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DiPietro JA, Raghunathan RS, Wu HT, Bai J, Watson H, Sgambati FP, Henderson JL, Pien GW. Fetal heart rate during maternal sleep. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:945-959. [PMID: 33764539 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite prolonged and cumulative exposure during gestation, little is known about the fetal response to maternal sleep. Eighty-four pregnant women with obesity (based on pre-pregnancy BMI) participated in laboratory-based polysomnography (PSG) with continuous fetal electrocardiogram monitoring at 36 weeks gestation. Multilevel modeling revealed both correspondence and lack of it in maternal and fetal heart rate patterns. Fetal heart rate (fHR) and variability (fHRV), and maternal heart rate (mHR) and variability (mHRV), all declined during the night, with steeper rates of decline prior to 01:00. fHR declined upon maternal sleep onset but was not otherwise associated with maternal sleep stage; fHRV differed during maternal REM and NREM. There was frequent maternal waking after sleep onset (WASO) and fHRV and mHRV were elevated during these episodes. Cross-correlation analyses revealed little temporal coupling between maternal and fetal heart rate, except during WASO, suggesting that any observed associations in maternal and fetal heart rates during sleep are the result of other physiological processes. Implications of the maternal sleep context for the developing fetus are discussed, including the potential consequences of the typical sleep fragmentation that accompanies pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A DiPietro
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Radhika S Raghunathan
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hau-Tieng Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiawei Bai
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Watson
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francis P Sgambati
- Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research and Education, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janice L Henderson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grace W Pien
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pears S, Makris A, Hennessy A. The chronobiology of blood pressure in pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 12:104-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Gao Q, Lv J, Li W, Zhang P, Tao J, Xu Z. Disrupting the circadian photo-period alters the release of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol in maternal and fetal sheep. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:487-493. [PMID: 27319751 PMCID: PMC5081736 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a large number of studies show that photo-period disruption potentially affects hormone secretion in mammals, information about the effects of
circadian photo-period disruption during pregnancy on fetal blood reproductive hormone levels is scarce. This study used ewes and their fetuses to determine the
effects of circadian photo-period disruption (deprivation of darkness) on follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone in
maternal and fetal circulation at late gestation. Pregnant ewes (gestational age: 135 ± 3 days) were randomly placed into control and dark deprivation groups.
The control (N = 5) and dark deprivation (N = 5) groups were exposed to a fixed 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and a 24 h constant light cycle, respectively, for 2
days. Dark deprivation up-regulated follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels and down-regulated progesterone levels in both maternal and fetal
circulation, and up-regulated luteinizing hormone levels in fetal but not maternal circulation. These results provide new information about how circadian
photo-period disruption during pregnancy could alter the release of certain reproductive hormones into fetal blood, which may influence the development of fetal
organs in utero, as well as long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu 215006, China
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Jensen EC, Bennet L, Guild SJ, Booth LC, Stewart J, Gunn AJ. The role of the neural sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in diurnal and sleep state-related cardiovascular rhythms in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R998-R1008. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90979.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efferent mechanisms mediating the well-known diurnal cardiovascular rhythms in the late-gestation fetus are only partially understood. In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS) to these rhythms. Chronically instrumented fetal sheep at a mean (SE) of 122 ( 1 ) days gestation (term is 147 days) underwent either chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine the day after surgery ( n = 8), vagotomy at surgery ( n = 8), or were sham controls ( n = 8). Fetal heart rate (HR), fetal HR variability (HRV), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), carotid blood flow (CaBF), electrocorticogram (ECoG) activity, and nuchal activity were measured continuously for 24 h. Changes between sleep states were determined in a 6-h interval. Control fetal sheep showed consistent diurnal rhythms in fetal HR, HRV, MAP, and CaBF, with maximal activity in the evening, but not in nuchal activity. Sympathectomy was associated with a significant reduction of both fetal HR and HRV, while vagotomy was associated with a fall in fetal HRV ( P < 0.05) but no change in HR. Despite this, most animals in the two intervention groups still showed diurnal rhythms for fetal HR, HRV, MAP, and CaBF, although peak HR may have been delayed in the sympathectomy group (mean 02:22 vs. 23:54 h in controls, P = 0.06). There was no effect of either intervention on sleep state cycling, although state-related cardiovascular rhythms were significantly modulated. These data indicate that, neither the SNS nor vagal activity, in isolation at least, is essential for generating cardiovascular diurnal rhythms in the late-gestation fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C. Jensen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lindsea C. Booth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Stewart
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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DiPietro JA, Caulfield LE, Irizarry RA, Chen P, Merialdi M, Zavaleta N. Prenatal development of intrafetal and maternal-fetal synchrony. Behav Neurosci 2009; 120:687-701. [PMID: 16768620 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and maternal data were monitored serially at 6 gestational ages from 20 to 38 weeks in 195 Peruvian fetuses. Digitized data included fetal heart rate and motor activity, as well as maternal heart rate and electrodermal conductance. Time series analysis evaluated the development of synchrony in 2 streams of fetal functioning and between mothers and fetuses. Intrafetal synchrony between heart rate and motor activity developed in an orderly fashion, with peak cross-correlation approaching an asymptote at 5 s at 28 weeks. Synchrony was not observed between fetal heart rate and maternal measures. Fetal motor activity exhibited synchrony with both maternal electrodermal and heart rate activity. Implications for revealing fundamental properties of neural development prior to birth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A DiPietro
- Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Maeda Y, Muro M, Shono M, Shono H, Iwasaka T. Diurnal rhythms in fetal heart rate baseline and sustained fetal tachycardia in twin pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2006; 82:637-44. [PMID: 16517101 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the synchronization of phases of diurnal rhythms in fetal heart rate (FHR) baseline between twin fetuses and the occurrence of sustained fetal tachycardia. METHODS FHR was simultaneously recorded in twins for 24 h in 7 monochorionic diamniotic (MD) and 8 dichorionic diamniotic (DD) twin pregnancies at 35 to 38 weeks of gestation. The diurnal rhythms of the hourly mean FHR baseline were tested in each fetus, and the time of occurrence of sustained fetal tachycardia was compared between twins. The correlation coefficients and phase lags of diurnal rhythms between the hourly mean FHR baselines of twins were calculated in each case. RESULTS There were significant diurnal rhythms in the hourly mean FHR baselines of all twin fetuses (p<0.01). The patterns of diurnal rhythms were similar for each pair of twins, with the exception of the periods of sustained fetal tachycardia. Sustained fetal tachycardia was not coincident between twins. Analysis in which the periods of sustained fetal tachycardia were excluded demonstrated a significant correlation between the hourly mean FHR baselines of twins in all cases (p<0.01). In the case of DD twins, the phase lag between twins was 0; however, phase lags were observed in 4 cases of MD twins. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study revealed that the diurnal rhythms in the FHR baseline correlated well between twins, and that the occurrences of sustained fetal tachycardia were completely independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Maeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-850, Japan
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Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research. Part III: refinement of procedures. Anim Welf 2006. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThere is an ethical and scientific need to minimise the harm experienced by animals used in scientific procedures and to maximise their well-being. Welfare can be improved by the refinement of practice, particularly if these refinements are applied to every aspect of the life of an animal used in the laboratory, from birth to death. Primates are considered likely to have a greater capacity for suffering than other sentient species and therefore refinement of their use is particularly important. The refinement of the human impact on laboratory-housed primates and of housing and husbandry practices are dealt with in parts I and II of this three-part review. In part III, methods of refinement that can be applied specifically to the use of primates in procedures, are summarised and discussed, together with a description of some current practices, and the scientific evidence that suggests that they should no longer be used. Methods of refinement of identification, capture and restraint, sampling, administration of substances, humane endpoints, and euthanasia are included. If these methods are used, taking into account species-specific differences and needs, it is concluded that harm can be minimised and primate welfare improved.
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE, Hubbard GB, Jenkins SL, Martin HC, Snider CS, Frost PA, Leland MM, Havill LM, McDonald TJ, Nathanielsz PW. Ontogeny of hematological cell and biochemical profiles in maternal and fetal baboons (Papio species). J Med Primatol 2005; 34:193-200. [PMID: 16053497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The normal ranges of hematological cell profiles and biochemistry are documented in adult non-pregnant, pregnant, juvenile, and neonatal baboons. Despite the extensive use of the baboon as a model for the study of various aspects of pregnancy, there is no data from paired mothers and their fetuses at different stages of gestation. Hematologic and biochemical profile data were obtained from eight non-pregnant female baboons, 37 mothers and 38 fetal baboons at 30 +/- 2, 90 +/- 2, 125 +/- 2, and 175 +/- 2 days of gestation (mean +/- range; dGA; term, 180 dGA). Changes observed in fetal and maternal blood during normal baboon pregnancy were similar to those reported in human pregnancy. The level of alkaline phosphatase was two times higher in fetal blood circulation than that reported in human pregnancy.
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Quaedackers JS, Roelfsema V, Fraser M, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. Cardiovascular and endocrine effects of a single course of maternal dexamethasone treatment in preterm fetal sheep. BJOG 2005; 112:182-91. [PMID: 15663582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a single course of maternally administered dexamethasone on preterm fetal sheep in utero. DESIGN Prospective randomised controlled trial. SETTING University laboratory. SAMPLE Pregnant sheep at 0.7 of gestation. METHODS Pregnant ewes at 103 days of pregnancy (term = 147 days) were given two intramuscular injections of vehicle (n= 7) or 12 mg of dexamethasone (DEX; n= 8) 24 hours apart. Fetuses were continuously monitored for five days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fetal mean arterial blood pressure, carotid and femoral arterial blood flow and vascular resistance, heart rate, heart rate variability, fetal plasma cortisol and ACTH and fetal body movements. RESULTS DEX injections led to an acute increase in mean arterial blood pressure with a rise in carotid and femoral vascular resistance, a fall in femoral arterial blood flow, and a brief fall in fetal heart rate followed by significant tachycardia. From 24 hours after the injections, mean arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance returned to control values, however, a mild tachycardia [200 (3) vs 184 (4) bpm, P < 0.05] and loss of the circadian pattern of fetal heart rate variability persisted until the end of recording. Plasma ACTH and cortisol were markedly suppressed by DEX (P < 0.05), with values returning to control levels 32 and 72 hours after the first injection, respectively. There was no effect on basal fetal heart rate variability, body movements, carotid arterial blood flow, or the circadian pattern of fetal heart rate. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous experiments utilising direct fetal infusion of steroids, maternal administration of DEX was associated with only transient hypertension.
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MURO M, SHONO H, SHONO M, UCHIYAMA A, IWASAKA T. Diurnal variations in baseline fetal heart rate, maternal heart rate and movement in a twin pregnancy. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1446-9235.2003.00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Koshino T, Kimura Y, Kameyama Y, Takahashi T, Yasui T, Chisaka H, Sugawara J, Okamura K. Fractal and periodic heart rate dynamics in fetal sheep: comparison of conventional and new measures based on fractal analysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H1858-64. [PMID: 12521948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00268.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The physiological significance of spectral and fractal components of spontaneous heart rate (HR) variability in the fetus remains unclear. To examine the relationship between circadian rhythms in different measures of HR variability, R-R interval time series obtained by fetal ECGs were recorded continuously over 24 h in five pregnant sheep at 116-125 days gestation. Conventional measures of short-term (STV) and long-term variability (LTV), low-frequency (LF; 0.025-0.15 cycles/beat) and high-frequency (HF; 0.2-0.5 cycles/beat) spectral powers, the LF-to-HF ratio, and fractal dimension values were calculated from 24-h ECG recordings and quantified every 60 min. STV, LTV, and LF and HF spectral powers were minimal during the day but increased significantly to their highest values at night. We found a significant positive correlation between these measures, whereas the cosinor method showed significant similarity between their circadian rhythm patterns. Fetal R-R intervals also exhibited fractal structures. Fetal HR variability had a fractal structure, which was similar between day and night. These results suggested that the circadian rhythms exhibited by STV and LTV during the day were mainly due to changes in frequency components rather than to fractal components of fetal HR fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Koshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Suzuki T, Kimura Y, Murotsuki J, Murakami T, Uehara S, Okamura K. Detection of a biorhythm of human fetal autonomic nervous activity by a power spectral analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185:1247-52. [PMID: 11717664 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.118308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes a 24-hour assay of autonomic nervous system activity in human fetuses with the use of a power spectral analysis of heartbeat intervals. STUDY DESIGN The study included 6 normal fetuses and 11 growth-restricted fetuses, 3 of which were hypoxemic. Fetal heartbeats were continuously recorded for 24 hours, and a power spectral analysis was performed on the beat interval data. A low frequency domain of beat intervals was identified (0.025-0.125 cycles/beat) and evaluated at regular intervals over the 24-hour period. The cosinor method was used to detect rhythmic fluctuations in the resulting low frequency areas. The same procedures were also performed with the mothers of the fetuses. RESULTS We observed 2 diurnal rhythms of heartbeat activity (1 with a 12-hour period and another with a 24-hour period) in the normal and growth-restricted fetuses without hypoxemia. In contrast, these rhythms were not observed in the hypoxemic fetuses. In the mothers, only the 24-hour rhythm was observed. CONCLUSION The 12-hour cycle of autonomic nervous activity is present in normal fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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