1
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Gill B, Jobst K, Britz-McKibbin P. Rapid Screening of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Glucuronide by Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A High-Throughput Method for Biomonitoring of Recent Smoke Exposures. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13558-13564. [PMID: 32901481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (HP) is a widely used biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure relevant for biomonitoring the deleterious health impacts from tobacco smoke and ambient air pollution, as well as the hazards of certain occupations. Conventional methods for urinary HP analysis based on liquid chromatography with native fluorescence detection or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are limited by low sample throughput and complicated sample workup protocols that are prone to bias. Herein, we introduce a high throughput method to directly analyze the intact glucuronide conjugate of HP (HP-G) in human urine after a simple acidified ether extraction procedure when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS/MS). Multiplexed analyses of 13 independent urine extracts are achieved in a single run (<3 min/sample) with stringent quality control while avoiding enzyme deconjugation and precolumn chemical derivatization. Method validation demonstrates good technical precision (CV = 7.7%, n = 45) and accuracy with a mean recovery of (93 ± 3%) for urinary HP-G at three concentration levels with adequate detection limits (7 ng/L, S/N = 3). An interlaboratory method comparison of urine samples collected from firefighters deployed in the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire also confirms good mutual agreement with an acceptable negative bias (mean bias = 15%, n = 55) when measuring urinary HP-G by MSI-CE-MS/MS as compared to total hydrolyzed urinary HP by GC-MS due to the low residual levels of free HP and its sulfate conjugate. This multiplexed separation platform is optimal for large-scale biomonitoring studies of air pollution relevant to global health as well as occupational smoke exposures in firefighters susceptible to dermal PAH absorption when using personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biban Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Habibagahi A, Alderman N, Kubwabo C. A review of the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco and vaping products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4276-4302. [PMID: 32853303 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of exposure to different chemicals from both combustible cigarettes and vaping products is important in providing information on the potential health risks of these products. To assess the exposure to tobacco products, biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) are measured in a variety of biological matrices. In this review paper, current knowledge on analytical methods applied to the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products is discussed. Numerous sample preparation techniques are available for the extraction and sample clean up for the analysis of BOEs to tobacco and nicotine delivery products. Many tobacco products-related exposure biomarkers have been analyzed using different instrumental techniques, the most common techniques being gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). To assess exposure to emerging tobacco products and study exposure in dual tobacco users, the list of biomarkers analyzed in urine samples has been expanded. Therefore, the current state of the literature can be used in preparing a preferred list of biomarkers based on the aim of each study. The information summarized in this review is expected to be a handy tool for researchers involved in studying exposures to tobacco products, as well as in risk assessment of biomarkers of exposure to vaping products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Barr DB, Puttaswamy N, Jaacks LM, Steenland K, Rajkumar S, Gupton S, Ryan PB, Balakrishnan K, Peel JL, Checkley W, Clasen T, Clark ML. Design and Rationale of the Biomarker Center of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:47010. [PMID: 32347765 PMCID: PMC7228115 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect are fundamental for understanding environmental exposures, mechanistic pathways of effect, and monitoring early adverse outcomes. To date, no study has comprehensively evaluated a large suite and variety of biomarkers in household air pollution (HAP) studies in concert with exposure and outcome data. The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) fuel/stove randomized intervention trial enrolling 800 pregnant women in each of four countries (i.e., Peru, Guatemala, Rwanda, and India). Their offspring will be followed from birth through 12 months of age to evaluate the role of pre- and postnatal exposure to HAP from biomass burning cookstoves in the control arm and LPG stoves in the intervention arm on growth and respiratory outcomes. In addition, up to 200 older adult women per site are being recruited in the same households to evaluate indicators of cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and cancer outcomes. OBJECTIVES Here we describe the rationale and ultimate design of a comprehensive biomarker plan to enable us to explore more fully how exposure is related to disease outcome. METHODS HAPIN enrollment and data collection began in May 2018 and will continue through August 2021. As a part of data collection, dried blood spot (DBS) and urine samples are being collected three times during pregnancy in pregnant women and older adult women. DBS are collected at birth for the child. DBS and urine samples are being collected from the older adult women and children three times throughout the child's first year of life. Exposure biomarkers that will be longitudinally measured in all participants include urinary hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic chemical metabolites, metals/metalloids, levoglucosan, and cotinine. Biomarkers of effect, including inflammation, endothelial and oxidative stress biomarkers, lung cancer markers, and other clinically relevant measures will be analyzed in urine, DBS, or blood products from the older adult women. Similarly, genomic/epigenetic markers, microbiome, and metabolomics will be measured in older adult women samples. DISCUSSION Our study design will yield a wealth of biomarker data to evaluate, in great detail, the link between exposures and health outcomes. In addition, our design is comprehensive and innovative by including cutting-edge measures such as metabolomics and epigenetics. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Savannah Gupton
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - (HAPIN Investigative Team)
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ma WL, Zhu FJ, Hu PT, Qiao LN, Li YF. Gas/particle partitioning of PAHs based on equilibrium-state model and steady-state model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:136029. [PMID: 31855629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gas/particle (G/P) partitioning (KP) behavior is an important factor for the environmental fate of PAHs in atmosphere. Based on large database of log KP, equilibrium-state and steady-state models were applied for the comprehensive study with the G/P partitioning of PAHs, including the Harner-Bidleman (H-B) model, the Dachs-Eisenreich (D-E) model, and the Li-Ma-Yang (L-M-Y) model. For different sites, the trend of regression between log KP and log KOA was same, however, the slopes and intercepts were different. No obvious difference was observed between northern Chinese cities and southern Chinese cities. For congeners and aromatic rings of PAHs, the difference was much more obvious for the regressions, slopes and intercepts. The prediction of the D-E model and the H-B model matched well for the regression of the 4-rings and 5-rings PAHs, with >80% of monitoring data points in the range of ±1 log unit. The L-M-Y model only predicted well with the measurement for 4-rings PAHs with special values of log KOA. For different ranges of log KOA, the difference with the regression between log KP and log KOA was also obvious. Compared with our measurement, if 1 order of magnitude difference with log KP values between prediction and measurement was considered, the H-B model, the D-E model and the L-M-Y model can be only used when the log KOA in the ranges from 7.65 to 13.7, 6.88 to 13.5, and 7.65 to 11.7, respectively. Therefore, further studies with prediction models should be conducted for the G/P partitioning of PAHs. The results of this study provided new insights into the research field of the G/P partitioning of SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China..
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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5
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Yang M, Wang Y, Ren J, Li M, Wang Q, Li N, Zhu J, Zou X. A Rapid and Sensitive Method of Determination of 1-Hydroxypyrene Glucuronide in Urine by UPLC–FLD. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Serrano M, Bartolomé M, Bravo JC, Paniagua G, Gañan J, Gallego-Picó A, Garcinuño RM. On-line flow injection molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for the preconcentration and determination of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine samples. Talanta 2017; 166:375-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Fitzgerald J, Leonard P, Darcy E, Sharma S, O'Kennedy R. Immunoaffinity Chromatography: Concepts and Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1485:27-51. [PMID: 27730547 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6412-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based separation methods, such as immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), are powerful purification and isolation techniques. Antibodies isolated using these techniques have proven highly efficient in applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. Immunoaffinity chromatography is an efficient antibody separation method which exploits the binding efficiency of a ligand to an antibody. Essential to the successful design of any IAC platform is the optimization of critical experimental parameters such as (a) the biological affinity pair, (b) the matrix support, (c) the immobilization coupling chemistry, and (d) the effective elution conditions. These elements and the practicalities of their use are discussed in detail in this review. At the core of all IAC platforms is the high affinity interactions between antibodies and their related ligands; hence, this review entails a brief introduction to the generation of antibodies for use in immunoaffinity chromatography and also provides specific examples of their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fitzgerald
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Leonard
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Elaine Darcy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. .,Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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8
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A simple analytical method of determining 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in human urine by isotope dilution with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1513-1518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Serrano M, Bartolomé M, Gallego-Picó A, Garcinuño R, Bravo J, Fernández P. Synthesis of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the isolation of 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine. Talanta 2015; 143:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Anderson KA, Szelewski MJ, Wilson G, Quimby BD, Hoffman PD. Modified ion source triple quadrupole mass spectrometer gas chromatograph for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analyses. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:89-98. [PMID: 26454790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe modified gas chromatography electron-impact/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS/MS) utilizing a newly developed hydrogen-injected self-cleaning ion source and modified 9mm extractor lens. This instrument, with optimized parameters, achieves quantitative separation of 62 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Existing methods historically limited rigorous identification and quantification to a small subset, such as the 16 PAHs the US EPA has defined as priority pollutants. Without the critical source and extractor lens modifications, the off-the-shelf GC-EI/MS/MS system was unsuitable for complex PAH analysis. Separations were enhanced by increased gas flow, a complex GC temperature profile incorporating multiple isothermal periods, specific ramp rates, and a PAH-optimized column. Typical determinations with our refined GC-EI/MS/MS have a large linear range of 1-10,000pgμl(-1) and detection limits of <2pgμl(-1). Included in the 62 PAHs, multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode enabled GC-EI/MS/MS identification and quantitation of several constituents of the MW 302 PAH isomers. Using calibration standards, values determined were within 5% of true values over many months. Standard curve r(2) values were typically >0.998, exceptional for compounds which are archetypally difficult. With this method benzo[a]fluorene, benzo[b]fluorene, benzo[c]fluorene were fully separated as was benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[j]fluoranthene. Chrysene and triphenylene, were sufficiently separated to allow accurate quantitation. Mean limits of detection (LODs) across all PAHs were 1.02±0.84pgμl(-1) with indeno[1,2,3-c,d] pyrene having the lowest LOD at 0.26pgμl(-1) and only two analytes above 2.0pgμl(-1); acenaphthalene (2.33pgμl(-1)) and dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (6.44pgμl(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | - Glenn Wilson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bruce D Quimby
- Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE 19808, United States
| | - Peter D Hoffman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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M J Roth Y-L Qiao N Rothman J A Tangrea S M Dawsey G-Q Wang S-H Cho D Kang P R Taylor P T Strickland. High urine 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide concentrations in Linxian, China, an area of high risk for squamous oesophageal cancer. Biomarkers 2013; 6:381-6. [PMID: 23889311 DOI: 10.1080/13547500110044780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Most squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus in low-risk populations are attributable to alcohol and tobacco consumption, but the aetiologic agents in many high-risk populations have yet to be definitively identified. Linxian, China has some of the highest oesophageal cancer rates in the world. Recent studies suggest that an association exists between high-level exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and the development of oesophageal cancer. The inhabitants of this high-risk region extensively use coal and wood for cooking and heating in unvented stoves, and thus may be exposed to PAHs produced during the incomplete combustion of these fuel sources. High levels of B[a]P were recently detected in staple food samples from Linxian and histopathologic changes that may be associated with PAH exposure have also been identified in oesophagectomy specimens from the region. In an effort to determine whether this high-risk population is exposed to high levels of PAHs, voided urines from non-smokers (n = 22) without occupational exposure were collected and analysed using immunoaffinity chromatography and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy for 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, a PAH metabolite and index biomarker for mixed PAH exposure. The median urine 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide concentration (2.06 pmol ml(-1)) was equivalent to concentrations detected in current smokers. To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first report of elevated urine 1-hydroxpyrene glucuronide concentrations in Linxian, and the first biologic confirmation that the inhabitants of this rural, non-industrial, high oesophageal cancer risk region are exposed to carcinogenic PAHs.
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12
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[Chemical methods for determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in biological material]. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2011; 62:77-89. [PMID: 21421536 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents methods for the analysis of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in humans and animals. These metabolites serve as biomarkers of human and animal exposure to the mentioned pollutants, but some metabolites also have toxic properties. Most are analysed in urine, which is the most accessible sample, but they can also be analysed in human and animal liver, bile, and adipose tissue.Their analysis is important for assessing bioavailability of aromatic pollutants and their toxicity in human organism, but also the toxicity of metabolites themselves. Advancements in analytical methods have made it possible to analyse multiple metabolites in a sample at the same time. New extraction techniques and more precise and selective qualitative and quantitative analyses can now detect very low metabolite concentrations. An extra advantage is that these simple techniques require less chemicals and time.
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13
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Abstract
Antibody-based separation methods, such as immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), are powerful purification and isolation techniques. Antibodies isolated using these techniques have proven highly efficient in applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. IAC is an efficient antibody separation method which exploits the binding efficiency of a ligand to an antibody. Essential to the successful design of any IAC platform is the optimisation of critical experimental parameters such as: (a) the biological affinity pair, (b) the matrix support, (c) the immobilisation coupling chemistry, and (d) the effective elution conditions. These elements and the practicalities of their use are discussed in detail in this review. At the core of all IAC platforms is the high-affinity interactions between antibodies and their related ligands; hence, this review entails a brief introduction to the generation of antibodies for use in IAC and also provides specific examples of their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fitzgerald
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Salinas-Sánchez AS, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Donate-Moreno MJ, Rubio-del-Campo A, Gimenez-Bachs JM, Lorenzo-Romero JG, Serrano-Oviedo L, Escribano J. Polymorphic deletions of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes and susceptibility to bladder cancer. BJU Int 2010; 107:1825-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Melikian AA, Djordjevic MV, Chen S, Richie J, Stellman SD. Effect of delivered dosage of cigarette smoke toxins on the levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1408-15. [PMID: 17627005 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary metabolites of tobacco smoke toxins are often used as biomarkers for the evaluation of active and passive exposure to cigarette smoke toxins. In a study of healthy smokers, we investigated concentrations of urinary biomarkers in relation to concentrations of selected toxins in mainstream cigarette smoke as determined by machine smoking of cigarettes in a manner that mimics an individual's smoking behavior (topography). Concentrations of nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and benzo(a)pyrene, in mainstream smoke determined under human smoking conditions, and their urinary metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, and 1-hydroxypyrene were established for 257 individuals who smoked low-yield (0.1-0.8 mg Federal Trade Commission nicotine/cigarette; mean, 0.66; n = 87), medium-yield (0.9-1.2 mg nicotine/cigarette; mean, 1.1; n = 109), and high-yield cigarettes (nicotine, >1.3 mg nicotine/cigarette; mean, 1.41; n = 61). Levels of urinary metabolites expressed per unit of delivered parent compounds decreased with increased smoke emissions. In smokers of low-, medium-, and high-yield cigarettes, the respective cotinine (ng/mg creatinine)-to-nicotine (mg/d) ratios were 89.4, 77.8, and 57.1 (low versus high; P = 0.06); the 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (pmol/mg creatinine)-to-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (ng/d) ratios were 0.81, 0.55, and 0.57 (low versus high; P = 0.05); and the 1-hydroxypyrene (pg/mg creatinine)-to-benzo(a)pyrene (ng/d) ratios were 1.55, 1.13, and 0.97 (low versus high; P = 0.008). Similarly, means of cotinine per unit of delivered nicotine in smokers who consumed <20 cigarettes per day was 3.5-fold higher than in those who smoked >20 cigarettes per day. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed between cotinine-to-nicotine ratios and delivered doses of nicotine in subgroups of smokers who used the identical brand of cigarette, namely a filter tip-vented Marlboro (r = -0.59), which is a popular brand among Euro-Americans, and Newport (r = -0.37), a menthol-flavored cigarette without filter tip vents that is preferred by African-Americans. Thus, the intensity of the exposures significantly affects the levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and should be taken into account in the evaluation of human exposure to cigarette smoke toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assieh A Melikian
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
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Wegener JWM, Hopman-Ubbels GHJ, Van Velzen M. Improved glucuronide hydrolysis in the determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:232-5. [PMID: 16999971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the glucuronide hydrolysis in the determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene was investigated as a function of the reaction conditions. A significant improvement could be obtained by increasing the enzyme concentration described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W M Wegener
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Institute for Environmnetal Studies, De Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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17
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Maisonnette C, Simon P, Hennion MC, Pichon V. Selective immunoclean-up followed by liquid chromatography for the monitoring of a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine at the ngl−1 level. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:185-93. [PMID: 16414055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A selective clean-up procedure using an immunosorbent (IS) was developed for the trace-level determination, in water and urine samples, of 3-benzo(a)pyrene-glucuronide (3-BP-G), a biomarker of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). First, three sorbents used for the immobilization of antibodies were evaluated for their ability to limit the risk of non-specific interactions and to provide a high bonding density. The best sorbent, i.e. sepharose, was used for the immobilization of two different monoclonal antibodies. The most specific antibody for 3-BP-G was applied to the selective extraction from urine providing a clean extract, an easy and reliable quantification by comparison with a classical SPE process. The sensitivity of the fluorescence associated with the selectivity of the IS provides a limit of detection up to 1.2 ng l(-1) in urine for 3-BP-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Maisonnette
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, LECA, UMR CNRS 7121, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles, ESPCI, 10, rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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18
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Cho S, Kang D, Kang J, Ju Y, Sung J, Lee C, Lee S, Lee Y, Strickland PT. Use of Urinary PAH Metabolites to Assess PAH Exposure Intervention among Coke Oven Workers. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.42.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo‐Hun Cho
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC
| | - Daehee Kang
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC
| | - Jong‐Won Kang
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC
| | - Yeong‐Su Ju
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC
| | - Cheol‐Koo Lee
- Department of Preventive MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC
| | | | | | - Paul T. Strickland
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health SciencesJohns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health
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Leem JH, Kim JH, Lee KH, Hong YC, Lee KH, Kang D, Kwon HJ. Asthma attack associated with oxidative stress by exposure to ETS and PAH. J Asthma 2005; 42:463-7. [PMID: 16293541 DOI: 10.1080/02770900500200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Asthma is primarily an airways inflammatory disease, and the bronchial airways have been shown to be particularly susceptible to oxidant-induced tissue damage. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether pulmonary inflammation in asthma is associated with exposure to environmental oxidants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). METHOD We assessed the exposure level of PAH and ETS by using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) and cotinine. We estimated oxidative damage and inflammatory cytokine levels from 16 asthma patients and 16 patients in stable conditions 1 to 2 months later. RESULTS Our study showed that the levels of oxidative damage, as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA), were significantly increased (p = 0.006) during the asthma attacks. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were both increased during the asthma attacks compared to the stable conditions at follow-up. Interleukin (IL-6) and IL-10 were especially increased significantly (p = 0.015 and p < 0.001, respectively). Correlations were observed between inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1beta (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION This study supports the results of in vitro studies that oxidative stress, specifically lipid peroxidation, contributes to the pathophysiology of asthma. Therefore, environmental interventions based on this better understanding are needed to significantly reduce oxidant stress and prevent or minimize the development of asthmatic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Han Leem
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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20
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Kang D, Lee KH, Lee KM, Kwon HJ, Hong YC, Cho SH, Strickland PT. Design issues in cross-sectional biomarkers studies: urinary biomarkers of PAH exposure and oxidative stress. Mutat Res 2005; 592:138-46. [PMID: 16102785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional biomarker studies can provide a snapshot of the frequency and characteristics of exposure/disease in a population at a particular point in time and, as a result, valuable insights for delineating the multi-step association between exposure and disease occurrence. Three major issues should be considered when designing biomarker studies: selection of appropriate biomarkers, the assay (laboratory validity), and the population validity of the selected biomarkers. Factors related to biomarker selection include biological relevance, specificity, sensitivity, biological half-life, stability, and so on. The assay attributes include limit of detection, reproducibility/reliability, inter-laboratory variation, specificity, time, and cost. Factors related to the population validity include the frequency or prevalence of markers, greater inter-individual variation than intra-individual variation, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), association with potential confounders, invasiveness of specimen collection, and subject selection. Three studies are selected to demonstrate different features of cross-sectional biomarker studies: (1) characterizing the determinants of the biomarkers (study I: urinary PAH metabolites and environmental particulate exposure), (2) relationship of multiple biomarkers of exposure and effect (study II: relationship between urinary PAH metabolites and oxidative stress), and (3) evaluating gene-environmental interaction (study III: effect of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 on the association of green tea consumption and urinary 1-OHPG levels in shipbuilding workers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul 110-799, South Korea.
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Carmella SG, Le KA, Hecht SS. Improved Method for Determination of 1-Hydroxypyrene in Human Urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1261.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We have developed an improved method for the analysis of human urine for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), an accepted biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon uptake. This method takes advantage of commercially available 96-well format devices, which expedite sample preparation before quantitation by HPLC with fluorescence detection. In addition to improved speed of analysis, which is critical for the application of this assay in molecular epidemiology studies, the method described here uses an internal standard, 1-hydroxybenz[a]anthracene, improved sample preparation methods, and optimized HPLC and fluorescence detection conditions. The resulting method for analysis of 1-HOP is sensitive (detection limit, 0.05 pmol/mL urine), accurate (as determined by known addition of 1-HOP to urine), and precise [relative SD (RSD), 4.13%]. A longitudinal study of 1-HOP levels in the urine of 10 nonsmokers showed considerable day-to-day (mean RSD, 55.1 %) and week-to-week (mean RSD, 38.2 %) intra-individual variation, indicating the necessity for multiple sampling in studies concerned with relatively small differences in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ky-Anh Le
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Jacob J, Seidel A. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778:31-47. [PMID: 12376115 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolites in human urine is the method of choice to determine occupational and/or environmental exposure of an individual to PAH, in particular, when multiple routes of exposure have to be taken into account. Requirements for methods of biomonitoring PAH metabolites in urine are presented. Studies using 1-hydroxypyrene or phenanthrene metabolites including its phenols and dihydrodiols are summarized. The role of these PAH metabolites as established biomarkers and also more recent developments of PAH biomonitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jacob
- Biochemisches Institut für Umweltcarcinogene-Prof Dr Gernot Grimmer-Stiftung, Lurup 4, D-22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Ferrari S, Mandel F, Berset JD. Quantitative determination of 1 -hydroxypyrene in bovine urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 47:173-182. [PMID: 11993633 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed to determine quantitatively 1-hydroxypyrene (OHP) in bovine urine samples. The procedure includes an enzymatic hydrolysis to cleave the conjugated metabolite, an enrichment step using solid phase extraction with a non-polar rinse step and elution with dichloromethane. A final clean-up on silicagel was performed before high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and fluorescence detection. Alternatively, HPLC and electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode applying selective ion monitoring acquisition revealed to be a highly sensitive detection method allowing the quantitation of low pg of OHP in the urine samples. The method was successfully applied to the determination of OHP in bovine urine samples from animals living in urban and rural areas. Urine concentrations of OHP were significantly higher (median 8.6 microg l(-1)) of bovines living close to a highway.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Ferrari
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Agriculture (IUL),Berne, Switzerland
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Lee J, Kang D, Lee KH, Ichiba M, Zhang J, Tomokuni K, Hwang ES, Park CG, Ha M, Kim S, Han SB, Choi JW, Lee E, Jang JY, Strickland PT, Hirvonen A, Cho SH. Influence of GSTM1 genotype on association between aromatic DNA adducts and urinary PAH metabolites in incineration workers. Mutat Res 2002; 514:213-21. [PMID: 11815259 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Waste incinerating workers are exposed to various pyrolysis products including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We examined their PAH exposure by assessing urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), as a measure of internal dose, and aromatic DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells (WBCs), as a measure of biological effect dose. The potential effect of genetic polymorphisms of three enzymes involved in PAH metabolisms (i.e., CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1) on these exposure markers was also investigated.Twenty-nine employees including workers incinerating industrial wastes and 21 non-exposed on-site controls were recruited from a company handling industrial wastes in South Korea. Sixteen ambient PAHs were determined by GC/MSD (NIOSH method) from personal breathing zone samples of nine subjects working near incinerators. Urinary 1-OHPG was assayed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) after immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11. Aromatic DNA adducts in peripheral WBC were measured by the nuclease P1-enhanced post-labelling assay. Genotypes were assessed by PCR-based methods. Information on smoking habits and use of personal protective equipment were collected by self-administered questionnaire. Urinary 1-OHPG levels were significantly higher in workers handling industrial wastes than in those with presumed lower exposure to PAHs (P=0.006, by Kruskal-Wallis test). A statistically significant dose-response increase in 1-OHPG levels was seen with the number of cigarettes consumed per day (r=0.686, P<0.001). Smoking and GSTM1 genotype were significant predictors for log-transformed 1-OHPG by multiple regression analysis (overall model R(2)=0.565, P<0.001), whereas smoking was the only significant predictor for log-transformed aromatic DNA adducts (overall model R(2)=0.249, P=0.201). Aromatic DNA adducts were significantly correlated with log-transformed urinary 1-OHPG level (r=0.31, P=0.04). However, the partial correlation coefficient adjusting for age, sex, and cigarette consumption was not significant (r=0.15, P=0.17). The significant association exists only in individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r=0.52, P=0.01; partial correlation coefficient adjusting for age, sex, and cigarette consumption, r=0.36, P=0.04). Our results suggest that the significant increase in urinary 1-OHPG in the exposed workers is due to higher prevalence of smokers among them, and that the association between urinary PAH metabolites and aromatic DNA adducts in workers of industrial waste handling may be modulated by GSTM1 genotype. These results remain to be confirmed in future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, 110-799, Seoul, South Korea
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Kuijt J, García-Ruiz C, Stroomberg GJ, Marina ML, Ariese F, Brinkman UA, Gooijer C. Laser-induced fluorescence detection at 266 nm in capillary electrophoresis. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in biota. J Chromatogr A 2001; 907:291-9. [PMID: 11217036 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The separation of five phenolic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (hydroxy-PAHs) has been performed by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) using a 30 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 60 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and varying concentrations of gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD). A concentration of 12.5 mM gamma-CD was found to provide a baseline separation of the five hydroxy-PAHs. We applied conventional fluorescence and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, using a new, small-size, quadrupled Nd-YAG laser emitting at 266 nm. The best limits of detection, in the low ng/ml range, were achieved using LIF detection. For all analytes, linearity was observed up to ca. 100 ng/ml. As an application, conjugated pyrene metabolites in hepatopancreas samples from the terrestrial isopods Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber were separated and detected. Finally, flatfish bile samples from individuals exposed to polluted sediment or crude oil, which were part of an interlaboratory study, were analyzed by CD-MEKC with conventional fluorescence and LIF detection to determine the 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kuijt
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Chapter 4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(01)80007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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