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Hashimoto Y, Mori M, Kobayashi S, Hanya A, Watanabe SI, Ohara N, Noguchi T, Kawai T, Okuyama H. Canola and hydrogenated soybean oils accelerate ectopic bone formation induced by implantation of bone morphogenetic protein in mice. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:955-962. [PMID: 28962307 PMCID: PMC5598561 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canola oil (Can) and hydrogenated soybean oil (H2-Soy) are commonly used edible oils. However, in contrast to soybean oil (Soy), they shorten the survival of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats. It has been proposed that the adverse effects of these oils on the kidney and testis are caused at least in part by dihydro-vitamin K (VK) 1 in H2-Soy and unidentified component(s) in Can. Increased intake of dihydro-VK1 is associated with decreased tissue VK2 levels and bone mineral density in rats and humans, respectively. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of these oils on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced ectopic bone formation, which is promoted by VK2 deficiency, in relation to the role of VK in the γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein. A crude extract of BMPs was implanted into a gap in the fascia of the femoral muscle in 5-week-old mice maintained on a Soy, Can, or H2-Soy diet. Newly formed bone volume, assessed by three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction imaging for bone, was 4-fold greater in the Can and H2-Soy groups than in the Soy group. The plasma carboxylated osteocalcin (Gla-OC) and total OC (Gla-OC plus undercarboxylated osteocalcin [Glu-OC]) levels were significantly lower in the Can group than in the Soy group (p < 0.05). However, these levels did not significantly differ between the H2-Soy and Soy groups. The plasma Gla-OC/Glu-OC ratio in the Can and H2-Soy groups was significantly lower (in Can; p = 0.044) or was almost significantly lower (in H2-Soy; p = 0.053) than that in the Soy group. In conclusion, Can and H2-Soy accelerated BMP-induced bone formation in mice to a greater extent than Soy. Further research is required to evaluate whether the difference in accelerated ectopic bone formation is associated with altered levels of VK2 and VK-dependent protein(s) among the three dietary groups.
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Key Words
- 4056): Vitamin K3 (PubChem CID: 4055)
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- Bone morphogenetic protein
- Can, canola oil
- Canola oil
- Dihydro-vitamin K1 (PubChem CID: 152059)
- Ectopic calcification
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Gla, carboxyglutamic acid
- Gla-OC, carboxylated osteocalcin
- Glu-OC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin
- H2-Soy, hydrogenated soybean oil
- Hydrogenated soybean oil
- Matrix Gla protein
- Osteocalcin
- SHRSP rat, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat
- Soy, soybean oil
- TRI/3D-BON, three-dimensional reconstruction imaging for bone
- VK, vitamin K
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin K1 (PubChem CID: 52384607)
- Vitamin K1 hydroquinone (PubChem CID: 5280585)
- Vitamin K2 (PubChem CID
- cMGP, carboxylated matrix Gla protein
- dihydro-VK1, 2′, 3′-dihydro-vitamin K1
- mCT, micro-computed tomography
- ucMGP, undercarboxylated MGP
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Mayumi Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Akira Hanya
- Food Research Center, Aichi Center for Industry and Science Technology, 2-1-1 Shinpukuji-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya 451-0083, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Kinjo Gakuin University College of Pharmacy, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohara
- Kinjo Gakuin University College of Pharmacy, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kawai
- Department of Dental Material Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Harumi Okuyama
- Kinjo Gakuin University College of Pharmacy, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan
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Kishikawa N, Kuroda N. Analytical techniques for the determination of biologically active quinones in biological and environmental samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Gershkovich P, Ibrahim F, Sivak O, Darlington JW, Wasan KM. A simple and sensitive method for determination of vitamins D3and K1in rat plasma: application for anin vivopharmacokinetic study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:338-44. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.762016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Card DJ, Shearer MJ, Schurgers LJ, Harrington DJ. The external quality assurance of phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) analysis in human serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 23:1276-82. [PMID: 19488978 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin K external quality assurance scheme (KEQAS) aims to assist in the harmonization of phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) analysis in order to improve the comparability of clinical and nutritional studies. Serum samples were despatched to 17 groups from eight countries during 2000-2006. Using pilot data (1996-1999), an analytical performance target of 20% absolute difference from the all-laboratory trimmed mean (ALTM) was assigned and formed the basis for interlaboratory comparison. Assay specificity, analytical bias and assay performance were evaluated. From 21 batches of samples distributed, 414 results were reported of which 2.7% were outliers. The mean interlaboratory absolute difference from the ALTM was 21.7% with 47% of groups consistently meeting the performance target. The mean interlaboratory coefficient of variation was 29.6%. The false positive rate for phylloquinone depleted samples was high at 35%. Bias was found to be independent of HPLC-detector type (fluorescence vs electrochemical). Assay characteristics for the measurement of phylloquinone in human serum compare favourably with methods for analytes at equivalent concentrations. The high proportion of false positive results suggest that poor assay specificity at low phylloquinone concentrations is a common problem, which in the clinical setting could lead to underreporting of vitamin K deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Card
- The Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis (Nutristasis Unit), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Azharuddin MK, O'Reilly DSJ, Gray A, Talwar D. HPLC Method for Plasma Vitamin K1: Effect of Plasma Triglyceride and Acute-Phase Response on Circulating Concentrations. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1706-13. [PMID: 17712007 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.086280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: The plasma concentration of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is the most reliable index for assessing vitamin K status. Our aim was to analytically validate an HPLC method for quantifying phylloquinone in plasma and to examine the effect of plasma triglyceride concentration on the phylloquinone reference interval. We also examined the effect of acute-phase response on phylloquinone concentration in plasma.Methods: Phylloquinone was extracted from fasting plasma samples by deproteinization and C18 solid-phase extraction, separated by reversed-phase HPLC, and detected fluorometrically after postcolumn reduction with a platinum catalyst. We synthesized a novel internal calibrator, docosyl naphthoate.Results: The recovery of phylloquinone was >90%. Between-run imprecision was 8.7%–9.0%, and within-run imprecision was 3.8%–7.0%. The linearity was up to 44.8 nmol/L, limit of detection 0.08 nmol/L, and limit of quantification 0.14 nmol/L. The correlation between plasma phylloquinone and triglyceride concentrations was r = 0.7 in the reference population. The 95% reference interval for the phylloquinone:triglyceride ratio was 0.20 to 2.20 nmol/mmol. Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein were significantly increased, whereas triglyceride and phylloquinone but not the phylloquinone:triglyceride ratio were transiently decreased >50% after surgery.Conclusion: Phylloquinone population reference intervals should be expressed as a ratio of the triglyceride concentration. Phylloquinone concentrations in plasma are decreased in acute-phase response and, unless corrected for plasma triglyceride concentration, are unlikely to be a reliable index of vitamin K status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Azharuddin
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Reference Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Ahmed S, Kishikawa N, Nakashima K, Kuroda N. Determination of vitamin K homologues by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line photoreactor and peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 591:148-54. [PMID: 17481401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and highly selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of vitamin K homologues including phylloquinone (PK), menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in human plasma using post-column peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) detection following on-line ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The method was based on ultraviolet irradiation (254 nm, 15 W) of vitamin K to produce hydrogen peroxide and a fluorescent product at the same time, which can be determined with PO-CL detection. The separation of vitamin K by HPLC was accomplished isocratically on an ODS column within 35 min. The method involves the use of 2-methyl-3-pentadecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone as an internal standard. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) were 32, 38 and 85 fmol for PK, MK-4 and MK-7, respectively. The recoveries of PK, MK-4 and MK-7 were greater than 82% and the inter- and intra-assay R.S.D. values were 1.9-5.4%. The sensitivity and selectivity of this method were sufficient for clinical and nutritional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Ahmed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, García MAD, Martín J. High-performance liquid chromatography–photochemical reduction in aerobic conditions for determination of K vitamins using fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:67-72. [PMID: 17178126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of a post-column detection system for K vitamins based on their photoreduction to the hydroquinone form is reported. The photoreduction yield is practically quantitative and occurs in a PTFE tubing coiled around a 6-W low-pressure mercury lamp in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and methanol. Factors affecting the rate of the photochemical reaction were optimised so that its contribution to the total broadening was negligible. The enhanced fluorescence and stability of the K vitamins reduced in micellar medium has permitted the use of a very sensitive photochemical detection system, which can work in aerobic conditions. Separations were carried out by reverse-phase chromatography using pure methanol as eluent. The determination of phylloquinone, menaquinone-4 and menadione in several real samples illustrates the potential of the photochemical detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pérez-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Lingeman H, Underberg WJM, Takadate A, Hulshoff A. Fluorescence Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918508067120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, Martín J, García MD. Automatic determination of phylloquinone in vegetables and fruits using on-line photochemical reduction and fluorescence detection via solid phase extraction and flow injection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:280-5. [PMID: 16292548 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A very simple, rapid and highly sensitive flow injection fluorimetric method was developed for the determination of phylloquinone. The assay was based on the on-line reduction of phylloquinone in dodecylsulfate micelles after irradiation with UV light. The micellar medium enhanced the fluorescence and stability of the reduced phylloquinone. Under optimum experimental conditions, the range of application of the technique was between 0.09 and 45.0 microg mL(-1) and the detection limit was 0.05 microg mL(-1). The sample throughput was 90 injections per hour. The reliability of the method for the routine analysis of phylloquinone in vegetables and fruits is demonstrated. Extractions were made with hexane, and an automated solid phase extraction system was used to purify the sample extracts prior to injection into the flow injection manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pérez-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Yang XP, Inazu A, Yagi K, Kajinami K, Koizumi J, Mabuchi H. Abetalipoproteinemia caused by maternal isodisomy of chromosome 4q containing an intron 9 splice acceptor mutation in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1950-5. [PMID: 10446076 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.8.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD), a rare inheritance of 2 copies of a single chromosome homolog or a region of a chromosome from one parent, can result in various autosomal recessive diseases. Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) is a rare autosomal recessive deficiency of apoB-containing lipoproteins caused by a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) deficiency. In this study, we describe a patient with ABL inherited as a homozygous intron 9 splice acceptor G(-1)-to-A mutation of the transfer protein gene. This mutation alters the splicing of the mRNA, resulting in a 36 amino acids, in-frame deletion of sequence encoded by exon 10. We analyzed chromosome 4, including MTP gene (4q22-24), using short tandem repeat markers. The proband has only his mother's genes in chromosome 4q spanning a 150-centimorgan region; ie, segmental maternal isodisomy 4q21-35, probably due to mitotic recombination. Nonpaternity between the proband and his father was excluded using 6 polymorphic markers from different chromosomes (paternity probability, 0.999). Maternal isodisomy (maternal UPD 4q) was the basis for homozygosity of the MTP gene mutation in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Yang
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Department of General Medicine School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1 Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bates
- MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Davidson KW, Sadowski JA. Determination of vitamin K compounds in plasma or serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using postcolumn chemical reduction and fluorimetric detection. Methods Enzymol 1997; 282:408-21. [PMID: 9330305 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)82124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K W Davidson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Usui
- Department of Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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15
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McCarthy PT, Harrington DJ, Shearer MJ. Assay of phylloquinone in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Methods Enzymol 1997; 282:421-33. [PMID: 9330306 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)82125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P T McCarthy
- Haemophilia Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kanai T, Takagi T, Masuhiro K, Nakamura M, Iwata M, Saji F. Serum vitamin K level and bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997; 56:25-30. [PMID: 9049691 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(96)02790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin K is known to influence bone metabolism by facilitating the synthesis of osteocalcin (BGP). The bone mineral density decreases drastically after menopause. We investigated the relationship of bone mineral density, vitamin K levels and other biological parameters of bone metabolism in post-menopausal women. METHODS Serum levels of vitamin K, BGP and other markers of bone metabolism were measured in 71 post-menopausal women (19 with reduced bone mineral density and 52 with normal bone density), and 24 women with climacteric symptoms receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT), (6 with reduced bone mineral density and 18 with normal density). RESULTS In the first group, women with reduced bone mineral density showed lower levels of vitamin K1 and K2 than those with normal bone mineral density. In the other group, the level of BGP decreased but levels of vitamin K showed no increase during HRT. CONCLUSION The present findings suggested that vitamin K was related to post-menopausal bone mineral loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Kosei-Nenkin Hospital, Japan
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17
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MacCrehan WA, Schönberger E. Determination of vitamin K1 in serum using catalytic-reduction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 670:209-17. [PMID: 8548011 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the liquid chromatographic-fluorescence determination of serum vitamin K1 is described using reduction of the K-quinone to the fluorescent K-hydroquinone. The reduction reaction occurs "on-line" in the LC system using a catalytic reducer column and an alcohol mobile phase as reductant. A procedure for serum determination utilizes a liquid-liquid serum lipid extraction followed by normal-phase fractionation on a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The final measurement uses a reversed-phase (C18) separation with a ethanol-methanol mobile phase and provides a detection limit of approximately 20 pg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A MacCrehan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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18
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de Barros Alcanfôr SK, Cardoso SV, de Lima CG. Fluorimetric studies of some quinones and quinonoid compounds after reduction reaction. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)90003-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pettei MJ, Israel D, Levine J. Serum vitamin K concentration in pediatric patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17:465-7. [PMID: 8289416 DOI: 10.1177/0148607193017005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The only multivitamin preparation for total parenteral nutrition currently available in the United States that contains vitamin K is the pediatric formulation MVI-Pediatric. The recommended dose provides 200 micrograms of vitamin K1 per day to term infants and children up to 11 years old. This dose is well above the recommended dietary allowance of approximately 1 microgram/kg per day, but the losses of vitamin K during administration are unknown. We evaluated the stability of vitamin K1 in a standard total parenteral nutrition infusion and found that an average 72.7 +/- 4.9% of the original vitamin K1 was present after 24 hours. By using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical reduction and fluorescence detection, we obtained the serum vitamin K1 concentrations in 11 pediatric patients receiving total parenteral nutrition with MVI-Pediatric (Rorer Pharmaceuticals, Fort Washington, PA) supplementation and in control children. The serum vitamin K1 concentration (19.3 +/- 12.2 ng/mL) in patients receiving MVI-Pediatric is significantly higher than that in control children 1.9 +/- 1.5 ng/mL (p < .001). Current practice results in excessive levels of vitamin K in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pettei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11042
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20
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Vitamin D determination using high-performance liquid chromatography with internal standard—redox mode electrochemical detection and its application to medical nutritional products. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85239-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Vitamin K functions as a co-factor for the post-translational carboxylation of specific glutamate residues to gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues in several blood coagulation factors (II, VII, IX and X) and coagulation inhibitors (proteins C and S) in the liver; as well as a variety of extrahepatic proteins such as the bone protein osteocalcin. This review outlines some recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of vitamin K and its role in human nutriture. The introduction of new methodologies to measure the low endogenous tissue concentrations of K vitamins and circulating plasma levels of des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (PIVKA-II) have provided correspondingly more refined indices for the assessment of human vitamin K status. The assays for vitamin K have also been used to study the sources, intestinal absorption, plasma transport, storage and transplacental transfer of K vitamins and the importance of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) versus menaquinones (vitamins K2) to human needs. The ability to biochemically monitor subclinical vitamin K deficiency has reaffirmed the precarious vitamin K status of the newborn and led to an increased appreciation of the risk factors leading to haemorrhagic disease of the newborn and how this may be prevented. Biochemical studies are leading to an increased knowledge of the mode of action of traditional coumarin anticoagulants and how some unrelated compounds (e.g. antibiotics) may also antagonize vitamin K and cause bleeding. There is also an awareness of the possible deleterious effects of vitamin K antagonism or deficiency on non-hepatic Gla-proteins which may play some subtle role in calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Shearer
- Haematology Department, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Wakabayashi H, Nakajima M, Yamato S, Shimada K. Determination of idebenone in rat serum and brain by high-performance liquid chromatography using platinum catalyst reduction and electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 573:154-7. [PMID: 1564096 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80490-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of idebenone, a new cerebral metabolism-improving agent, in rat serum and brain has been developed. After separation of idebenone on a reversed-phase column, idebenone was reduced once in a platinum catalyst reduction column connected on-line, then monitored quantitatively by electrochemical detection. A linear relationship between the peak-height ratio of idebenone to the internal standard and idebenone concentration was observed in the range 0.015-50 ng with a detection limit of 5 pg (signal-to-noise ratio = 5). This method was satisfactorily rapid and sensitive, and was successfully applied to the determination of idebenone in rat serum and brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wakabayashi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Niigata College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Lunte SM, Radzik DM, Kissinger PT. An introduction to the study of xenobiotic metabolism using electroanalytical techniques. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:557-67. [PMID: 2204699 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Lunte
- Center for Bioanalytical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66046
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Shearer
- Department of Haematology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London
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Brinkman UA, Frei RW, Lingeman H. Post-column reactors for sensitive and selective detection in high-performance liquid chromatography: categorization and applications. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 492:251-98. [PMID: 2670993 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in the rapid trace analysis of large series of biomedical samples using column liquid chromatographic techniques requires the use of well balanced combinations of sample pretreatment, separation and detection techniques. In such work, selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility are the key parameters. The application of automated or semi-automated on-line pre-column technology and/or post-column reaction detection are excellent ways to meet these requirements. A critical review is presented of the theoretical background of on-line post-column reactors with emphasis on their categorization, viz., open-tubular, packed-bed, segmented-stream and hollow-fibre membrane reactors. The evaluation of these reactor systems is performed by discussing selected applications of, for instance, systems based on electrochemical and redox, hydrolytic, photochemical, ion-pairing, true chemical derivatization, peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence and solid-phase reactions. As automation is becoming even more important, a number of labelling procedures, which can be performed in an on-line pre-column mode, are briefly discussed and a comparison is made between the potential of on-line pre- and post-column procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Brinkman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Usui Y, Nishimura N, Kobayashi N, Okanoue T, Kimoto M, Ozawa K. Measurement of vitamin K in human liver by gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography using platinum-black catalyst reduction and fluorimetric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 489:291-301. [PMID: 2753953 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and precise method for measuring endogenous phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone (MK-n) in human liver was developed, based on gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography using platinum-black catalyst reduction and fluorimetric detection. Subnanogram levels of vitamin K compounds in 1 g of liver specimen were detectable. We measured vitamin K concentrations in 38 human resected livers. K1 and MK-4 to MK-13 were detected. The concentrations of MK-10 to MK-12 in livers with chronic hepatitis (n = 10) and cirrhosis (n = 22) were significantly lower than in normal livers (n = 6). It is suggested that the decreased concentrations indicate functional damage of the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Usui
- Second Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Radzik DM, Lunte SM. Application of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry in Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Analysis: A Critical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/10408348908050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Widdershoven J, Lambert W, Motohara K, Monnens L, de Leenheer A, Matsuda I, Endo F. Plasma concentrations of vitamin K1 and PIVKA-II in bottle-fed and breast-fed infants with and without vitamin K prophylaxis at birth. Eur J Pediatr 1988; 148:139-42. [PMID: 3234435 DOI: 10.1007/bf00445922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasma vitamin K1 and proteins induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA) were assayed simultaneously 1-4 days and 29-35 days after delivery in three groups of infants: breast-fed not receiving vitamin K at birth (n = 12), bottle-fed without vitamin K administration at birth (n = 7) and breast-fed receiving 1 mg vitamin K1 administered by intramuscular injection at birth (n = 13). The bottle-fed infants had a significantly higher vitamin K1 plasma level than breast-fed infants who did not receive vitamin K1 at birth. Extremely high levels of vitamin K were obtained 1-4 days after intramuscular administration. At the age of 1 month, breast-fed infants had the same plasma vitamin K1 concentration whether or not they had received vitamin K1 supplements. Decarboxy prothrombin (PIVKA-II) a reliable indicator of biochemical vitamin K deficiency, was found in 5 out of 12 breast-fed and in 2 out of 6 bottle-fed infants who had not received supplemental vitamin K1 after birth. In a separate study, we followed up to 90 days after birth a larger group if infants. PIVKA-II was found with significantly greater frequency in breast-fed infants receiving no vitamin K than in breast-fed infants receiving 1 mg vitamin K intramuscularly at birth, or in bottle-fed infants without extra vitamin K1. These data form a strong argument for routine vitamin K prophylaxis after birth for all breast-fed infants. The optimum dose and manner of administration require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Widdershoven
- Department of Paediatrics, Catholic University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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Hiraike H, Kimura M, Itokawa Y. Determination of K vitamins (phylloquinone and menaquinones) in umbilical cord plasma by a platinum-reduction column. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 430:143-8. [PMID: 3215950 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Hiraike
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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30
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De Leenheer AP, Nelis HJ, Lambert WE, Bauwens RM. Chromatography of fat-soluble vitamins in clinical chemistry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 429:3-58. [PMID: 3062023 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A review is presented of current gas and liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and the provitamin A beta-carotene in biological samples of human origin. For each vitamin, the discussion successively focuses on procedures for sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatographic systems and principles of detection. The emphasis is on liquid chromatography, which is gradually becoming a standard technique in fat-soluble vitamin assays. New trends in the liquid chromatography of these compounds include the use of smaller particles and shorter columns, to improve speed, and the advance of electrochemical detection as an alternative to absorbance and fluorescence detection. Bonded phases, both normal and reversed phase, tend to be preferred over underivatized silica as column supports. Gas chromatography remains of particular value in combination with mass spectrometry, a technique which may form the basis of reference methods. In general, despite the availability of well established analytical methods for fat-soluble vitamins, the wealth of recent literature in this area indicates that there continues to be a need for new assays with enhanced speed, specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P De Leenheer
- Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie, Klinische Analyse, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Isshiki H, Suzuki Y, Yonekubo A, Hasegawa H, Yamamoto Y. Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinone in human milk using high performance liquid chromatography. J Dairy Sci 1988; 71:627-32. [PMID: 3372812 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring vitamin K in human milk and cow milk is described. The K vitamins were extracted with n-pentane from enzymatic hydrolysate of milk, purified by semipreparative HPLC, and then analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC equipped with a dual electrochemical detector. The amount of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 in human milk was 2.1 +/- .9 and 1.3 +/- 1 microgram/L, respectively (n = 23). A small amount of menaquinone-6 was detected in both human and cow milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isshiki
- Central Research Institute, Meiji Milk Products Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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32
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33
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Haroon Y, Bacon DS, Sadowski JA. Reduction of quinones with zinc metal in the presence of zinc ions: application of post-column reactor for the fluorometric detection of vitamin K compounds. Biomed Chromatogr 1987; 2:4-8. [PMID: 3508094 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective chemical method has been developed for quantitatively reducing quinones, which is based on their reaction with zinc metal and zinc ions. Comparison of this method with conventional electrochemical reduction revealed the chemical method to be considerably superior. The reduction of quinones to their corresponding hydroquinones was verified by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The reduction methodology has been applied to derivatize phylloquinone and its metabolite, namely phylloquinone 2,3-epoxide, 'on-line', with subsequent fluorometric detection of the generated hydroquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Haroon
- Vitamin K Research Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
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34
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Haroon Y, Bacon DS, Sadowski JA. Chemical reduction system for the detection of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinones (vitamin K2). J Chromatogr A 1987; 384:383-9. [PMID: 3818857 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Both isocratic and gradient elution systems for fluorometric detection of K vitamins after post-column reduction with zinc metal to their hydroquinones are described. The reaction detection system for K vitamins (phylloquinone and menaquinones) in liquid chromatography is based on reduction of K vitamins to their corresponding hydroquinones with zinc metal in the presence of zinc ions. It was found that 95% of the injected quinones (K vitamins) could be reduced to their corresponding hydroquinones with zinc metal compared to 60% reduction for electrochemical detectors. Menaquinones could be detected down to 100 pg with relative ease during gradient elution.
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35
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Van Haard PM, Engel R, Postma T. Routine clinical determination of carotene, vitamin E, vitamin A, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and trans-vitamin K1 in human serum by straight phase HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 1987; 2:79-88. [PMID: 3506839 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A universal extraction procedure is described for fat-soluble vitamins in human serum. Methods are presented for routine quantitative analysis by isocratic straight phase HPLC with UV-detection of (alpha + beta)-carotene, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) in one single run, and of vitamin K1 (trans-phylloquinone) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 after sample clean-up using disposable reversed-phase cartridges. The limits of detection, precisions and selectivities of the developed assays are shown to be satisfactory after more than three years' experience. The routine clinical determination of fat-soluble vitamins can be performed in less than 5 mL of serum. Analyses of external quality control and randomly taken outpatient samples are shown to be of great value in assessing laboratory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Van Haard
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Stichting Samenwerking Delftse Ziekenhuizen, The Netherlands
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36
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Lucock M, Hartley R, Wild NJ. HPLC Determination of Vitamin K1in Neonatal Plasma Following Oral or Parenteral Supplementation with Konakion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918708074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Lambert W, De Leenheer A. Simplified post-column reduction and fluorescence detection for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin K1(20). Anal Chim Acta 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Watanabe N, Toyo'oka T, Imai K. HPLC electrochemical fluorometric detection of amino acids including tryptophan using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Biomed Chromatogr 1987; 2:99-103. [PMID: 3507223 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that by electrochemical oxidation 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-tryptophan (NBD-T) is converted to fluorophores having the same emission and excitation spectra as those for other NBD-amino acids. NBD-dioxindolylalanine was tentatively assumed to be a main electrochemical oxidation product of NBD-tryptophan. A coulochemical cell placed between an analytical column and a fluorometer showed no detrimental effect on the separation of NBD-amino acids by reversed phase HPLC. Highly sensitive fluorescence detection was achieved for amino and imino acids at 10-100 fmol levels. The detection limit for tryptophan was 50 fmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Watanabe
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Lambert WE, De Leenheer AP, Baert EJ. Wet-chemical postcolumn reaction and fluorescence detection analysis of the reference interval of endogenous serum vitamin K1(20). Anal Biochem 1986; 158:257-61. [PMID: 3812969 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reference interval for serum vitamin K1(20) levels was assayed in healthy fasting adults by a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolation procedure involves a solvent extraction of the plasma lipids followed by two chromatographic steps, consisting of a purification of the extract on a semipreparative adsorption column and a final quantitation on a reverse-phase column. Vitamin K1(20) and vitamin K1(25), the internal standard, are monitored by fluorescence detection after postcolumn reduction with a methanolic solution of tetramethylammonium octahydridotriborate. This reaction is performed in an open tubular reaction coil at elevated temperature. The median plasma concentration in 50 healthy fasting adults was 247 pg/ml. The levels showed a skewed distribution with a range of 62 to 980 pg/ml [log x +/- 2 SD (log x)]. The method is linear over the entire physiological range and has a within-run precision of 3.6% (n = 5, mean = 311 pg/ml). The minimum detectable amount in serum is 50 pg/ml. Other extraction procedures resulted in lower recoveries or in interferences in the final measurement. The vitamin K1(20) levels as reported by other research groups are also discussed.
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40
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van Haard PM, Engel R, Pietersma-de Bruyn AL. Quantitation of trans-vitamin K1 in small serum samples by off-line multidimensional liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1986; 157:221-30. [PMID: 3731485 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(86)90297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for vitamin K1 using normal-phase fractionation was updated in order to cope with the limited volume of blood samples obtained from newborns. The method combines sample clean-up, normal-phase fractionation with reversed-phase chromatography using post-column electrochemical reduction and fluorescence detection. It was possible to measure vitamin K1 concentration in at least 0.2 ml of (potentially lipemic) serum even at a level of 0.3 nmol/l. The normal-phase method was compared to the updated method. The updated method shows about a twenty-fold lower limit of detectability than the previously described method.
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41
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Cholerton S, Park B. Quantitative analysis of pharmacological concentrations of vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide in rat liver by high-performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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42
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Shearer MJ. Assay of K vitamins in tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with special reference to ultraviolet detection. Methods Enzymol 1986; 123:235-51. [PMID: 3702716 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(86)23027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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Johnson DC, Weber SG, Bond AM, Wightman R, Shoup RE, Krull IS. Electroanalytical voltammetry in flowing solutions. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(86)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Kok W, Voogt W, Brinkman U, Frei R. On-line electrochemical reagent production for fluorescence detection of phenothiazines in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Zonta F, Stancher B. Quantitative analysis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in soy bean oils by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1985; 329:257-63. [PMID: 4030976 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in soy bean oils is described. Resolution of vitamin K1 from interfering peaks of the matrix was obtained after enzymatic digestion, extraction and liquid-solid chromatography on alumina. An isocratic reversed-phase chromatography with UV detection was used in the final stage. The quantitation was carried out by the standard addition method, and the recovery of the whole procedure was 88.2%.
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46
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Langenberg JP, Tjaden UR. Improved method for the determination of vitamin K1 epoxide in human plasma with electrofluorimetric reaction detection. J Chromatogr A 1984; 289:377-85. [PMID: 6736159 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of the previously described electrofluorimetric reaction detection method for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) was extended to the determination of vitamins K1 epoxide in human plasma. The limit of detection for vitamin K1 epoxide is 60 pg, corresponding to plasma concentrations of about 120 pg/ml. The isolation method involves a liquid-liquid extraction of the lipids from the plasma, followed by a clean-up with silica. Synthesized 2',3'- dihydrovitamin K1 is used as an internal standard. The method was applied to the study of the presence of vitamin K1 epoxide and phylloquinone in plasma samples from healthy volunteers and from patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy.
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