entre os isolados testados, 65 (18,15%), oriundos de 24 dentre os 35 rebanhos estudados, apresentaram multirresistência (índice MAR ≥ 0,2). Os resultados apontaram grande variação nos perfis de resistência aos antimicrobianos, assim como a ocorrência de múltipla resistência entre algumas cepas estudadas, salientando a necessidade de testes de antibiograma para a escolha dos antimicrobianos mais adequados para o tratamento ou prevenção de mastite causada por S. aureus.
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus of cattle mastitis origin for two virulence-associated genes (coa and spa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salasia SIO, Tato S, Sugiyono N, Ariyanti D, Prabawati F. Genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovines, humans, and food in Indonesia. J Vet Sci 2012; 12:353-61. [PMID: 22127020 PMCID: PMC3232395 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2011.12.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the genetic relationships between 41 Staphyloccocus (S.) aureus isolates from bovines, humans, and food using a single enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. We evaluated the prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes and other virulence gene determinants by PCR. The identification of S. aureus was based on culturing and biochemical tests, and by amplifying a specific section of the 23S rRNA gene. PCR amplification of the SE genes (sea, seb, sec, see, seg, seh, and sei) singly or in combination was observed. Most isolates of bovine origin harbored hla (84%) and cap5 (74%), while most isolates from humans harbored hla (73%), cap8 (91%), and fnbA (100%). Strains from food sources were positive for hla (100%), cap5 (100%), and cap8 (64%) unlike isolates from humans or bovines. A single enzyme AFLP analysis revealed a correlation between AFLP clusters of some strains and the source of the isolates The genotypic results of the present study might help to better understand the distribution of prevalent S. aureus clones among humans, bovines, and food and will help control S. aureus infections in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Fauna 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
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Gitahi M, Wangoh J, Njage P. Microbial Safety of Street Foods in Industrial Area, Nairobi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2012.297.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Classical enterotoxins of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk and products for raw milk cheese production in Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-012-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sospedra I, Soler C, Mañes J, Soriano JM. Rapid whole protein quantitation of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1238:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kav K, Col R, Ardic M. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from white-brined Urfa cheese. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1788-96. [PMID: 22054178 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes in Urfa cheese samples and to characterize the enterotoxigenic potential of these isolates. From a total of 127 Urfa cheese samples, 53 isolates (from 41.7% of the samples) were identified by a species-specific PCR assay as S. aureus. Of these isolates, 40 (75.5%) gave positive PCR results for the 3' end of the coa gene. The coa-positive S. aureus strains were characterized for their population levels and enterotoxigenic properties, including slime factor, β-lactamase, antibiotic susceptibilities, production of the classical SEs (SEA through SEE), in both cheese and liquid cultures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for the presence of specific genes, including classical SE genes (sea through see), mecA, femA, and spa, by PCR. The genetic relatedness among the coa-positive S. aureus isolates was investigated by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and the 23S rRNA gene spacer. The 23S rRNA gene spacer and coa RFLP analysis using AluI and Hin6I revealed 14 different patterns. SEB, SEC, and SEA and SEE were detected by ELISA in three cheese samples. Fourteen S. aureus strains harbored enterotoxin genes sea through see, and three strains carried multiple toxin genes. The most commonly detected toxin gene was sec (25% of tested strains). Of the 40 analyzed S. aureus strains, 3 (7.5%) were mecA positive. Based on tandem repeats, four coa and spa types were identified. The results of this study indicate that S. aureus and SEs are present at significant levels in Urfa cheese. These toxins can cause staphylococcal food poisoning, creating a serious hazard for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Kav
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Campus, 42075 Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
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D'amico DJ, Donnelly CW. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk utilized in small-scale artisan cheese production. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1353-8. [PMID: 21819666 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important agent of bacterial mastitis in milking animals and of foodborne intoxication in humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic and phenotypic diversity, enterotoxigenicity, and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk used for the production of artisan cheese in Vermont. Cross-tabulations revealed that the 16 ribotypes identified among the 90 milk isolates examined were typically associated with a specific animal species and that more than half of these ribotypes were unique to individual farms. In general, specific EcoRI ribotypes were commonly associated with specific phenotypical characteristics, including staphylococcal enterotoxin production or the lack thereof. Limited antimicrobial resistance was observed among the isolates, with resistance to ampicillin (12.51%) or penicillin (17.04%) most common. Two isolates of the same ribotype obtained from the same farm were resistant to oxacillin with 2% NaCl. More than half (52.22%) of isolates produced toxin, and 31 of the 32 isolates solely produced staphylococcal enterotoxin type C. Although these data demonstrate that S. aureus strains found in raw milk intended for artisan cheese manufacture are capable of enterotoxin production, staphylococcal enterotoxin C is not typically linked to foodborne illness. Because S. aureus is a common contaminant of cheese, an understanding of the ecology of this pathogen and of the antimicrobial susceptibility and toxigenicity of various strains will ultimately contribute to the development of control practices needed to enhance the safety of artisan and farmstead cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J D'amico
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Bington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Kumar R, Yadav BR, Singh RS. Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic Sahiwal cattle. J Biosci 2011; 36:175-88. [PMID: 21451258 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious problem in dairy animals suffering from mastitis. In the present study, the distribution of mastitic MRSA and antibiotic resistance was studied in 107 strains of S. aureus isolated from milk samples from 195 infected udders. The characterizations pathogenic factors (adhesin and toxin genes) and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates were carried out using gene amplification and disc diffusion assays, respectively. A high prevalence of MRSA was observed in the tested isolates (13.1%). The isolates were also highly resistant to antibiotics, i.e. 36.4% were resistant to streptomycin, 33.6% to oxytetracycline, 29.9% to gentamicin and 26.2% each to chloramphenicol, pristinomycin and ciprofloxacin. A significant variation in the expression of pathogenic factors (Ig, coa and clf) was observed in these isolates. The overall distribution of adhesin genes ebp, fib, bbp, fnbB, cap5, cap8, map and cna in the isolates was found to be 69.1, 67.2, 6.5, 20.5, 60.7, 26.1, 81.3 and 8.4%, respectively. The presence of fib, fnbB, bbp and map genes was considerably greater in MRSA than in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The proportions of toxin genes, namely, hlb, seb, sec, sed, seg and sei, in the isolates were found to be 94.3, 0.9, 8.4, 0.9, 10.2 and 49.5%, respectively. The proportions of agr genes I, II, III and IV were found to be 39.2, 27.1, 21.5 and 12.1%, respectively. A few isolates showed similar antibiotic-resistance patterns, which could be due to identical strains or the dissemination of the same strains among animals. These findings can be utilized in mastitis treatment programmes and antimicrobials strategies in organized herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Livestock Genome Analysis Laboratory, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, India
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37
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Kumar R, Yadav B, Anand S, Singh R. Molecular surveillance of putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from intra-mammary infections of river buffaloes. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ote I, Taminiau B, Duprez JN, Dizier I, Mainil JG. Genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:285-92. [PMID: 21708435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as a pathogen causing many serious diseases in humans and animals, and is the most common aetiological agent of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. The importance of evaluating the combination of S. aureus virulence factors has been emphasized both in human and veterinary medicine, and knowledge about the genetic variability within different S. aureus populations would help in the design of efficient treatments. The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic profiles of S. aureus strains isolated from milk of cows suffering from clinical and subclinical mastitis in Belgium. The presence of about forty virulence-associated genes was investigated by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. A high number of genotypic subtypes were observed, demonstrating further the large variation in the presence of virulence genes in S. aureus isolates and the considerable diversity of strains populations that are able to cause mastitis in cows. In accordance with other studies, we showed that some genes are associated with mastitis-causing S. aureus isolates, whereas others are absent or rarely present. We also further highlighted the presence of conserved gene combinations, namely the enterotoxigenic egc-cluster and the bovine pathogenicity island SaPIbov. Importantly, the presence of isolates carrying genes coding for toxins involved in important human infections makes the milk of cows with mastitis a potential reservoir for these toxins, and therefore a potential danger in human health, which strengthens the importance to consider raw milk consumption and its processing very carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ote
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Bât B43a, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Hwang SY, Park YK, Koo HC, Park YH. spa typing and enterotoxin gene profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine raw milk in Korea. J Vet Sci 2011; 11:125-31. [PMID: 20458153 PMCID: PMC2873812 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis, which triggers significant economic losses in dairy herds worldwide. In this study, S. aureus strains isolated from the milk of cows suffering from mastitis in Korea were investigated by spa typing and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene profiling. Forty-four S. aureus strains were isolated from 26 farms in five provinces. All isolates grouped into five clusters and two singletons based on 14 spa types. Cluster 1 and 2 isolates comprised 38.6% and 36.4% of total isolates, respectively, which were distributed in more than four provinces. SE and SE-like toxin genes were detected in 34 (77.3%) isolates and the most frequently detected SE gene profile was seg, sei, selm, seln, and selo genes (16 isolates, 36.3%), which was comparable to one of the genomic islands, Type I nuSabeta. This is a first report of spa types and the prevalence of the recently described SE and SE-like toxin genes among S. aureus isolates from bovine raw milk in Korea. Two predominant spa groups were distributed widely and recently described SE and SE-like toxin genes were detected frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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SpA, ClfA, and FnbA genetic variations lead to Staphaurex test-negative phenotypes in bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:638-46. [PMID: 21147952 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01148-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus encodes many proteins that act as virulence factors, leading to a variety of diseases, including mastitis in cows. Among these virulence factors, SpA, ClfA, ClfB, FnbA, and FnbB are important for the ability of S. aureus to adhere to and invade host cells as well as to evade host immune responses. The interaction between these S. aureus surface proteins and human immunoglobulin G and fibrinogen that are coupled to latex particles is utilized to induce latex agglutination reactions, which are used widely in diagnostic kits for confirmation of presumptive S. aureus isolates. In this study, the Staphaurex latex agglutination test was performed on a collection of confirmed bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates. Notably, 54% (43/79 isolates) of these isolates exhibited latex agglutination-negative phenotypes (Staphaurex-negative result). To gain insights into the reasons for the high frequency of Staphaurex-negative bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates, the spa, clfA, clfB, fnbA, and fnbB genes were examined. Specific genetic changes in spa, clfA, and fnbA, as well as a loss of fnbB, which may impair SpA, ClfA, FnbA, and FnbB functions in latex agglutination reactions, were detected in Staphaurex-negative S. aureus isolates. The genetic changes included a premature stop codon in the spa gene, leading to a truncated SpA protein that is unable to participate in S. aureus cell-mediated agglutination of latex particles. In addition, clfA and fnbA genetic polymorphisms were detected that were linked to ClfA and FnbA amino acid changes that may significantly reduce fibrinogen-binding activity. The genetic variations in these S. aureus isolates might also have implications for their bovine mastitis virulence capacity.
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Abstract
Bacteriological analysis of milk samples from quarters of a dairy cow suffering from subclinical mastitis yielded two isolates of Staphylococcus aureus which gave a negative reaction in the standard coagulase test. Both isolates were also clumping factor and thermonuclease negative, and gave a negative reaction in the Staphaurex® test. The isolates were identified by using commercial biochemical systems, and by PCR analysis of different staphylococcal cell surface protein and exoprotein genes. Further molecular identification of the isolates, which included sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and RT-PCR of coagulase (coa), clumping-factor (clfA) and thermonuclease (nuc) genes, was consistent with the diagnosis phenotypically 'coagulase-negative variant of Staph. aureus'. The fact that coagulase-negative Staph. aureus variants can occur in the context of intramammary infections in cattle may result in the incorrect diagnosis 'coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)' in routine mastitis diagnostic, at least in rare cases. To fully ensure correct species diagnosis, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and amplification of specific genes such as coa is necessary in these cases.
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Casagrande Proietti P, Coppola G, Bietta A, Luisa Marenzoni M, Hyatt DR, Coletti M, Passamonti F. Characterization of genes encoding virulence determinants and toxins in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine milk in Central Italy. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1443-8. [PMID: 20628230 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n=170) from bovine milk collected from seven dairy farms in Italy. On the basis of cultural and biochemical properties and by amplification of the 23S rRNA specific to S. aureus, all isolates were identified as S. aureus. To genotypically characterize S. aureus isolates, genes encoding virulence determinants (nuc, clfA, spa-IgG-binding, spa-X-region, fnbA and fnbB, cap5 and cap8) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej) were investigated using a PCR technique. The results showed that the isolates of S. aureus in each farm had the same genotypic characteristics, while the isolates genotipically differed between the different farms. The present study might help to understand the distribution of prevalent S. aureus strains in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Casagrande Proietti
- Department of Biopathological Science and Hygiene of Food and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia.
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43
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Kumar R, Yadav BR, Anand SK, Singh RS. Prevalence of adhesin and toxin genes among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from mastitic cattle. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Italian Dairy Products. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2009:501362. [PMID: 20148086 PMCID: PMC2817871 DOI: 10.1155/2009/501362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a known major cause of foodborne illnesses, and milk and dairy products are often contaminated by enterotoxigenic strains of this bacterium. In the present study, 122 S. aureus isolates collected from different dairy products were characterised by phenotypic properties, by the distribution of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej, and sel) and by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR). Moreover, strain resistance to vancomycin and methicillin (oxacillin) was studied. The differences in the RAPD-PCR profiles obtained with the primers M13 and AP4 revealed the presence of a great genetic heterogeneity among the different S. aureus strains. Using the primer AP4 and M13, eight groups were distinguished by RAPD-PCR cluster analysis, although, except in few cases, it was not possible to correlate the isolates of different animal species (cow or ovine) with the presence of se genes. None of the isolates showed resistance to vancomycin or methicillin.
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Karahan M, Açık MN, Çetinkaya B. Investigation of Toxin Genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction inStaphylococcus aureusStrains Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Turkey. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:1029-35. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karahan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Açık
- Vocational School of Health Services, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Burhan Çetinkaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Wu K, Conly J, McClure JA, Elsayed S, Louie T, Zhang K. Caenorhabditis elegans as a host model for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 16:245-54. [PMID: 19456837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has recently been developed as a host model for the study of Staphylococcus aureus virulence and pathogenesis. Here, the toxicity and virulence of representative clinical isolates of our methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) epidemic strains were studied using this model. The strains USA300 (associated with community infection outbreaks), USA400 (associated with sporadic community infections) and CMRSA2 (associated with both hospital and community infections), as well as the nematocidal reference strain NCTC8325, showed high nematocidal activity, both by killing the majority of the nematodes (> 90%) over 9 days, and by inhibiting second-generation nematode growth. By contrast, the typical hospital-associated MRSA strain CMRSA6, the colonization strain M92, and the non-pathogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis control strain ATCC12228 were non-toxic to the nematode, which behaved normally. The absence of nematocidal activity does not reflect lack of growth or reduced growth of the bacterial inoculum. The two non-nematocidal strains share similar genomic backgrounds, bacterial growth curve patterns and virulence gene profiles. However, the nematocidal strains each showed the same low maximum density growth curve patterns, but possessed distinct genetic profiles; no common virulence gene patterns or specific genes have been elucidated. Our findings demonstrate that community-associated MRSA strains are more pathogenic than hospital-associated MRSA in the C. elegans model and support the use of this model for studying the virulence of S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wu
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Calgary Health Region, Calgary Laboratory Services, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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47
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Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the aroA gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009-0850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Phenotypic and molecular characterization ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains of veterinary, dairy and human origin. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 137:688-99. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268808001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAustrian veterinary (n=91), dairy (n=86), and human strains (n=48) ofStaphylococcus aureuswere tested for various phenotypic properties including clumping factor, egg-yolk reaction, production of thermonuclease and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. In addition the expression of enterotoxins (A–E), and the presence of enterotoxin genesseatosejandtstwas determined. Significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found with 84·6% of veterinary, 57·0% of dairy, and 20·8% of human strains susceptible to all antibiotics tested (P<0·0005). More human strains produced enterotoxins (41·7%) than veterinary (9·9%) and dairy strains (12·6%) while 40·7% and 38·5% of veterinary, 47·7% and 52·3% of dairy, and 77·1% and 87·5% of human strains werese- andtst-positive, respectively. AFLP analysis revealed nine clusters with over- or under-representation of strains with specific characteristics. Strains clustered according to origin (veterinary, dairy, and human) and/or presence of toxin genes and antimicrobial resistance.
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Moon JS, Lee AR, Kang HM, Lee ES, Joo YS, Park YH, Kim MN, Koo HC. Antibiogram and coagulase diversity in staphylococcal enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1716-24. [PMID: 17369211 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated antibiogram and coagulase gene diversity in staphylococcal enterotoxin (StE)-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples of cows infected with mastitis from 140 dairy farms in Korea between 1997 and 2004. Of the 696 Staph. aureus isolates collected in this study, 164 isolates (23.6%) produced one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (A to D), and 19 isolates (2.7%) were methicillin-resistant. The percentage of StE-producing Staph. aureus (SES) isolates resistant to methicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, amikacin, and tetracycline was greater than that of non-SES. Ten coagulase genotype patterns were observed, including 4 main types comprising I (25.4%), II (13.9%), VII (13.2%), and VIII (17.8%). More than 4 Staph. aureus types were isolated from each of 82 dairy farms in different geographic locations, and only 1 coagulase genotype pattern was observed in 39 of the herds (47.6%). There was no significant correlation between coagulase genotypes harbored by Staph. aureus and their specific StE type. The percentage of isolates producing major StE types (A, B, AC, and ABCD) and being resistant to cephalothin and methicillin was greater among the Staph. aureus isolates with the 4 predominant coagulase genotypes (I, II, VII, and VIII) than among the isolates harboring the 6 rare coagulase types (III, IV, V, VI, IX, and X). Based on coagulase gene polymorphisms, our data indicate that a broad distribution of identical or closely related enterotoxin-producing Staph. aureus strains seem to contribute to bovine mastitis in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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50
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Shuiep ES, Kanbar T, Eissa N, Alber J, Lämmler C, Zschöck M, El Zubeir IEM, Weiss R. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw camel milk samples. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:211-5. [PMID: 18778841 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study 320 milk samples collected from 160 apparently healthy camels of three different locations in Sudan were investigated for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus resulting in the isolation of this bacterial pathogen from 28 milk samples from 24 camels. Twenty-five S. aureus were identified phenotypically and by PCR mediated amplification of species-specific genes or gene segments. Investigation of the S. aureus for toxinogenic potential revealed that three S. aureus strains were positive for the enterotoxin encoding gene sec and the genes seg, sei, sem, sen and seo, representing the egc gene cluster. In addition all 25 S. aureus were positive for the superantigen-like encoding gene ssl7 (set1). Partial sequencing of gene sec of the three S. aureus strains yielded an almost complete sequence identity to the sequence of the sec variant sec2. However, all three sec2 genes of the present study showed a deletion of one base causing a frame shift and a corresponding earlier stop codon. According to the present results, the raw camel milk collected from three locations in Sudan seems to be, at least at this stage, of minor importance as vector causing staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shuiep
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Southern Darfur, Nyala, Sudan
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