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Pang J, Huang Y, Liu Y, Huang W. Applications of ion chromatography in urine analysis: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464231. [PMID: 37517316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) plays a crucial role in urine analysis for diverse medical diagnoses. This paper reviews a comprehensive investigation into urine pretreatment techniques, as well as the design and development of IC systems for the measurement of various chemicals. Prior to analysis, urine samples commonly undergo pretreatment procedures such as dilution, filtration, purification, and concentration. These steps effectively eliminate interfering factors and facilitate the accurate and sensitive analysis of ultra-trace components. To separate and quantify different chemical elements or ions present in urine, a range of homemade or commercially available columns coupled with various detectors were employed. This study focuses on the analysis of chemicals such as heavy metals, halogens, pesticides, drugs, and other essential or toxic substances by IC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Pang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China.
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Liu L, Linhardt RJ, Zhang Z. Quantitative analysis of anions in glycosaminoglycans and application in heparin stability studies. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:343-50. [PMID: 24721088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The sulfo groups of glycosaminoglycans contribute to their high charge densities, and are critical for the role they play in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Unfortunately, the sulfo groups can be hydrolyzed to inorganic sulfate. Thus, it is important to monitor the presence of these sulfo groups. In addition, free anions, including chloride, sulfate and acetate, are often present in glycosaminoglycans as a result of multiple purification steps, and their presence also needs to be monitored. In this report, ion chromatography with conductivity detection is used to analyze the anions present in glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. This method allows quantitation over a wide range of concentrations, affording a limit of quantitation of 0.1 ppm and a limit of detection of 0.05 ppm for most anions of interest. The stability of heparin was also studied, providing data on the formation of both sulfate and acetate anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
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Brega A, Quadri A, Villa P, Prandini P, Wei JQ, Lucarelli C. Improved HPLC Determination of Plasma and Urine Oxalate in the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079208017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Brega
- a Lab. Biomed Via delle Camerate , 11 , Concesio, Brescia , Italy
| | - A. Quadri
- b Osp. Richiedei Via Richiedei , Gussago, Brescia , Italy
| | - P. Villa
- a Lab. Biomed Via delle Camerate , 11 , Concesio, Brescia , Italy
| | - P. Prandini
- c SPE Sistemi e Progetti Elletronici , Via Gualla, Brescia , Italy
| | - Ji-Qing Wei
- d Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Medical University , Jinan, Shandong , People's Republic of China
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Yin C, Huo F, Yang P. UV-vis spectroscopic study directly detecting inorganic phosphorus in urine and our reagent kit. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:774-9. [PMID: 16365777 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The determination of inorganic phosphorus in human urine is very important, since it has diagnostic value in some clinical cases. Here we apply a simple, sensitive and direct method to determine inorganic phosphorus in urine. This new ensemble is prepared by adding ytterbium chloride and pyrocatechol violet in a 2:1 molar ratio in an aqueous solution of 10 mM 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid buffer at pH 7.0. The addition of the urine sample turned the blue ensemble yellow and altered the UV-vis absorption spectra. The ensemble exhibits excellent selectivity for inorganic phosphorus over other constituents of urine. We validate the accuracy of our method by the standard procedure (molybdenum blue assay for phosphate). The detection results are basically consistent with normal excretion of phosphate. Furthermore, we fabricated a new kind of inorganic phosphorus reagent kit, which enables us to inspect phosphate concentrations of urine with the naked eye. Fit for all kinds of various clinic uses, our reagent kit is a hopeful substitute for the molybdenum reagent kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Yin
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Abstract
Although inorganic sulfate is an essential and ubiquitous anion in human biology, it is infrequently assayed in clinical chemistry today. Serum sulfate is difficult to measure accurately without resorting to physicochemical methods, such as ion chromatography, although many other techniques have been described. It is strongly influenced by a variety of physiological factors, including age, diet, pregnancy, and drug ingestion. Urinary excretion is the principal mechanism of disposal for the excess sulfate produced by sulfur amino acid oxidation, and the kidney is the primary site of regulation. In renal failure, sulfoesters accumulate and hypersulfatemia contributes directly to the unmeasured anion gap characteristic of the condition. In contrast, sulfate in urine is readily assayed by a number of means, particularly nephelometry after precipitation as a barium salt. Sulfate is most commonly assayed today as part of the clinical workup for nephrolithiasis, because sulfate is a major contributor to the ionic strength of urine and alters the equilibrium constants governing saturation and precipitation of calcium salts. Total sulfate deficiency has hitherto not been described, although genetic defects in sulfate transporters have been associated recently with congenital osteochondrodystrophies that may be lethal. New insights into sulfate transport and its hormonal regulation may lead to new clinical applications of sulfate analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON.
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Cole DE, Evrovski J. Quantitation of sulfate and thiosulfate in clinical samples by ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997; 789:221-32. [PMID: 9440288 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For assay of serum sulfate, quantitation by ion conductimetry after separation by anion-exchange chromatography is the method of choice. In comparison to classical barium precipitation methods, chromatographic methods demonstrate increased precision, specificity and sensitivity, and they may be superior to spectrophotometric methods that rely on organic cation precipitation of sulfate. The increased sensitivity and specificity, as well as the inherent capacity of chromatographic methods for simultaneous determination of other anions, has led to its increasing use in the determination of excreted sulfate in clinical profiles of urinary anion composition. Ion chromatography can also be used to quantitate free sulfate in other clinical samples, including cerebrospinal fluid, sweat, saliva, breast milk and human tissues. Finally, ion chromatography shows promise as a more precise and sensitive method for measurement of total acid-labile sulfoesters and thiosulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Singh RP, Smesko SA, Abbas NM. Ion chromatographic characterization of toxic solutions: analysis and ion chemistry of biological liquids. J Chromatogr A 1997; 774:21-35. [PMID: 9253185 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The literature on the analysis of biological fluids by ion chromatography is reviewed herein. It has been demonstrated that ion chromatography is the method of choice for the determination of anions such as chloride, nitrite, bromide, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, citrate, isocitrate, carbonate, and similar species. Cations such as sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in various biological solutions have also been successfully identified and quantified. The technique fulfils several requirements of a reliable microanalytical method by providing sufficient speed, automation, case of use, and accuracy. For many types of analyses, very little or even no sample preparation is required. Because of this, as presented in this review, ion chromatography is widely used not only to obtain reliable clinical data, but also to study ion chemistry. It has been an invaluable tool in nephrolithiasis and dental research. This review should provide a useful reference for analysts and researchers involved in clinical studies. The review is presented in four sections: (1) introduction, (2) methods of analysis, (3) ion chemistry and (4) critical comments and concluding remarks. Section 1, as usual, deals with the general introduction of the subject and objectives. Section 2 includes the review of the literature on ion chromatography (IC) methods developed for routine analysis of various analytes present in biological fluids. Section 3 deals with the applications of IC used in the understanding of ion chemistry of biological fluids. Specifically, it deals with the physical chemistry aspects related to nephrolithiasis and dental research, such as speciation, driving force for crystals formation and crystallization, and pathophysiology. Section 4 contains critical comments and concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singh
- Chemical Development Department, Osram Sylvania Inc., Towanda, PA 18848-0504, USA
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10
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Suppressed ion chromatographic analysis of anions in environmental waters containing high salt concentrations. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Baker PW, Rofe AM, Bais R. Idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis and endogenous oxalate production. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1996; 33:39-82. [PMID: 8833627 DOI: 10.3109/10408369609101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great effort that has gone into investigating urolithiasis, this condition still persists as one of the major ailments of the urinary tract. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is the most common form, accounting for some 60 to 80% of total stones. This review examines the elements (i.e., urine volume and pH and urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, citrate, urate, magnesium, pyrophosphate, and glycosaminoglycans) that give rise to idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Treatment strategies for idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis, including lithotripsy, also are discussed. Urinary oxalate excretion is a major risk factor for calcium oxalate urolithiasis, with 85 to 95% of the urinary load derived endogenously. The factors controlling endogenous oxalate production are reviewed, including pathways for the diversion of glyoxylate from oxalate production. The use of beta-aminothiols and other substances to reduce endogenous oxalate production in subjects with idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis is also discussed. A review of current methodologies for the determination of urinary oxalate is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Baker
- Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Su∗ Y, Mascini M. AP-GOD Biosensor Based on a Modified Poly(PHENOL) Film Electrode and Its Application in the Determination of Low Levels of Phosphate. ANAL LETT 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719508006400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yao T, Wasa T. Simultaneous determination of phosphate and pyrophosphate by an amperometric flow-injection system with immobilized enzyme reactors. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Millán A, Grases JM, Grases F. Rapid determination of urinary oxalate by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 529:402-7. [PMID: 2229257 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Millán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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