1
|
Pitiphattharabun S, Auewattanapun K, Htet TL, Thu MM, Panomsuwan G, Techapiesancharoenkij R, Ohta J, Jongprateep O. Reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide composite as an electrochemical sensor for acetylcholine detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14224. [PMID: 38902301 PMCID: PMC11190213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a pivotal role as a neurotransmitter, influencing nerve cell communication and overall nervous system health. Imbalances in ACh levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This study focused on developing electrochemical sensors for ACh detection, utilizing graphene oxide (GO) and a composite of reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (rGO/ZnO). The synthesis involved modified Hummers' and hydrothermal methods, unveiling the formation of rGO through deoxygenation and the integration of nano-sized ZnO particles onto rGO, as demonstrated by XPS and TEM. EIS analysis also revealed the enhancement of electron transfer efficiency in rGO/ZnO. Cyclic voltammograms of the electrode, comprising the rGO/ZnO composite in ACh solutions, demonstrated prominent oxidation and reduction reactions. Notably, the composite exhibited promise for ACh detection due to its sensitivity, low detection threshold, reusability, and selectivity against interfering compounds, specifically glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The unique properties of rGO, such as high specific surface area and electron mobility, coupled with ZnO's stability and catalytic efficiency, contributed to the composite's potential in electrochemical sensor applications. This research, emphasizing the synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of the rGO/ZnO composite, established itself as a reliable platform for detecting the acetylcholine neurotransmitter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siraprapa Pitiphattharabun
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Program of Sustainable Energy and Resources Engineering (SERE), Thailand Science Park, TAIST-Tokyo Tech, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Krittin Auewattanapun
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thura Lin Htet
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Myo Myo Thu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gasidit Panomsuwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchatee Techapiesancharoenkij
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jun Ohta
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Oratai Jongprateep
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tran VT, Catenza KF, Donkor KK, Schmidt KJ, Crabtree HJ, Warrender NA. Analytical characterization of choline chloride in oilfield process waters and commercial samples by capillary electrophoresis. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid and sensitive method using capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection and minimal sample pretreatment was developed and evaluated to analyze choline chloride in oilfield process water samples. To improve peak resolution and separation of choline chloride from other cations present in the samples, the addition of a cationic visualization agent in the background electrolyte, imidazole, and a complexing agent, 18-crown-6, were introduced. Other factors affecting separation and sensitivity were also investigated. Under optimized conditions, choline chloride was baseline separated (<7 min) from common cationic adulterants in commercial choline chloride products with a peak resolution of >1.5 between adjacent peaks. The limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) and quantitation (signal-to-noise ratio = 10) were 14.7 and 48.9 mg L−1, respectively. The peak area and migration time’s intraday and interday precision (percent RSD) were all <15%, and the recoveries ranged from 79.4% to 115.2% at different spiking levels. Finally, statistical (Student’s t-test) comparison of the choline chloride content data of oilfield process water samples from the proposed capillary electrophoresis (CE) method compare favourably with traditional methods such as liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and Reinecke salt gravimetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vi T. Tran
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Karizza F. Catenza
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Kingsley K. Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
TODOROKI K, YOSHIZATO K, YOSHIDA H, YAMAGUCHI M, NOHTA H. Sensing of Acetylcholine-Related Compounds Using Cation-Selective Electrodes. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2021. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.70.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masatoshi YAMAGUCHI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Szyszka Ł, Górecki M, Cmoch P, Jarosz S. Fluorescent Molecular Cages with Sucrose and Cyclotriveratrylene Units for the Selective Recognition of Choline and Acetylcholine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5129-5141. [PMID: 33710904 PMCID: PMC8041319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The synthesis of
four fluorescent diastereoisomeric molecular cages
containing cyclotriveratrylene and sucrose moieties connected via the naphthalene linkers is reported. These diastereoisomers
were found to be selective and efficient receptors for acetylcholine
and choline. Compound P-5a has a better
affinity for choline over acetylcholine, while cage M-5a exhibits a higher association constant for acetylcholine
over choline. The highest selectivity value was observed for compound M-5a (KACh/KCh = 3.1). Cages P-5a, P-5b, M-5a, and M-5b were fully characterized
by the advanced NMR techniques, and ECD spectroscopy was supported
by DFT calculations. The binding constants Ka of these receptors were determined by fluorescence titration
experiments in acetonitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Szyszka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Piotr Cmoch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jarosz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jee SC, Lee KM, Kim M, Lee YJ, Kim S, Park JO, Sung JS. Neuroprotective Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Extracts on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239202. [PMID: 33276674 PMCID: PMC7730846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata has diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the protective effects of C. tricuspidata fruit extracts (CTFE) against scopolamine (SCO)-induced neuron impairment. The neuroprotective effects of CTFE on SCO-induced memory dysfunction were confirmed in mice using the Barnes maze test. The results showed that co-treatment of SCO and CTFE increased the stay time in the target zone compared with SCO treatment alone. Similarly, the results obtained by the fear conditioning test revealed that SCO-CTFE co-treatment induced the freezing action time under both the contextual fear condition and the cued fear condition compared with SCO treatment alone. Moreover, we showed that CTFE reduced the SCO-induced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, thereby increasing the acetylcholine concentration in mice hippocampal tissues. Consistent with the improvement of memory and recognition function in vivo, our in vitro results showed that CTFE induced cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in PC12 cells and reduced SCO-induced AChE activity. In addition, the microarray results of the hippocampal tissue support our data showing that CTFE affects gene expressions associated with neurogenesis and neuronal cell differentiation markers such as spp1 and klk6. Overall, CTFE exerts a neuroprotective effect via regulation of the CREB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and could be a therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5132; Fax: +82-31-961-5108
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Helmschrodt C, Becker S, Perl S, Schulz A, Richter A. Development of a fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of neurotransmitters in murine microdialysate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7777-7787. [PMID: 32939566 PMCID: PMC7550289 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The continuous measurement of multiple neurotransmitters in microdialysate of freely moving mice to study neurochemical changes in specific brain regions requires a rapid and very sensitive quantitative analytical method. The quantitative analysis of 11 neurotransmitters and metabolites, including serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), melatonin (ME), dopamine (DA), levodopa (l-DOPA), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was performed using a biphenyl column coupled to an API-QTrap 3200 (AB SCIEX) mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode. To the microdialysate samples, 0.5 ng of isotopically labeled standard was added for analyte quantification. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of monoamines, their precursor, and metabolites, as well as ACh, Ch, and GABA in murine microdialysate within 7.0 min. The limit of detection in artificial CSF ranged from 0.005 ng/mL (ME) to 0.75 ng/mL (NE and GABA). A comprehensive pre-analytical protocol was validated. Recovery was between 87 and 117% for neurotransmitter concentrations from 0.6 to 45 ng/mL with an inter-day accuracy of below 20%. Basal neurotransmitter values were determined in the striatum of mice over a time period of 3 h. This LC-MS/MS method, including a short and gentle sample preparation, is suitable for simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitters in murine cerebral microdialysate and enables the determination of basal neurotransmitter levels in specific brain regions to detect disease-related and drug-induced neurochemical changes. Graphical abstract![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Susen Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Long A, Antonetti E, Insuasty A, Pinet S, Gosse I, Robert V, Dutasta JP, Martinez A. Hemicryptophanes with Improved Fluorescent Properties for the Selective Recognition of Acetylcholine over Choline. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6400-6407. [PMID: 32249580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new fluorescent hemicryptophanes is reported. They were found to be efficient and selective receptors for acetylcholine over choline. When compared to other hemicryptophane hosts previously reported for the selective recognition of acetylcholine, they display improved fluorescent properties: their maximum emission wavelengths are red-shifted and the quantum yields are higher. NMR titration experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the results obtained from fluorescence spectroscopy and give insights into the interactions involved in the host/guest complexes and into the selectivity for acetylcholine over choline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Long
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Elise Antonetti
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Alberto Insuasty
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Pinet
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP and Univ. Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Isabelle Gosse
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, Bordeaux INP and Univ. Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, F-67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UCBL, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia Z, Luo Y, Wen H, Huang S, Du X, Xue W. A Probe for Fluorescence Detection of the Acetylcholinesterase Activity Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coated Carbon Dots. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:795-800. [PMID: 31061298 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new probe for fluorescence detection of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coated carbon dots (C-dots) composite. The C-dots were hydrothermally synthesized with grafted silica surface and sealed with molecularly imprinted polymers in silica pores (MIP@C-dots) in situ. Removed the original template molecules, the MIP@C-dots composite exhibits quite high selectivity for acetylthiocholine (ACh). With AChE, its substrate ACh will be hydrolyzed into thiocholine and the fluorescence signals exhibit a dramatic decrease at 465 nm, Under optimal conditions, the fluorescent probe shows sensitive responses to AChE in the range of 0.01-0.6 mU/mL. The detection limits of AChE are as low as 3 µU/mL. These experiments results validate the novel fluorescent probe based on MIP@C-dots composite, paving a new way to evaluation of AChE activity and Screening inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University.,Shangluo University
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University
| | - Huiyun Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University
| | - Saipeng Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University
| | - Xin Du
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University
| | - Weiming Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tvorynska S, Barek J, Josypčuk B. Amperometric Biosensor Based on Enzymatic Reactor for Choline Determination in Flow Systems. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofiia Tvorynska
- Charles UniversityFaculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry Hlavova 2030/8 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic Tel.: +420 266 053 895
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS Dolejskova 3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Barek
- Charles UniversityFaculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry Hlavova 2030/8 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic Tel.: +420 266 053 895
| | - Bohdan Josypčuk
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS Dolejskova 3 18223 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Long A, Fantozzi N, Pinet S, Genin E, Pétuya R, Bégué D, Robert V, Dutasta JP, Gosse I, Martinez A. Selective recognition of acetylcholine over choline by a fluorescent cage. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5253-5257. [PMID: 31106320 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent hemicryptophane has been synthesized and can be used as a turn on receptor of acetylcholine. A binding constant of 2.4 × 104 M-1 was measured for this neurotransmitter, and its selective and sensitive detection over choline and choline phosphate was achieved. NMR and DFT calculations provide insight into the interactions involved in this selective recognition process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Long
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISM2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xie L, Huang X, Su B. Portable Sensor for the Detection of Choline and Its Derivatives Based on Silica Isoporous Membrane and Gellified Nanointerfaces. ACS Sens 2017; 2:803-809. [PMID: 28723110 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A portable amperometric ion sensor was fabricated by integrating silica isoporous membrane (SIM) and organogel composed of polyvinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane (PVC-DCE) on a 3D-printed polymer chip. The detection of ionic species in aqueous samples could be accomplished by adding a microliter of sample droplet to the sensor and by identifying the ion-transfer potential and current magnitude at the water/organogel interface array templated by SIM. Thanks to the ultrasmall channel size (2-3 nm in diameter), high channel density (4 × 108 μm-2), and ultrathin thickness (80 nm) of SIM, the ensemble of nanoscopic water/organogel (nano-W/Gel) interface array behaved like a microinterface with two back-to-back hemispherical mass diffusion zones. So, the heterogeneous ion-transfer across the nano-W/Gel interface array generated a steady-state sigmoidal current wave. The detection of choline (Ch) and its derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), benzoylcholine (BCh), and atropine (AP), in aqueous samples was examined with this portable sensor. Using differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), the quantification of these analytes was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 1 μM. Moreover, the portable ion sensor was insensitive to various potential interferents that might coexist in vivo, owing to size-/charge-based selectivity and antifouling capacity of SIM. With this priority, the portable ion sensor was able to quantitatively determine Ch and its derivatives in diluted urine and blood samples. The LODs for Ch, ACh, AP, and BCh in urine were 1.12, 1.30, 1.08, and 0.99 μM, and those for blood samples were 3.61, 3.38, 2.32, and 1.81 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nonenzymatic all-solid-state coated wire electrode for acetylcholine determination in vitro. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:679-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
13
|
Pradhan T, Jung HS, Jang JH, Kim TW, Kang C, Kim JS. Chemical sensing of neurotransmitters. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4684-713. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the chemosensors for neurotransmitters published for the last 12 years, covering biogenic amines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine), amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine and tyrosine), and adenosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
- and Department of Chemistry
| | - Hyo Sung Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Jang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- The East-West Medical Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Chulhun Kang
- The East-West Medical Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 130-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Contreras P, Migliaro ER, Suhr B. Right atrium cholinergic deficit in septic rats. Auton Neurosci 2013; 180:17-23. [PMID: 24269487 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is mainly determined by the influence of both branches of the Autonomic Nervous System over the sinus node. Low HRV has been associated with a worse prognosis in patients with sepsis. The objective of this study was to explain the reduction in HRV during experimental sepsis in adult rats. We recorded the heart's electrical activity by telemetry in conscious unrestrained male rats before and 1day after the induction of peritonitis (N=39) or sham peritonitis (N=15). Then, we analyzed the chronotropic responsiveness of the isolated heart to the autonomic neurotransmitters and determined catecholamine concentrations in blood plasma and acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the right atrium. The surviving septic rats (N=33) had increased heart rate (HR) and diminished HRV. Despite the higher HR in situ, the spontaneous basal HR in septic and sham isolated hearts was the same. The isolated septic hearts showed acetylcholine hypersensitivity (log (IC50,M)=-7.2±0.2 vs. -6.0±0.4, P=0.025) and lower concentrations of choline in their right atriums (in nMol/mg protein: 0.6±0.1 vs. 1.6±0.6, P=0.013). Norepinephrine concentration in blood plasma from septic rats was higher (in ng/ml: 29.2±8.4 vs. 5.8±4.1, P=0.019). In conclusion, septic rats present a deregulation of the autonomic nervous system, not only sympathetic overexcitation but also parasympathetic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Eduardo R Migliaro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Suhr
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
An electrochemical acetylcholine sensor based on lichen-like nickel oxide nanostructure. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 48:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
A New Trend on Biosensor for Neurotransmitter Choline/Acetylcholine—an Overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1927-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Bailey JA, Lahiri DK. Chromatographic separation of reaction products from the choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase assay: differential ChAT and CrAT activity in brain extracts from Alzheimer's disease versus controls. J Neurochem 2012; 122:672-80. [PMID: 22607230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the reaction between choline and acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA) to form acetylcholine (ACh) in nerve terminals. ACh metabolism has implications in numerous aspects of physiology and varied disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore a specific, sensitive, and reliable method for detecting ChAT enzyme activity is of great utility in a number of situations. Using an existing radionuclide-based enzyme activity assay, we have observed detectable ChAT signals from non-cholinergic cells, suggesting a contaminant in the assay producing an artifactual signal. Previous reports have suggested that L-acetylcarnitine (LAC) contaminates many assays of ChAT activity, because of difficulties in separating LAC from ACh by organic extraction. To determine the source of this hypothesized artifact and to rectify the problem, we have developed a paper chromatography-based assay for the detection of acetylcholine and other contaminating reaction products of this assay, including LAC. Our first goal was to develop a simple and economical method for resolving and verifying the identities of various reaction products or contaminants that could be performed in most laboratories without specialized equipment. Our second goal was to apply this separation method in postmortem human brain tissue samples. Our assay successfully detected several contaminants, especially in assays using brain tissue, and allowed the separation of the intended ACh product from these contaminants. We further demonstrate that this assay can be used to measure carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) activity in the same samples, and assays comparing ChAT and CrAT show that CrAT is highly active in neuronal tissues and in neuronal cell cultures relative to ChAT. Thus, the simple chromatography-based assay we describe allows the measurement of specific reaction products separated from contaminants using commonly available and inexpensive materials. Further, we show that ChAT activity is significantly reduced in brain extracts from Alzheimer's disease compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Torvinen M, Kalenius E, Sansone F, Casnati A, Jänis J. Noncovalent complexation of monoamine neurotransmitters and related ammonium ions by tetramethoxy tetraglucosylcalix[4]arene. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:359-365. [PMID: 22131228 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent complexation of monoamine neurotransmitters and related ammonium and quaternary ammonium ions by a conformationally flexible tetramethoxy glucosylcalix[4]arene was studied by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) mass spectrometry. The glucosylcalixarene exhibited highest binding affinity towards serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Structural properties of the guests, such as the number, location, and type of hydrogen bonding groups, length of the alkyl spacer between the ammonium head-group and the aromatic ring structure, and the degree of nitrogen substitution affected the complexation. Competition experiments and guest-exchange reactions indicated that the hydroxyl groups of guests participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the glucocalixarene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Torvinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo Y. Analysis of Quaternary Amine Compounds by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HILIC/MS). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200047200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- a Analytical Chemistry—Drug Evaluation , Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC , Ranitan , New Jersey , USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang H, Pang W, Lu H, Cheng D, Yan X, Cheng Y, Jiang Y. Comparison of metabolic profiling of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and extracts from blueberry in aged mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2069-76. [PMID: 21302942 DOI: 10.1021/jf1033619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The metabonomics changes of plasma and brain tissue after dietary supplementation with blueberry extracts (BBE) and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside from blueberry (BBM) in aged mice were investigated by (1)H NMR technique. The mice received intragastric administration of BBE (200 mg/kg/day), BBM (50 mg/kg/day), and saline water (0.9%) for 6 weeks, respectively, in the BBE, BBM, and control groups. At the end of the experiment, plasma and brain samples were collected for NMR analysis. The results demonstrated that the level of choline in plasma from BBE and BBM groups were obviously elevated relative to the control group, whereas the levels of lactate and phosphocholine in plasma were remarkably reduced. Compared with those in the control group, the levels of choline and GABA in the brain from the BBE group were obviously increased, whereas glutamate and phosphocholine in the BBE group were significantly decreased. The level of taurine in the brain from the BBM group was particularly higher than that in the control group. These results indicated supplementation with BBE or BBM might induce similar changes of endogenous plasma and brain metabolic profiles in aged mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine of Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mroczkiewicz M, Pietrzak M, Górski Ł, Malinowska E. Optical acetylcholine sensor based on free base porphyrin as a chromoionophore. Analyst 2011; 136:3770-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Guo DS, Uzunova VD, Su X, Liu Y, Nau WM. Operational calixarene-based fluorescent sensing systems for choline and acetylcholine and their application to enzymatic reactions. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00231g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
23
|
Liu L, Huang J, Li K, Hu X, Sun C. Analysis of acetylcholine from extracellular fluid in brain by in vivo microdialysis and LC-ESI-MS/MS with the stable isotope-labeled internal standard. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:56-60. [PMID: 21126930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is the major neurotransmitter in vertebrates. In support of clinical studies on the mechanism of the illnesses and development of medicines for these diseases, the LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the direct quantification of ACh in dialysate samples with acetylcholine-D(9) bromide (IS) as the isotope-labeled internal standard. The analytes were separated on the Waters Hilics C(18) Column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 3 μm) on LC with mobile phase ultrapure water-200 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.04)-acetonitrile (30:5:65, vol/vol/vol) at a flow rate of 300 μL/min, and monitored with a fragment ion of m/z 87 formed from a molecular ion of m/z 146 for ACh and that of m/z 87 from m/z 155 for IS during multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive ion mode. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of ACh was lower than 0.1 nmol/L in dialysate samples, equivalent to 0.2fmol injected on-column. The developed method could be utilized in the analysis of ACh in dialysate samples and these results were in good agreement with the gradient elution study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, The Ministry of Health, No. 1 Dahua-Road, Dongdan, East-City District, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jin J, Muroga M, Takahashi F, Nakamura T. Enzymatic flow injection method for rapid determination of choline in urine with electrochemiluminescence detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 79:147-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
An electrochemical acetylcholine biosensor based on nanoshells of hollow nickel microspheres-carbon microparticles-Nafion nanocomposite. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:2329-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Mukherjee J, Kirchhoff JR. Electrocatalytic microelectrode detectors for choline and acetylcholine following separation by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6996-7002. [PMID: 20337384 PMCID: PMC2867047 DOI: 10.1021/ac9010843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two electrocatalytic enzyme modified microelectrode systems were employed as end-column amperometric detectors of choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) following separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Horseradish peroxidase cross-linked in an osmium based redox polymer hydrogel (HRP-Os) was physically adsorbed on Au microelectrodes followed by chemical cross-linking of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO). An alternative approach utilized the deposition of the transition metal catalyst, Prussian Blue (PB), on Pt microelectrodes as the electrocatalyst. Utilizing butyrylcholine (BuCh) as an internal standard, the HRP-Os/AChE-ChO and PB/AChE-ChO electrodes exhibited excellent linear responses from 2-2000 microM and 10-2000 microM, respectively, for both Ch and ACh. Detection limits of 0.1 microM or 38 amol were determined for the HRP-Os/AChE-ChO electrode. The limit of detection for ACh and Ch at the PB/AChE-ChO electrode was 5 microM or 9.5 fmol. The electrodes were operated at potentials of +0.10 and -0.10 V vs Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl), respectively, and thus minimized the potential response from oxidizable interferences. In addition, both electrocatalytic electrodes showed good operational stability for more than 70 h. The enhanced detection capability of the HRP-Os/AChE-ChO and PB/AChE-ChO electrodes in combination with efficient CE separation of Ch and ACh provides a new sensitive and selective strategy for monitoring and quantifying these cholinergic biomarkers in biological fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhindan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606
| | - Jon R. Kirchhoff
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McEntyre CJ, Slow S, Lever M. Measurement of plasma free choline by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following derivatization with 1-naphthyl isocyanate. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 644:90-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
28
|
Zhang X, Rauch A, Xiao H, Rainer G, Logothetis NK. Mass spectrometry-based neurochemical analysis: perspectives for primate research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2009; 5:641-52. [PMID: 18937555 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of neurochemicals from the brain represents a challenge for current analytical techniques due to a variety of factors, such as compositional complexity, limited amounts of sample and endogenous inferences. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS) provide great opportunities for the sensitive measurement of neurochemicals, offering benefits including simple sample preparation, broad capability for analysis of diverse compounds and rich structural information of analytes. Until recently, however, limited numbers of studies have reported on the analysis of small molecular neurochemicals, such as classical neurotransmitters, in part due to the difficulties in separation of polar molecules by using current chromatography techniques with MS-compatible conditions. By contrast, MS has become an indispensable tool for neuropeptide analysis , offering tremendous potential in the discovery of novel signaling peptides and biomarkers. This review covers recent advances in MS-based neurochemical analysis , including a comparison with related detection techniques, chromatographic separation and neuropeptide discovery. Issues relating to in vivo sample collection and sample preparation are discussed. To provide a wider view of the capability of MS in basic neuroscience and clinical research, we discuss MS-based neurochemical analysis conducted in different animal models and humans. We specifically highlight perspectives for the use of MS for brain functional studies and drug discovery in nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Zhang
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tubingen, 72076, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Electrochemical detection of acetylcholine and choline: application to the quantitative nonradiochemical evaluation of choline transport. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:651-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
30
|
Critical Evaluation of Acetylcholine Determination in Rat Brain Microdialysates using Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatography with Amperometric Detection. SENSORS 2008; 8:5171-5185. [PMID: 27873808 PMCID: PMC3705495 DOI: 10.3390/s8085171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection remains the most widely used method for acetylcholine quantification in microdialysis samples. Separation of acetylcholine from choline and other matrix components on a microbore chromatographic column (1 mm internal diameter), conversion of acetylcholine in an immobilized enzyme reactor and detection of the produced hydrogen peroxide on a horseradish peroxidase redox polymer coated glassy carbon electrode, achieves sufficient sensitivity for acetylcholine quantification in rat brain microdialysates. However, a thourough validation within the concentration range required for this application has not been carried out before. Furthermore, a rapid degradation of the chromatographic columns and enzyme systems have been reported. In the present study an ion-pair liquid chromatography assay with amperometric detection was validated and its long-term stability evaluated. Working at pH 6.5 dramatically increased chromatographic stability without a loss in sensitivity compared to higher pH values. The lower limit of quantification of the method was 0.3 nM. At this concentration the repeatability was 15.7%, the inter-day precision 8.7% and the accuracy 103.6%. The chromatographic column was stable over 4 months, the immobilized enzyme reactor up to 2-3 months and the enzyme coating of the amperometric detector up to 1-2 months. The concentration of acetylcholine in 30 μl microdialysates obtained under basal conditions from the hippocampus of freely moving rats was 0.40 ± 0.12 nM (mean ± SD, n = 30). The present method is therefore suitable for acetylcholine determination in rat brain microdialysates.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Wang T, Shi X, Wan D, Zhang P, He X, Gao P, Yang S, Gu J, Xu G. Analysis of acetylcholine, choline and butyrobetaine in human liver tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:870-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Kuribayashi M, Tsuzuki M, Sato K, Abo M, Yoshimura E. A Rapid Analytical Method for Free Choline by LC and Its Application for Bacterial Culture Medium Samples. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
33
|
Huang YT, Cheng CJ, Lai TF, Tsai TR, Tsai TH, Chuo WH, Cham TM. An investigation of acetylcholine released in skeletal muscle and protein unbound drug released in blood based on the pyridostigmine bromide (pretreatment drug) sustained-release pellets by microdialysis technique in the rabbit model. Neurosci Lett 2007; 416:302-6. [PMID: 17336457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been used as a pretreatment drug for "Soman" nerve gas poisoning in combat to increase survival. The once-daily PB-sustained-release (SR) pellets were developed by extrusion-spheronization and fluid-bed methods in our laboratory, which was followed by zero-order release mechanism. The results showed that the released concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) in skeletal muscle and the released concentration of protein unbound drug in blood were determined by microdialysis technique to have significant differences (P<0.05) among the three dosage forms (IV injection, commercial IR tablets and the PB-SR pellet). The released concentrations of ACh and protein unbound drug for PB-SR pellets were slower than IV injection and commercial IR tablets; this phenomenon indicating that the retention period of drug efficacy in vivo for PB-SR pellet was longer than the others, that is to say, the PB-SR pellets provided with SR effect in vivo as well. We believe that once-daily administered PB-SR pellets would improve limitations of post-exposure antidotes, decrease the frequency of administration and enhance the retention period of drug efficacy in vivo for personnel exposed to contamination situations in wars or terrorist attacks in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Tyng Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang MY, Hughes ZA, Kerns EH, Lin Q, Beyer CE. Development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of acetylcholine and related neurotransmitters in brain microdialysis samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:586-93. [PMID: 17383138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) in specific brain regions is important in understanding disease pathology, as well as in designing and evaluating novel disease-modifying treatments where cholinergic dysfunction is a hallmark feature. We have developed a sensitive and quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to analyze the extracellular concentrations of ACh, choline (Ch) and (3-carboxylpropyl)-trimethylammonium (iso-ACh) in brain microdialysis samples of freely moving animals. One immediate advantage of this new method is the ability to monitor ACh in its free form without having to use a cholinesterase inhibitor in the perfusate. The separation of ACh, Ch, iso-ACh and related endogenous compounds was carried out based on cation exchange chromatography with a volatile elution buffer consisting of ammonium formate, ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. An unknown interference of ACh, which was observed in brain microdialysates from many studies, was well separated from ACh to ensure the accuracy of the measurement. Optimization of electrospray ionization conditions for these quaternary ammonium compounds achieved the limits of detection (S/N=3) of 0.2 fmol for ACh, 2 fmol for Ch and 0.6 fmol for iso-ACh using a benchtop tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer with moderate sensitivity. The limit of quantitation (S/N=10) was 1 fmol for ACh, 3 fmol for iso-ACh and 10 fmol for Ch. This method was selective, precise (<10% R.S.D.), and sensitive over a range of 0.05-10nM for ACh, 0.25-50 nM for iso-ACh and 15-3000 nM for Ch. To demonstrate that the developed method can be applied to monitoring changes in ACh concentrations in vivo, reference agents that have previously been shown to influence ACh levels were studied in rat dorsal hippocampus. This includes the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, SB-271046, and the cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil. Moreover, levels of ACh were demonstrated to be sensitive to infusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX) suggesting that the ACh being measured in vivo was of neuronal origin. Collectively, these biological data provided in vivo validation of this analytical method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Zhang
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Princeton, Wyeth Research, NJ 08543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang X, Rauch A, Lee H, Xiao H, Rainer G, Logothetis NK. Capillary hydrophilic interaction chromatography/mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of multiple neurotransmitters in primate cerebral cortex. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3621-3628. [PMID: 17939159 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A diverse array of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators control and affect brain function. A profound understanding of the signaling pathways and the neural circuits underlying behavior is therefore likely to require the tracking of concentration changes of active neurochemicals. In the present study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a method allowing the simultaneous determination of the concentrations of six neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and aspartate, in the extracellular brain fluid (EBF). We used hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to analyze the EBF from the monkey brain. A push-pull sampling method was used to collect EBF from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of conscious monkeys at flow rates in the range of low nL/min. The detection limits of acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate and aspartate were 0.015, 0.15, 0.3, 1.2, 6 and 15 femtomoles, respectively, allowing us to quantitatively determine the concentrations of these six neurotransmitters simultaneously from 500 nL in vivo samples. We conclude that HILIC/MS/MS combined with the push-pull sampling method represents a sensitive technique for simultaneous monitoring of neurotransmitters from EBF samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Zhang
- Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shackman HM, Shou M, Cellar NA, Watson CJ, Kennedy RT. Microdialysis coupled on-line to capillary liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for monitoring acetylcholine in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 159:86-92. [PMID: 16876256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (cLC-MS) was coupled on-line to microdialysis sampling to monitor endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) from the rodent brain. In vivo microdialysate sampled at 0.6 microL/min from the striatum of ketamine or chloral hydrate anesthetized rats was loaded onto a sample loop and then injected onto a approximately 5 cm long strong cation exchange (SCX) capillary column. A step gradient was used to separate the analyte from ionization suppressing salts contained in dialysate in 2.4 min. Sampling coupled on-line with cLC-MS allowed for high temporal resolution (data points at 2.4 min intervals), good reproducibility (10-15% relative standard deviation, R.S.D.), and sensitive limits of detection (0.04 nM or 8 amol injected). The method successfully monitored basal and stimulated levels (induced by increased K+ concentrations) of ACh from the anesthetized rat without necessitating perfusion of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Absolute and percent basal levels of ACh from rats receiving different anesthetics were also compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Shackman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kauppila TJ, Nikkola T, Ketola RA, Kostiainen R. Atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry of neurotransmitters. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:781-9. [PMID: 16705666 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A group of five neurotransmitters with different properties was analyzed using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). The sensitivity of the techniques for the analytes was tested in six solvents and in positive and negative ion modes. APPI was found to be superior in sensitivity for all the compounds in both positive and negative ion modes. In positive ion mode, water/methanol/formic acid was found to be the best solvent, whereas in negative ion mode, water/methanol/ammonium hydroxide performed best. Detection limits using APPI were between 2.5-250 fmol, depending on the compound. The sensitivity was best for the neurosteroids dehydroepiandrosterone and beta-estradiol, and acetylcholine (LOD 2.5-10 fmol).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Kauppila
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang MY, Beyer CE. Measurement of neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid in brain by in vivo microdialysis and chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:492-9. [PMID: 16125893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, a great deal of information has been discovered about chemical neurotransmission. However, the most important processes, namely the complex nature of neuronal circuitry, the "cross talk" between multiple neurotransmitter systems, and the varying effects neurochemicals have at different receptors, are still being explored. Techniques such as microdialysis are routinely employed to measure neurotransmitter levels in living tissue systems. Moreover, microdialysis studies have proven to be valuable in the investigation of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease pathology, as well as in identifying novel drugs to treat such disorders. One particular challenge in performing these experiments is the requirement to couple microdialysis to sophisticated analytical equipment. Recently, considerable attention has been focused on the development of chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques to provide more sensitive and accurate measurements of neurochemicals collected from in vivo microdialysis experiments. This review will provide a brief overview of the microdialysis technique, as well as how microdialysis and chromatography-mass spectrometry are being used to measure extracellular levels of neurotransmitters. The primary emphasis of this review will be on how these applications are used to measure levels of acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Zhang
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chapter 3.1 Liquid chromatographic methods used for microdialysis: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(06)16013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
40
|
Sahin F, Demirel G, Tümtürk H. A novel matrix for the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 37:148-53; author reply 156-60. [PMID: 16274740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new matrix for immobilization of acetylcholinesterase was investigated by using alginate and kappa-carrageenan. The effects of pH, temperature, storage and thermal stability on the free and immobilized acetylcholinesterase activity were examined. Maximum reaction rate (V(max)) and Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) was also investigated for free and immobilized enzymes. For free and immobilized enzymes into Ca-alginate and alginate/kappa-carrageenan polymer blends, optimum pH and temperature was found to be 7 and 30 degrees C, respectively. For free enzyme, maximum reaction rate (V(max)) and Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) values were found to be 6.35 mM and 50 mM min(-1), respectively, the same values for immobilized enzymes were determined as 8.68, 12.7 mM and 39.7, 52.9 mM min(-1), respectively. Storage and thermal stability of acetylcholinesterase was increased by as a result of immobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferat Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Katz-Brull R, Koudinov AR, Degani H. Direct detection of brain acetylcholine synthesis by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Res 2005; 1048:202-10. [PMID: 15921662 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 04/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is an important modulatory neurotransmitter system in the brain. Changes in acetylcholine concentration have been previously determined directly in animal models and human brain biopsy specimens, and indirectly, by the effects of drugs, in living humans. Here, we developed a method for direct determination of acetylcholine synthesis in living brain tissue. The method is based on administration of choline, enriched with carbon-13 (stable isotope) in the two methylene positions, and detection of labeled acetylcholine and all other metabolic fates of choline, by carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We tested this method in rat brain slices and found it to be specific for acetylcholine synthesis in both the cortex and hippocampus. This method is potentially useful as a research tool for exploring the cholinergic system role in cognitive processes and memory storage as well as in diseases in which the malfunction of the cholinergic system has been implicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang L, Liu Y, Chen G. Simultaneous determination of allantoin, choline and L-arginine in Rhizoma Dioscoreae by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1043:317-21. [PMID: 15330106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, easy and reproducible capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the simultaneous determination of allantoin, choline and arginine in Rhizoma Dioscoreae was developed first time. Under the optimum condition, the three analytes could be well separated within 5 min in a 70 cm (60 cm effective length) x 75 microm i.d. capillary. The relative standard deviations for both migration time and peak height were less than 3.20%. The linear response range was 5.0-150, 0.9-100 and 1.0-200 microg/ml for arginine, choline and allantoin, respectively. The detection limit of three components was 2.0, 0.4 and 0.5 microg/ml for arginine, choline and allantoin, respectively. Contents of arginine, choline and allantoin in the crude drug of Rhizoma Dioscoreae could be easily determined by the proposed method with satisfactory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Gong Ye Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Al-Badr AA, El-Obeid HA. Acetylcholine chloride: analytical profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2005; 31:21-115. [PMID: 22469038 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(04)31002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh-11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barsoum BN, Watson WM, Mahdi IM, Khalid E. Electrometric assay for the determination of acetylcholine using a sensitive sensor based on carbon paste. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
45
|
Dong Y, Wang L, Shangguan D, Zhao R, Liu G. Improved method for the routine determination of acetylcholine and choline in brain microdialysate using a horseradish peroxidase column as the immobilized enzyme reactor. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:193-8. [PMID: 12668085 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)01008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A modified microbore high-performance liquid chromatography-immobilized enzyme reactor-electrochemical detection system for acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) was developed. The system used the horseradish peroxidase and a solution mediator ferrocene to convert the analyte into an oxidized ferrocene species which was detected electrochemically by reduction at 0 mV. There was an excellent linear relationship between the concentration of ACh/Ch and the peak height over the range of 1-5000 nmol/l. The limit of detection for ACh was 2 fmol/5 microl (S/N=3:1). Compared with the common method recommended by Bioanalytical System Inc. (BAS), this method exhibits a 200-fold improvement in the detection limit. The ACh and Ch levels in rat brain microdialysate were examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dunphy R, Burinsky DJ. Detection of choline and acetylcholine in a pharmaceutical preparation using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:905-15. [PMID: 12684103 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, rapid, and specific method for the detection of choline and acetylcholine in a pharmaceutical preparation is described. The method employs a perfluorinated carboxylic acid as ion-pairing reagent, post-column addition of a surface tension reducing agent and mass spectrometric detection using either selected ion monitoring (SIM) or selected reaction monitoring (SRM) modes. The resulting chromatographic performance is comparable or superior to methods reported previously in both quality of the separation and sensitivity when using mass spectral detection, with the added advantage of reduced cycle time. Acetylcholine is easily and rapidly separated from its major decomposition product choline. The method was able to detect acetylcholine and its primary degradation product choline at the 30 fmol level, with an analysis time of less than 6 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dunphy
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, PO Box 300, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kiba N, Ito S, Tachibana M, Tani K, Koizumi H. Simultaneous Determination of Choline and Acetylcholine Based on a Trienzyme Chemiluminometric Biosensor in a Single Line Flow Injection System. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:1647-51. [PMID: 14696930 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A detector for the simultaneous determination of choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) based on a sensitive trienzyme chemiluminometric biosensor in a single line flow injection (FI) system is described. Immobilized choline oxidase (ChOx), immobilized peroxidase (POx), immobilized acetylcholinesterase, and coimmobilized ChOx/POx were packed, in turn, in a transparent ETFE tube (1 mm i.d., 75 cm) and the tube was placed in front of a photomultipier tube as a flow cell. Two-peak response was obtained by one injection of the sample solution. The first and second peaks were dependent on the concentrations of Ch and ACh, respectively. The influence of some experimental parameters such as flow rate, amounts of immobilized enzymes on the behavior of the sensor was studied in order to optimize the sensitivity, sample throughput and resolution. Calibration curves were linear at 1 - 1000 nM for Ch and 3 - 3000 nM for ACh. The sample throughput was 25/h without carryover. The FI system was applied to the simultaneous determination of Ch and ACh in rabbit brain tissue homogenates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Kiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8511, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hows MEP, Organ AJ, Murray S, Dawson LA, Foxton R, Heidbreder C, Hughes ZA, Lacroix L, Shah AJ. High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the rapid high sensitivity measurement of basal acetylcholine from microdialysates. J Neurosci Methods 2002; 121:33-9. [PMID: 12393159 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the analysis of acetylcholine (ACh) in brain dialysates. This separation of ACh is based on cation exchange chromatography with elution buffer consisting of a mixture of ammonium acetate, ammonium formate and acetonitrile. Using isocratic separation conditions, ACh was resolved within a minute and detected using tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion electrospray mode. The limit of detection for ACh was found to be 1 fmol on column with a S/N ratio of 3:1. The assay has been used routinely for the measurement of ACh in brain dialysates from awake freely moving rats. Furthermore, separation conditions were modified to allow simultaneous measurement of ACh and the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, neostigmine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E P Hows
- Computational Analytical and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, Essex, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Development of an interference-free chemiluminescence method for monitoring acetylcholine and choline based on immobilized enzymes. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
50
|
Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC. Effects of exposure to low level radiofrequency fields on acetylcholine release in hippocampus of freely moving rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2002; 23:249-55. [PMID: 11948603 DOI: 10.1002/bem.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Some central cholinergic effects have been reported in animals after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field at low intensity. We studied acetylcholine (ACh) release in the brain of freely moving rats exposed for 1 h during the day to a 2.45 GHz continuous wave radiofrequency field (RF) (2 or 4 mW/cm(2)) or exposed for 1 or 14 h during the night to a 800 MHz field modulated at 32 Hz (AM 200 mW/cm(2)). Measurements were performed by microdialysis using a membrane implanted through the upper CA1 region of the hippocampus. After irradiation with the 2.45 GHz RF, rats exposed at 2 mW/cm(2) did not show a significant modification of Ach release, whereas those exposed at 4 mW/cm(2) showed a significant 40% decrease in mean ACh release from hippocampus. This decrease was maximal at 5 h post exposure. Exposure to the 800 MHz RF for 1 h did not cause any significant effect, but exposure for 14 hrs induced a significant 43% decrease in ACh release during the period 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats. In the control group we observed an increase of ACh release at the beginning of the night, which was linked to the waking period of rats. This normal increase was disturbed in rats exposed overnight to the 800 MHz RF. This work indicates that neurochemical modification of the hippocampal cholinergic system can be observed during and after an exposure to low intensity RF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Testylier
- C.R.S.S.A., La Tronche-Laboratoire Neuropharmacologie. Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées. La Tronche cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|