1
|
Li HX, Sun MR, Zhang Y, Song LL, Zhang F, Song YQ, Hou XD, Ge GB. Human Carboxylesterase 1A Plays a Predominant Role in Hydrolysis of the Anti-Dyslipidemia Agent Fenofibrate in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1490-1498. [PMID: 37550069 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a marketed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, has been widely used for treating severe hypertriglyceridemia and mixed dyslipidemia. As a canonical prodrug, fenofibrate can be rapidly hydrolyzed to release the active metabolite (fenofibric acid) in vivo, but the crucial enzyme(s) responsible for fenofibrate hydrolysis and the related hydrolytic kinetics have not been well-investigated. This study aimed to assign the key organs and crucial enzymes involved in fenofibrate hydrolysis in humans, as well as reveal the impact of fenofibrate hydrolysis on its non-PPAR-mediated biologic activities. Our results demonstrated that fenofibrate could be rapidly hydrolyzed in the preparations from both human liver and lung to release fenofibric acid. Reaction phenotyping assays coupling with chemical inhibition assays showed that human carboxylesterase 1A (hCES1A) played a predominant role in fenofibrate hydrolysis in human liver and lung, while human carboxylesterase 2A (hCES2A) and human monoacylglycerol esterase (hMAGL) contributed to a very lesser extent. Kinetic analyses showed that fenofibrate could be rapidly hydrolyzed by hCES1A in human liver preparations, while the inherent clearance of hCES1A-catalyzed fenofibrate hydrolysis is much higher (>200-fold) than than that of hCES2A or hMAGL. Biologic assays demonstrated that both fenofibrate and fenofibric acid showed very closed Nrf2 agonist effects, but fenofibrate hydrolysis strongly weakens its inhibitory effects against both hCES2A and hNtoum. Collectively, our findings reveal that the liver is the major organ and hCES1A is the predominant enzyme-catalyzing fenofibrate hydrolysis in humans, while fenofibrate hydrolysis significantly reduces inhibitory effects of fenofibrate against serine hydrolases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Fenofibrate can be completely converted to fenofibric acid in humans and subsequently exert its pharmacological effects, but the hydrolytic pathways of fenofibrate in humans have not been well-investigated. This study reported that the liver was the predominant organ and human carboxylesterase 1A was the crucial enzyme involved in fenofibrate hydrolysis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Meng-Ru Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Li-Lin Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Yun-Qing Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Xu-Dong Hou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (H.-X.L., M.-R.S., Y.Z., L.-L.S., F.Z., Y.-Q.S., X.-D.H., G.-B.G.) and Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (L.-L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Immediate-released pelletized solid dispersion containing fenofibrate: Formulation, in vitro characterization, and bioequivalence studies in experimental beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
3
|
Effect of molecular weight of hypromellose on mucin diffusion and oral absorption behavior of fenofibrate nanocrystal. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
4
|
Potent and PPARα-independent anti-proliferative action of the hypolipidemic drug fenofibrate in VEGF-dependent angiosarcomas in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6316. [PMID: 31004117 PMCID: PMC6474884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcomas are highly aggressive tumors of endothelial origin, which carry a poor prognosis. Fenofibrate is a hypolipidemic drug, which acts by activating the transcription factor PPARα. It has also been widely reported to have ‘anti-cancer’ activity. The current study investigated its effect in a murine VEGF-dependent angiosarcoma cell-line, MS1 VEGF. The study utilised assays to monitor cell proliferation and viability, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, mitochondrial membrane potential, changes in protein expression, and changes in miRNA expression using microarrays. Fenofibrate showed potent anti-proliferative action in MS1 VEGF angiosarcoma cells, without inducing apoptosis. It enriched cells in G2/M cell cycle phase and hyperpolarised mitochondria. Other PPARα activators failed to mimic fenofibrate action. Inhibitors of PPARα and NFκB failed to reverse the inhibitory effect of fenofibrate and their combination with fenofibrate was cytotoxic. Fenofibrate downregulated the expression of key VEGF-effector proteins, including Akt, ERK, Bcl-2 and survivin, and a chemical inhibitor screen discovered relevance of these proteins to cell proliferation. A miRNA microarray revealed that fenofibrate differentially regulated cellular miRNAs with known roles in cancer and angiogenesis. The data raise the possibility that fenofibrate could be useful in angiosarcoma therapy, especially considering its well-established clinical safety and tolerability profile.
Collapse
|
5
|
Current Trends in Fully Automated On-Line Analytical Techniques for Beverage Analysis. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The determination of target analytes in complex matrices such as beverages requires a series of analytical steps to obtain a reliable analysis. This critical review presents the current trends in sample preparation techniques based on solid phase extraction miniaturization, automation and on-line coupling. Techniques discussed include solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) and turbulent-flow chromatography (TFC). Advantages and limitations, as well as several of their main applications in beverage samples are discussed. Finally, fully automated on-line systems that involve extraction, chromatographic separation, and tandem mass spectrometry in one-step are introduced and critically reviewed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Andrade-Eiroa A, Canle M, Leroy-Cancellieri V, Cerdà V. Solid-phase extraction of organic compounds: A critical review (Part I). Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
7
|
Arafat T, Arafat B, Abu Awwad A, Schmitz OJ. Determination of Fenofibric Acid in Human Plasma by LC–MS/MS and LC–UV. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Alamri RG, Mohsin K, Ahmad A, Raish M, Alanazi FK. Development and validation of bioanalytical UHPLC-UV method for simultaneous analysis of unchanged fenofibrate and its metabolite fenofibric acid in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetics. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 25:128-135. [PMID: 28223873 PMCID: PMC5310137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, precise, selective and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-UV) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a lipid regulating agent fenofibrate and its metabolite fenofibric acid in rat plasma. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase Acquity® BEH C18 column using methanol–water (65:35, v/v) as the mobile phase. The isocratic flow was 0.3 ml/min with rapid run time of 2.5 min and UV detection was at 284 nm. The method was validated over a concentration range of 100–10000 ng/ml (r2 ⩾ 0.9993). The selectivity, specificity, recovery, accuracy and precision were validated for determination of fenofibrate/fenofibric acid in rat plasma. The lower limits of detection and quantitation of the method were 30 and 90 ng/ml for fenofibrate and 40 and 100 ng/ml for fenofibric acid, respectively. The within and between-day coefficients of variation were less than 5%. The validated method has been successfully applied to measure the plasma concentrations in pharmacokinetics study of fenofibrate in an animal model to illustrate the scope and application of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan G Alamri
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kazi Mohsin
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tian Z, Yu Q, Xie Y, Li F, Lu Y, Dong X, Zhao W, Qi J, Wu W. Controlling Release of Integral Lipid Nanoparticles Based on Osmotic Pump Technology. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1988-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Pestieau A, Krier F, Brouwers A, Streel B, Evrard B. Selection of a discriminant and biorelevant in vitro dissolution test for the development of fenofibrate self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:212-9. [PMID: 27169683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a BCS class II compound, has a low bioavailability especially when taken orally on an empty stomach. The challenge to find a new formulation for providing bioavailability, independent of food, is still ongoing. If the development of a suitable oral delivery formulation of BCS class II compounds is a frequent and great challenge to formulation scientists, the in vitro evaluation of these new formulations is also a great challenge. The purpose of this study was therefore to select an in vitro dissolution test that would be useful and as biorelevant as possible for the development of fenofibrate self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations. In this context, three different fenofibrate formulations, for which in vivo data are available in the literature, were tested using different dissolution tests until we found the one that was the most suitable. As part of this approach, we started with the simplest in vitro dissolution tests and progressed to tests that were increasingly more complex. The first tests were different single phase dissolution tests: a test under sink conditions based on the USP monograph, and different tests under non-sink conditions in non-biorelevant and biorelevant media. Given the inconclusive results obtained with these tests, biphasic dissolution systems were then tested: one with USP apparatus type II alone and another which combined USP apparatus types II and IV. This last combined test seemed the most suitable in vitro dissolution test for the development of the future fenofibrate lipid-based formulations we intend to develop in our own laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pestieau
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Fabrice Krier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Adeline Brouwers
- Galephar Research Center M/F, Rue du Parc Industriel 39, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Bruno Streel
- Galephar Research Center M/F, Rue du Parc Industriel 39, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yousaf AM, Mustapha O, Kim DW, Kim DS, Kim KS, Jin SG, Yong CS, Youn YS, Oh YK, Kim JO, Choi HG. Novel electrosprayed nanospherules for enhanced aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:213-21. [PMID: 26834471 PMCID: PMC4716746 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the present research was to develop a novel electrosprayed nanospherule providing the most optimized aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble fenofibrate. Methods Numerous fenofibrate-loaded electrosprayed nanospherules were prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Labrafil® M 2125 as carriers using the electrospray technique, and the effect of the carriers on drug solubility and solvation was assessed. The solid state characterization of an optimized formulation was conducted by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses. Oral bioavailability in rats was also evaluated for the formulation of an optimized nanospherule in comparison with free drug and a conventional fenofibrate-loaded solid dispersion. Results All of the electrosprayed nanospherule formulations had remarkably enhanced aqueous solubility and dissolution compared with free drug. Moreover, Labrafil M 2125, a surfactant, had a positive influence on the solubility and dissolution of the drug in the electrosprayed nanospherule. Increases were observed as the PVP/drug ratio increased to 4:1, but higher ratios gave no significant increases. In particular, an electrosprayed nanospherule composed of fenofibrate, PVP, and Labrafil M 2125 at the weight ratio of 1:4:0.5 resulted in a particle size of <200 nm with the drug present in the amorphous state. It demonstrated the highest solubility (32.51±2.41 μg/mL), an excellent dissolution (~85% in 10 minutes), and an oral bioavailability ~2.5-fold better than that of the free drug. It showed similar oral bioavailability compared to the conventional solid dispersion. Conclusion Electrosprayed nanospherules, which provide improved solubility and bioavailability, are promising drug delivery tools for oral administration of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Johar, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Omer Mustapha
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Dong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yousaf AM, Kim DW, Oh YK, Yong CS, Kim JO, Choi HG. Enhanced oral bioavailability of fenofibrate using polymeric nanoparticulated systems: physicochemical characterization and in vivo investigation. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1819-30. [PMID: 25784807 PMCID: PMC4356686 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s78895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intention of this research was to prepare and compare various solubility-enhancing nanoparticulated systems in order to select a nanoparticulated formulation with the most improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble fenofibrate. Methods The most appropriate excipients for different nanoparticulated preparations were selected by determining the drug solubility in 1% (w/v) aqueous solutions of each carrier. The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanospheres, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) nanocorpuscles, and gelatin nanocapsules were formulated as fenofibrate/PVP/sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), fenofibrate/HP-β-CD, and fenofibrate/gelatin at the optimized weight ratios of 2.5:4.5:1, 1:4, and 1:8, respectively. The three solid-state products were achieved using the solvent-evaporation method through the spray-drying technique. The physicochemical characterization of these nanoparticles was accomplished by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Their physicochemical properties, aqueous solubility, dissolution rate, and pharmacokinetics in rats were investigated in comparison with the drug powder. Results Among the tested carriers, PVP, HP-β-CD, gelatin, and SLS showed better solubility and were selected as the most appropriate constituents for various nanoparticulated systems. All of the formulations significantly improved the aqueous solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of fenofibrate compared to the drug powder. The drug was present in the amorphous form in HP-β-CD nanocorpuscles; however, in other formulations, it existed in the crystalline state with a reduced intensity. The aqueous solubility and dissolution rates of the nanoparticles (after 30 minutes) were not significantly different from one another. Among the nanoparticulated systems tested in this study, the initial dissolution rates (up to 10 minutes) were higher with the PVP nanospheres and HP-β-CD nanocorpuscles; however, neither of them resulted in the highest oral bioavailability. Irrespective of relatively retarded dissolution rate, gelatin nanocapsules showed the highest apparent aqueous solubility and furnished the most improved oral bioavailability of the drug (~5.5-fold), owing to better wetting and diminution in crystallinity. Conclusion Fenofibrate-loaded gelatin nanocapsules prepared using the solvent-evaporation method through the spray-drying technique could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product for administering the poorly water-soluble fenofibrate with an enhanced bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Weng T, Qi J, Lu Y, Wang K, Tian Z, Hu K, Yin Z, Wu W. The role of lipid-based nano delivery systems on oral bioavailability enhancement of fenofibrate, a BCS II drug: comparison with fast-release formulations. J Nanobiotechnology 2014; 12:39. [PMID: 25248304 PMCID: PMC4180958 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-014-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare various formulations solid dispersion pellets (SDP), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) generally accepted to be the most efficient drug delivery systems for BCS II drugs using fenofibrate (FNB) as a model drug. The size and morphology of NLCs and SMEDDS was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their release behaviors were investigated in medium with or without pancreatic lipase. The oral bioavailability of the various formulations was compared in beagle dogs using commercial Lipanthyl® capsules (micronized formulation) as a reference. The release of FNB from SDP was much faster than that from NLCs and SMEDDS in medium without lipase, whereas the release rate from NLCs and SMEDDS was increased after adding pancreatic lipase into the release medium. However, NLCs and SMEDDS increased the bioavailability of FNB to 705.11% and 809.10%, respectively, in comparison with Lipanthyl® capsules, although the relative bioavailability of FNB was only 366.05% after administration of SDPs. Thus, lipid-based drug delivery systems (such as NLCs and SMEDDS) may have more advantages than immediate release systems (such as SDPs and Lipanthyl® capsules).
Collapse
|
14
|
Solidification of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) onto pellets by fluid-bed coating: Preparation, in vitro characterization and bioavailability in dogs. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Jian-kang L, Ying S, Lei W, Minchun C, Wei S, Xueqing L, Xiao-li S, Guangqing L, Yan-yan J, Ai-dong W. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of clinofibrate and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 76:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Balendiran GK, Rath N, Kotheimer A, Miller C, Zeller M, Rath NP. Biomolecular chemistry of isopropyl fibrates. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1555-69. [PMID: 22246648 PMCID: PMC3350796 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Isopropyl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid and isopropyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropanoate, also known as fenofibrate and isopropyl (iPr) clofibrate, are hypolipidemic agents of the fibrate family. In a previously reported triclinic structure of fenofibrate (polymorph I), the methyl groups of the iPr moiety are located symmetrically about the carboxylate group. We report a new monoclinic form (polymorph II) of fenofibrate and a first structural description of iPr clofibrate, and in these the methyl groups are placed asymmetrically about the carboxylate group. In particular, the dihedral (torsion) angle between the hydrogen atom on the secondary C and the C atom of the carboxyl group makes a 2.74° angle about the ester O···C bond in the symmetric fenofibrate structure of polymorph I, whereas the same dihedral angle is 45.94° in polymorph II and -30.9° in the crystal structure of iPr clofibrate. Gas-phase density functional theory (DFT) geometry minimizations of fenofibrate and iPr clofibrate result in lowest energy conformations for both molecules with a value of about ±30° for this same angle between the OC-O-C plane and the C-H bond of the iPr group. A survey of crystal structures containing an iPr ester group reveals that the asymmetric conformation is predominant. Although the hydrogen atom on the secondary C atom of the iPr group is located at a comparable distance from the carbonyl oxygen in the symmetric and asymmetric fenofibrate (2.52 and 2.28 Å) and the iPr clofibrate (2.36 Å) structures, this hydrogen atom participates in a puckered five-membered ring arrangement in the latter two that is unlike the planar arrangement found in symmetric fenofibrate (polymorph I). Polar molecular surface area values indicate fenofibrate and iPr clofibrate are less able to act as acceptors of hydrogen bonds than their corresponding acid derivatives. Surface area calculations show that dynamic polar molecular surface area values of the iPr esters of the fibrates are lower than those of their acids, implying that the fibrates have better membrane permeability and a higher absorbability and hence are better prodrugs when these agents need to be orally administered.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang G, Guo J, Meng F, Song X, Zhong B, Zhao Y. Development of a sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of fenofibric acid in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:497-501. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jifen Guo
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road; Beijing; 100850; People's Republic of China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road; Beijing; 100850; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine; Century Road; Xianyang; 712046; People's Republic of China
| | - Bohua Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road; Beijing; 100850; People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 27 Taiping Road; Beijing; 100850; People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jain N, Raghuwanshi R, Jain D. Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Atorvastatin Calcium and Fenofibrate in Tablet Dosage Forms. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 70:263-5. [PMID: 20046730 PMCID: PMC2792487 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.41473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate in tablet formulation. The separation was achieved by Luna C18 column and methanol:acetate buffer pH 3.7 (82:18 v/v) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 248 nm. Retention time of atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate was found to be 3.02+0.1 and 9.05+0.2 min, respectively. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy and precision. Linearity for atorvastatin calcium and Fenofibrate were in the range of 1-5 μg/ml and 16-80 μg/ml, respectively. The mean recoveries obtained for Atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate were 101.76% and 100.06%, respectively. Developed method was found to be accurate, precise, selective and rapid for simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin calcium and fenofibrate in tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Jain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Proudhyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal-462 036, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
He W, Tan Y, Tian Z, Chen L, Hu F, Wu W. Food protein-stabilized nanoemulsions as potential delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs: preparation, in vitro characterization, and pharmacokinetics in rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:521-33. [PMID: 21468355 PMCID: PMC3065798 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions stabilized by traditional emulsifiers raise toxicological concerns for long-term treatment. The present work investigates the potential of food proteins as safer stabilizers for nanoemulsions to deliver hydrophobic drugs. Nanoemulsions stabilized by food proteins (soybean protein isolate, whey protein isolate, β-lactoglobulin) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The toxicity of the nanoemulsions was tested in Caco-2 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide viability assay. In vivo absorption in rats was also evaluated. Food protein-stabilized nanoemulsions, with small particle size and good size distribution, exhibited better stability and biocompatibility compared with nanoemulsions stabilized by traditional emulsifiers. Moreover, β-lactoglobulin had a better emulsifying capacity and biocompatibility than the other two food proteins. The pancreatic degradation of the proteins accelerated drug release. It is concluded that an oil/water nanoemulsion system with good biocompatibility can be prepared by using food proteins as emulsifiers, allowing better and more rapid absorption of lipophilic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu P, Li YY, Li HM, Wan DJ, Tang YJ. Determination of the nucleosides and nucleobases in Tuber samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 687:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Munjal V, Paliwal N, Varshney B, Chaursia BK, Paliwal J. LC-MS Estimation of Fenofibric Acid in Microvolumes of Human Plasma and Its Application to Bioequivalence Study. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
22
|
Bhavesh D, Shah S, Shivprakash. Determination of fenofibric acid in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: application to a bioequivalence study. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:922-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Abdul-Hay SO, Edirisinghe P, Thatcher GRJ. Selective modulation of amyloid-beta peptide degradation by flurbiprofen, fenofibrate, and related compounds regulates Abeta levels. J Neurochem 2009; 111:683-95. [PMID: 19702658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase modulators (GSMs) include selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as flurbiprofen that selectively lowers the neurotoxic amyloid-beta peptide Abeta(1-42). GSMs are attractive targets for Alzheimer's disease, in contrast to 'inverse GSMs,' such as fenofibrate, which selectively increase the level of Abeta(1-42). A methodology for screening of Abeta modulating drugs was developed utilizing an Abeta-producing neuroblastoma cell line stably transfected with mutant human amyloid precursor protein, immunoprecipitation of Abeta peptides, and mass spectroscopic quantitation of Abeta(1-37)/Abeta(1-38)/Abeta(1-40)/Abeta(1-42) using an Abeta internal standard. The unexpected conclusion of this work was that in this system, drug effects are independent of gamma-secretase. The methodology recapitulated reported results for modulation of Abeta by GSMs. However, control experiments in which exogenous Abeta(1-40)/Abeta(1-42) was added (i) to drug-treated wild-type cells or (ii) to conditioned media from these wild-type cells, gave comparable patterns of Abeta modulation. These results, suggesting that drugs modulate the ability of cell-derived factors to degrade Abeta, was interrogated by adding protease inhibitors and performing molecular weight cut-off fractionation. The results confirmed that modulation of Abeta(1-40)/Abeta(1-42) was mediated by selective proteolysis. Treatment of N2a cells with flurbiprofen or fenofibric acid selectively enhanced Abeta(1-42) clearance by extracellular proteolysis; treatment with HCT-1026 or fenofibrate (esters of flurbiprofen and fenobric acid) inhibited clearance of Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samer O Abdul-Hay
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Enhanced bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug fenofibrate by using liposomes containing a bile salt. Int J Pharm 2009; 376:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Klose D, Laprais M, Leroux V, Siepmann F, Deprez B, Bordet R, Siepmann J. Fenofibrate-loaded PLGA microparticles: effects on ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:43-52. [PMID: 19168134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs are not able to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and, thus, cannot reach a target site within the Central Nervous System (CNS). Local controlled drug delivery can help to overcome this restriction. However, this is a highly challenging approach and only one product is yet available on the market: Gliadel, which is used to reduce the risk of local tumor recurrence upon resection of malignant glioma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of local controlled drug delivery to the CNS to reduce the consequences of ischemic stroke. Fenofibrate as well as its active metabolite fenofibric acid were encapsulated within PLGA microparticles. Importantly, fenofibrate-loaded microparticles effectively reduced the consequences of ischemic stroke in Wistar rats: the total, cortical and striatal infarct volumes decreased from 257 to 197, 193 to 139, and 64 to 58 mm(3), respectively. Interestingly, fenofibric acid-loaded microparticles did not show significant in vivo efficacy, which might be attributable to a potentially limited distribution pattern within the brain and/or limited cell uptake. Thus, local controlled drug delivery to the CNS also has a significant potential for the treatment/prevention of other types of diseases than cancer. Furthermore, this approach can help to provide proof of concept in vivo in the early drug discovery phase, if the drug candidate cannot cross the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Klose
- College of Pharmacy, JE 2491, University of Lille, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59006 Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mertens B, Cahay B, Klinkenberg R, Streel B. An automated method for the simultaneous determination of pravastatin, 3-hydroxy isomeric metabolite, pravalactone and fenofibric acid in human plasma by sensitive liquid chromatography combined with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:493-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
27
|
Straka RJ, Burkhardt RT, Fisher JE. Determination of fenofibric acid concentrations by HPLC after anion exchange solid-phase extraction from human serum. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:197-202. [PMID: 17417074 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318030860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triglycerides are increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Research efforts to identify sources of variability in triglyceride-lowering response to the lipid-lowering drug fenofibrate require quantification of the active acidic form of this PPAR-alpha agonist. Anion-exchange solid-phase extraction, in combination with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), rapidly and accurately determines steady-state fenofibric acid serum concentrations. Chromatographic separation under isocratic conditions, with use of ultraviolet detection at 285 nm, provides clean baseline and sharp peaks for clofibric acid, 1-napthyl acetic acid (internal standards), and fenofibric acid. Commonly prescribed and over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were screened for assay interference, and the assay was employed to quantify fenofibric acid in more than 800 human subject specimens. Fenofibric acid analysis was found to be linear over the range of 0.5 to 40 mg/L and was validated with either internal standard. Accuracies ranged from 98.65% to 102.4%, whereas the within- and between-day precisions ranged from 1.0% to 2.2% and 2.0% to 6.2%, respectively. NSAIDs had minimal interference with the assay, which succeeded in quantifying fenofibric acid in more than 843 of 846 serum samples from human subjects, many taking a variety of coadministered medications. Anion-exchange solid-phase extraction in combination with reverse-phase HPLC accurately determines steady-state fenofibric acid serum concentrations in humans without interference from NSAIDs or commonly administered medications. This method is suitable for quantification of fenofibric acid for clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Straka
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Trivedi RK, Kallem RR, Mullangi R, Srinivas NR. Simultaneous determination of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in human plasma by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization: assay development, validation and application to a clinical study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 39:661-9. [PMID: 15970417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of rosuvastatin (RST) and fenofibric acid (FFA) was developed and validated with 500 microL human plasma using carbamazepine as an internal standard (IS). The assay procedure involved a simple one-step liquid/liquid extraction of RST and FFA and IS from plasma into ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen at 40 degrees C. The residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and injected onto X-Terra MS C-18 column (4.6 mm x 50 mm, 5.0 microm). Separation of RST, FFA and IS was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M formic acid:acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.40 ml/min. The API-3000LC-MS/MS was operated under the multiple reaction-monitoring mode (MRM) using the electrospray ionization technique. Positive ion acquisition chromatographic run was used in the present method. Nominal retention times of RST, FFA and IS were 2.35, 4.70 and 2.32 min, respectively. Absolute recovery of RST, FFA and IS was 74, 61 and 69%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of RST and FFA was 1.00 ng/ml and 0.50 microg/ml, respectively. Response function was established for the range of concentrations 1.00-50.0 ng/ml and 0.50-20.0 microg/ml for RST and FFA, respectively, with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.999 for both the compounds. The inter- and intra-day precision in the measurement of RST quality control (QC) samples 5, 15, 400 and 800 ng/ml, were in the range 8.93-9.37% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and 1.74-16.1% R.S.D., respectively. Similarly, the inter- and intra-day precision in the measurement of FFA quality control (QC) samples 0.5, 1.5, 8.0 and 15.0 microg/ml, were in the range 9.78-11.6% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and 0.22-17.4% R.S.D., respectively. Accuracy in the measurement of QC samples for RST and FFA were in the range 88.1-108 and 87-115%, respectively, of the nominal values. RST and FFA were stable in the battery of stability studies, viz., bench-top, auto-sampler and freeze/thaw cycles. Stability of RST and FFA was established for 1 month at -80 degrees C. The application of the assay to a clinical study confirmed the utility of the assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Trivedi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tziomalos K, Athyros VG. Fenofibrate: a novel formulation (Triglide) in the treatment of lipid disorders: a review. Int J Nanomedicine 2006; 1:129-47. [PMID: 17722529 PMCID: PMC2426786 DOI: 10.2147/nano.2006.1.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality worldwide and accounts for approximately 40% of all deaths. Dyslipidemia is one of the primary causes of atherosclerosis and effective interventions to correct dyslipidemia should form an integral component of any strategy aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease. Fibrates have played a major role in the treatment of hyperlipidemia for more than two decades. Fenofibrate is one of the most commonly used fibrates worldwide. Since fenofibrate was first introduced in clinical practice, a major drawback has been its low bioavailability when taken under fasting conditions. Insoluble Drug Delivery-Microparticle fenofibrate is a new formulation that has an equivalent extent of absorption under fed or fasting conditions. In this review, we will discuss the clinical pharmacology of fenofibrate, with particular emphasis on this novel formulation, as well as its lipid-modulating and pleiotropic actions. We will also analyze the major trial that evaluated fibrates for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, the safety and efficacy profile of fibrate-statin combination treatment, and the current recommendations regarding the use of fibrates in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tziomalos
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome Units, 2nd Prop. Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotelian University, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yun HY, Joo Lee E, Youn Chung S, Choi SO, Kee Kim H, Kwon JT, Kang W, Kwon KI. The Effects of Food on the Bioavailability of Fenofibrate Administered Orally in Healthy Volunteers via Sustained-Release Capsule. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 45:425-32. [PMID: 16584288 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200645040-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of food on plasma concentration and bioavailability of fenofibrate administered as a sustained-release capsule. METHODS Twenty-four healthy Korean volunteers were enrolled in a randomised, open-label, balanced, three-treatment, three-period, three-sequence, single oral dose, crossover pharmacokinetic study. A single dose of fenofibrate (250 mg sustained-release capsule) was administered on three occasions -- after overnight fasting, after consumption of a standard breakfast and after a high-fat breakfast. Serial blood samples were collected for the next 72 hours. Plasma fenofibric acid concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly affected by food intake. The high-fat breakfast affected the rate of absorption of fenofibrate more than the standard breakfast and fasted conditions. Specifically, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(infinity)) and peak plasma concentration (C(max)) increased 2.45-fold and 2.89-fold, respectively, between the fasted and standard-fed conditions (p < 0.01). In addition, the high-fat meal caused 3.34-fold and 3.82-fold increases compared with the fasted condition in AUC(infinity) and C(max), respectively. A one-compartment open model with lag time successfully described the plasma concentrations of fenofibric acid. CONCLUSION In healthy volunteers, AUC(infinity) and C(max) of fenofibrate, when administered via sustained-release capsules immediately after the consumption of food, was increased significantly from the fasting conditions (p < 0.01). The greatest AUC(infinity) and C(max) occurred when the capsules were taken after a high-fat breakfast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwi-Yeol Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
El-Gindy A, Emara S, Mesbah MK, Hadad GM. Spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic determination of fenofibrate and vinpocetine and their hydrolysis products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:425-38. [PMID: 15910815 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several spectrophotometric and HPLC methods are presented for the determination of fenofibrate, vinpocetine and their hydrolysis products. The resolution of either fenofibrate or vinpocetine and their hydrolysis products has been accomplished by using numerical spectrophotometric methods as partial least squares (PLS-1) and principal component regression (PCR) applied to UV spectra; and graphical spectrophotometric methods as first derivative of ratio spectra (1DD) or first (1D) and second (2D) derivative spectrophotometry for vinpocetine and fenofibrate, respectively. In addition HPLC methods were developed using ODS column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (80:20, v/v, pH 4) with UV detection at 287 nm for fenofibrate and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-10 mM KH2PO4, containing 0.1% diethylamine (60:40, v/v, pH 4.6) with UV detection at 270 nm for vinpocetine. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of each drug and its hydrolysis product in laboratory-prepared mixture and pharmaceutical preparation. The proposed HPLC and derivative spectrophotometric methods were used to investigate the kinetics of acidic and alkaline hydrolytic processes of each drug. The pH-rate profile of hydrolysis of each drug in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions was studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bergman AJ, Murphy G, Burke J, Zhao JJ, Valesky R, Liu L, Lasseter KC, He W, Prueksaritanont T, Qiu Y, Hartford A, Vega JM, Paolini JF. Simvastatin does not have a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction with fenofibrate in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44:1054-62. [PMID: 15317833 DOI: 10.1177/0091270004268044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin and fenofibrate are both commonly used lipid-regulating agents with distinct mechanisms of action, and their coadministration may be an attractive treatment for some patients with dyslipidemia. A 2-period, randomized, open-label, crossover study was conducted in 12 subjects to determine if fenofibrate and simvastatin are subject to a clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction at steady state. In treatment A, subjects received an 80-mg simvastatin tablet in the morning for 7 days. In treatment B, subjects received a 160-mg micronized fenofibrate capsule in the morning for 7 days, followed by a 160-mg micronized fenofibrate capsule dosed together with an 80-mg simvastatin tablet on days 8 to 14. Because food increases the bioavailability of fenofibrate, each dose was administered with food to maximize the exposure of fenofibric acid. The steady-state pharmacokinetics (AUC(0-24h), C(max), and t(max)) of active and total HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, simvastatin acid, and simvastatin were determined following simvastatin administration with and without fenofibrate. Also, fenofibric acid steady-state pharmacokinetics were evaluated with and without simvastatin. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) for AUC(0-24h) (80 mg simvastatin [SV] + 160 mg fenofibrate)/(80 mg simvastatin alone) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were 0.88 (0.80, 0.95) and 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) for active and total HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. The GMRs and 90% CIs for fenofibric acid (80 mg SV + 160 mg fenofibrate/160 mg fenofibrate alone) AUC(0-24h) and C(max) were 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) and 0.89 (0.77, 1.02), respectively. Because both the active inhibitor and fenofibric acid AUC GMR 90% confidence intervals fell within the prespecified bounds of (0.70, 1.43), no clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction between fenofibrate and simvastatin was concluded in humans. The coadministration of simvastatin and fenofibrate in this study was well tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Bergman
- Merck Research Laboratories, WP75-100, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lovin I, Albu F, Tache F, David V, Medvedovici A. Solvent and salting effects on sample preparation for the determination of fenofibric acid in human plasma by HPLC-DAD. Microchem J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(03)00093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
Ceccato A, Klinkenberg R, Hubert P, Streel B. Sensitive determination of buprenorphine and its N-dealkylated metabolite norbuprenorphine in human plasma by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:619-31. [PMID: 12899952 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the quantitative determination of buprenorphine and its active metabolite norbuprenorphine in human plasma. Automated solid phase extraction (SPE) on disposable extraction cartridges (DEC) is used to isolate the compounds from the biological matrix and to prepare a cleaner sample before injection and analysis in the LC-MS/MS system. After conditioning, the plasma sample (1.0 ml) is loaded on the DEC filled with octyl silica (C8) and washed with water. The analytes are, therefore, eluted by dispensing methanol containing 0.1% of acetic acid. The eluate is collected and evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in mobile phase and an aliquot is injected in the LC-MS/MS system. On-line LC-MS/MS system using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has been developed for the determination of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. The separation is obtained on a RP-18 stationary phase using a mobile phase consisting in a mixture of methanol and 50 mM ammonium acetate solution (50:50, v/v). Clonazepam is used as internal standard (IS). The MS/MS ion transitions monitored are m/z 468-->468, 414-->414 and 316-->270 for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and clonazepam, respectively. The method was validated regarding recovery, linearity, precision and accuracy. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were around 10 pg/ml for buprenorphine and 50 pg/ml for norbuprenorphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ceccato
- Galephar MF, 39, rue du Parc Industriel, B-6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Fenofibrate is a fibric acid derivative that has been marketed since the mid-1970's (1998 in the United States). Its active metabolite, fenofibric acid, is responsible for the primary pharmacodynamic effects of the drug: reductions in total plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations and increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoproteins AI and AII concentrations. These effects are mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR(alpha)). The drug has broad spectrum utility, with documented efficacy in Fredrickson types IIa, IIb, III, IV, and V hyperlipidemias. Fenofibrate is well tolerated, with digestive and musculoskeletal side effects similar to those of other fibrates. Results of the initial cardiovascular morbidity/mortality outcomes study with fenofibrate (known as DAIS [Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study]) were encouraging vis-à-vis slowing of atherosclerotic progression in the coronary vasculature of type II diabetics. The results of other ongoing outcome trials are eagerly awaited. These results will help to establish the overall place of fenofibrate in the hypolipidemic armamentarium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R P Guay
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Weaver-Densford Hall 7 - 115C, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Chapter 24 Automation of sample preparation for pharmaceutical and clinical analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|