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Semail NF, Abdul Keyon AS, Saad B, Noordin SS, Nik Mohamed Kamal NNS, Mohamad Zain NN, Azizi J, Kamaruzaman S, Yahaya N. Analytical method development and validation of anticancer agent, 5-fluorouracil, and its metabolites in biological matrices: An updated review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1781654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhiratul-Farihin Semail
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aemi Syazwani Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Technologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Salmah Noordin
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nik Nur Syazni Nik Mohamed Kamal
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Juzaili Azizi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sazlinda Kamaruzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative and Regenerative Medicine Clusters, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
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2
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Breda M, Barattè S. A review of analytical methods for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in biological matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1191-201. [PMID: 20383700 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a cytostatic agent that has been widely used in the treatment of various solid tumours for more than 20 years, and is still considered to be among the most active antineoplastic agents in advanced colorectal cancer and malignancies of the head and neck. A large number of non-chromatographic and chromatographic methods for the quantitation of 5-FU, related prodrugs and their metabolites in biological matrices have been developed in the last 30 years to support preclinical and clinical studies. However, 5-FU monitoring has not been widely used, at least not in the USA, and certainly not outside the clinical research setting, given the absence of simple, fast and inexpensive testing methods for 5-FU monitoring. Recent developments with testing based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a nanoparticle antibody-based immunoassay may facilitate routine monitoring of 5-FU in daily clinical practice. In this review the advantages and disadvantages of the bioanalytical methods developed and used for 5-FU, its metabolites and related prodrugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Breda
- Accelera S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Italy.
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Pattyn G, Hollander JMR, Der Panne JACOV, De Bruijn EA. Routine Analysis of Fluorouracil in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography. A Comparison and Implications for Pharmacokinetic Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919008049241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Maring JG, Schouten L, Greijdanus B, de Vries EGE, Uges DRA. A Simple and Sensitive Fully Validated HPLC-UV Method for the Determination of 5-Fluorouracil and Its Metabolite 5,6-Dihydrofluorouracil in Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27:25-30. [PMID: 15665742 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200502000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors developed a simple and sensitive, fully validated HPLC-UV method for the determination of both 5-FU and its metabolite DHFU in small-volume plasma samples. The analytes were separated on a 4.6 x 250 mm ID Atlantis dC18 5-microm column with isocratic elution at room temperature. Chlorouracil was used as internal standard. The analytes were detected with an UV diode array detector. DHFU was detected at 205 nm, 5-FU at 266 nm, and chlorouracil at both wavelengths. The limits of quantification in plasma were 0.040 mug /mL for 5-FU and 0.075 microg/mL for DHFU. Linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, dilution, freeze-thaw stability, and stability in the sample compartment were evaluated. The method appeared linear over a range from 0.04 to 15.90 microg/mL for 5-FU and from 0.075 to 3.84 microg/mL for DHFU. The method appeared very suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of 5-FU because of its simple extraction and small sample volume. Problems in earlier published methods with interfering peaks and variable retention times were overcome. The method appeared also to be suitable for detection of uracil and its metabolite dihydrouracil in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gerard Maring
- Department of Pharmacy, Diaconessen Hospital Meppel, 7940 AM Meppel, The Netherlands.
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5
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Alsarra IA, Alarifi MN. Validated liquid chromatographic determination of 5-fluorouracil in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 804:435-9. [PMID: 15081940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, reproducible, selective and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of 5-flurorouracil in plasma has been developed and validated using isocratic elution and UV detection. The method provides a selective quantifications of 5-flurorouracil without any interference of the endogenous uracil. The assay is performed after a double extraction of 5-flurorouracil and thymine (internal standard) from human plasma using ethyl acetate. The drug and the internal standard were eluted from a Genesis C(18) analytical column at ambient temperature with mobile phase consisting of methanol:water (10:90, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.2 with perchloric acid at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The effluent was monitored with an ultraviolet detector at 260 nm. Quantification was achieved by the measurement of the peak-height ratios and the limit of quantification for 5-flurorouracil in plasma was 30 ng/ml. The retention times for 5-flurorouracil, uracil, and thymine were 4.5, 6.0, and 9.0, respectively. The intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 1.35 to 4.53% at three different concentrations and the inter-day CVs varied from 1.29 to 4.98%. The relative and absolute recoveries varied from 96 to 101%. Stability tests showed that 5-flurorouracil is stable for at least 72 h in plasma after freezing. The simple method may permit the assessment of 5-flurorouracil plasma concentrations for pharmacokinetic studies in combination with clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Jiang H, Jiang J, Hu P, Hu Y. Measurement of endogenous uracil and dihydrouracil in plasma and urine of normal subjects by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 769:169-76. [PMID: 11936689 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific HPLC-MS-MS method was developed for the determination of endogenous uracil (Ura) and its metabolite dihydrouracil (UH2) in human plasma and urine samples. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate-isopropanol (85:15, v/v) following added ammonium sulfate, and then separated on a Discovery Amide C16 column with 3% methanol solution as the mobile phase; urine samples were just centrifuged at 2500 g for detection. Quantitation was carried out by LC-MS-MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The limits of quantitation of the method for Ura and UH2 were 0.5 and 5 ng ml(-1) (for plasma), and 50 and 100 ng ml(-1) (for urine), respectively. This method can be useful to evaluate the activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), a rate-limiting enzyme of the chemotherapy drug fluoropyrimidine, which will be helpful in investigating subject variation of DPD and adjusting clinical dosage in pyrimidine chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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7
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Loos WJ, de Bruijn P, van Zuylen L, Verweij J, Nooter K, Stoter G, Sparreboom A. Determination of 5-fluorouracil in microvolumes of human plasma by solvent extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 735:293-7. [PMID: 10670744 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a new reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human plasma using only 100-microl samples. The sample extraction and clean-up procedure involved a simple liquid-liquid extraction after addition of 5-chlorouracil (5-CU), used as internal standard, with 5 ml ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separations were performed on an Inertsil ODS-3 column (250x4.6 mm ID; 5 microM particle size), eluted with a mobile phase composed of acidified water (pH 2.0). The column effluent was monitored by UV absorption measurement at a wavelength of 266 nm. The calibration curves were constructed over a range of 0.20-50.0 microM and were fitted by weighted (1/x) linear regression analysis using the ratio of peak heights of 5-FU and 5-CU versus concentrations of the nominal standards. Extraction recoveries over the total range averaged 92 and 93% for 5-FU and 5-CU, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation was established at 0.20 microM (approximately 26 ng/ml), with within-run and between-run precisions of 4.2 and 7.0%, respectively, and an average accuracy of 109.3%. The within-run and between-run precisions at four tested concentrations analyzed in quintuplicate over a time period of four days were < 1.4 and < 4.4%, respectively. The accuracy at the tested concentrations ranged from 98.4 to 102.3%. Compared to previously described validated analytical methods for 5-FU, our present assay provides equivalent to superior sensitivity, using only microvolumes of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Loos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek) and University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Maeda T, Sumi S, Hayashi K, Kidouchi K, Owaki T, Togari H, Fujimoto S, Wada Y. Automated determination of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolite in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with column switching. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:267-73. [PMID: 10510780 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a quantitative assay of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and its metabolite, 5-fluorodihydrouracil (FDHU) in human urine by used a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The analyses were carried out using a molecular exclusion column for sample purification, and a cation-exchange column for separation. Each sample required only 40 min to analyze, and required no preparation other than filtration. Linearity was verified up to 1000 nmol/ml (r > 0.993). The recovery of FU was 96-101%; recovery of FDHU was 96-105%. The imprecision (RSD) for FU (10-100 nmol/ml) was < 1.5%, same-day (n = 5), and < 1.8%, day-to-day (n = 5). The imprecision (RSD) for FDHU (10-100 nmol/ml) was < 3.2%, same-day (n = 5), and < 4.0%, day-to-day (n = 5). The detection limits were, respectively, 0.1 nmol/ml. We measured FU and FDHU in urine of seven cancer patients after oral administration of FU. The cumulative quantity ratio of the FDHU and FU (FDHU/FU) excreted in their urine within 120 min after FU administration was a constant value in all seven patients. Based on these results, we believe that our method provides a useful tool for evaluating FU metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maeda
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Hospital, Japan.
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9
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Guerrieri, Palmisano F, Zambonin C, De Lena M. Simultaneous determination of 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouracil and 5,6-dihydro-5-fluorouracil in serum by liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)85148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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De Bruijn EA, Van der Heyden SA, Gheuens EE, Maes RA. Fluorouracil catabolism in the combination treatment of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83:1102-7. [PMID: 1452462 PMCID: PMC5918667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb02728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The CMF-regimen is amongst the most effective chemotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of breast cancer. It is generally accepted that the efficacy of the combination of the three agents used in the regimen, i.e., cyclophosphamide (CY), methotrexate (MTX) and fluorouracil (FUra), is based on interactions between the drugs at the intratumoral level. In WAG/Rij rats we previously demonstrated that change of FUra clearance at the first day of the CMF-regimen occurs owing to concomitant CY + MTX. In the present study clearance of FUra and the first product of FUra catabolism, FUraH2, were monitored at day 1 and day 8 of the regimen upon treatment with single agent FUra (F), MTX + FUra (MF), CY + FUra (CF), and CY + MTX + FUra (CMF). At the first day of treatment, FUra and FUraH2 systemic exposure was demonstrated to be increased in CMF-treated rats owing to concomitant CY+MTX. At the eighth day of treatment it was found that repeated CY administration during the previous seven days in CF-treated rats resulted in increased FUra and FUraH2 systemic exposure and therefore increased the dose of FUra artificially. It is concluded that altered FUra clearance owing to extratumoral interactions by concomitant CY and MTX contributes to the efficacy of the CMF-regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A De Bruijn
- Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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11
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Kubo M, Sasabe H, Shimizu T. Highly sensitive method for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in biological samples in the presence of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 564:137-45. [PMID: 1830594 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80076-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and convenient gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method is described for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in the presence of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (which breaks down into 5-fluorouracil during ordinary GC derivatization) in biological samples such as plasma and urine. After extraction with ethyl acetate, 5-fluorouracil and 5-chlorouracil, the latter being used as an internal standard, were converted into their tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives by allowing the mixture to stand for 30 min at room temperature and were assayed by electron-impact ionization GC-MS. Under these conditions, 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine did not decompose or interfere with the determination of 5-fluorouracil. The assay method, including the extraction and tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization of 5-fluorouracil, showed good linearity in the range 0-100 ng/ml for 5-fluorouracil in plasma (detection limit 0.5 ng/ml) and urine (detection limit 1 ng/ml). The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by determining plasma concentrations of 5-fluorouracil in rats treated intravenously with 5-fluorouracil and 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kubo
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Analytical Research, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Japan
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Abstract
The present review on the methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs should be seen as an addition to the excellent work of Eksborg and Ehrsson published half a decade ago in this journal (Vol. 340, p.31). The style and format have been followed closely, with the focus again on chromatographic techniques. We felt it important to add a list of compound (group) structures as a service to the reader. Methods have been reviewed for alkylating agents, platinum compounds, antitumour antibiotics, antimetabolites, alkaloids, suramin, 1-hydroxy-3-amino-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Tjaden
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Bayomi SM, Al-Badr AA. Analytical Profile of 5-Fluorouracil. ANALYTICAL PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Reimer ML, Schram KH, Nakano K, Yasaka T. The identification of 5,6-dihydrouridine in normal human urine by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1989; 181:302-8. [PMID: 2817393 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of 5,6-dihydrouridine in normal human urine is reported. Partial purification and isolation of the compound by boronate gel affinity chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography preceded its characterization as a trimethylsilyl derivative by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Structure proof is based upon a comparison of mass spectral and chromatographic features of the urinary component to that of an authentic reference sample. Additional data derived from high resolution mass measurements and deuterium isotope-labeling experiments provide confirmation of fragment ion structure. The poor detectability inherent in the HPLC/uv analysis of nucleosides is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Reimer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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De Bruijn EA, Slee PH, Van Oosterom AT, Lameijer DW, Roozendaal KJ, Tjaden UR. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide in the presence of methotrexate and fluorouracil. PHARMACEUTISCH WEEKBLAD. SCIENTIFIC EDITION 1988; 10:200-6. [PMID: 3205676 DOI: 10.1007/bf01956871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide was administered to 12 breast cancer patients in combination with methotrexate and fluorouracil. Doses prescribed were cyclophosphamide 75 mg/m2, methotrexate 30 mg/m2 and fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 (per square meter body surface). Cyclophosphamide was administered intravenously and orally in aqueous solutions and in tablets in a randomized cross-over trial. Methotrexate and fluorouracil were administered intravenously, methotrexate was given first and then fluorouracil. Assays of cyclophosphamide in blood plasma were performed by capillary gas chromatography. Data of mean bioavailability of cyclophosphamide administered by tablets were suggestive of sufficient absorption. In 2 patients, however, a lower bioavailability of cyclophosphamide was demonstrated. Intra-individual differences in the terminal slope of the plasma decay curves after intravenous and oral administration in some patients decreased the calculated bioavailability of cyclophosphamide, if these values were included in the calculation of cyclophosphamide bioavailability. Compared with the administration of the solutions peak times, lag-times and mean absorption times of cyclophosphamide given in tablets were markedly prolonged. It is concluded that interactions between cyclophosphamide and methotrexate and/or fluorouracil after oral dosing as tablets are different from interactions observed after intravenous administration of cyclosphosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A De Bruijn
- Laboratory of Cancer Research & Clinical Oncology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Determination of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil added to blood serum by liquid chromatography with anodic amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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El-Yazigi A, Al-Humaidan A. Rapid analysis of 5-fluorouracil in plasma or formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1987; 5:747-53. [PMID: 16867474 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(87)80090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/1987] [Revised: 08/03/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A El-Yazigi
- Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211 Saudi Arabia
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de Bruijn EA, Remeyer L, Tjaden UR, Erkelens C, de Brauw LM, van de Velde CJ. Non-linear pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil as described by in vivo behaviour of 5,6 dihydro-5-fluorouracil. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:2461-5. [PMID: 3741455 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Stetson PL, Shukla UA, Ensminger WD. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 344:385-90. [PMID: 4086563 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Kok RM, de Jong AP, van Groeningen CJ, Peters GJ, Lankelma J. Highly sensitive determination of 5-fluorouracil in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 343:59-66. [PMID: 4066861 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method using gas chromatography and electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in plasma is described. 5-Chlorouracil was used as internal standard. Sample clean-up consisted of extraction of the 5-halogenated uracil derivatives with 2-propanol--diethyl ether (22:78, v/v) at pH 6, followed by a back-extraction into aqueous buffer at pH 10.5. Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of 5-fluoro- and 5-chlorouracil were prepared by extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide with dichloromethane as solvent and tetrabutylammonium as counter-ion. The limit of sensitivity employing this technique was 50 fg on-column. Quantitation in human plasma was possible down to 3 X 10(-9) M (0.39 ng/ml). Mass fragmentographic analysis of 5-fluorouracil in plasma of patients after a bolus injection of 500 mg/m2 is presented. Plasma concentrations could be determined for at least 8 h after administration.
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Schaaf LJ, Ferry DG, Hung CT, Perrier DG, Edwards IR. Analysis of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorouracil in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 342:303-13. [PMID: 2932458 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A relatively simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for measuring the two anticancer drugs 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'dFUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human plasma and urine. The procedure for plasma includes solvent extraction using ethyl acetate-isopropyl alcohol (85:15) followed by silica gel column chromatography to separate these compounds from constituents normally occurring in plasma. The analysis by reversed-phase HPLC is performed on a phenyl column using an aqueous mobile phase with ultraviolet detection (280 nm). The overall recovery from plasma was 61% and 65% for 5'dFUR and 5-FU, respectively. The sensitivity limit of the assay for both compounds was 50 ng/ml of plasma. Analysis of these compounds in urine did not require the silica column chromatography isolation step.
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Abstract
The present review on the quantification of cytostatic drugs has mainly been focussed on chromatographic techniques. Special attention has been paid to the precautions that have to be taken into account to ensure the selectivity and accuracy of the various methods. The various cytostatics that have been dealt with are: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, podophyllotoxine derivatives, and nitrosoureas.
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23
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de Bruin EA, Tjaden UR, van Oosterom AT, Leeflang P, Leclercq PA. Determination of the underivatized antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil and some of their metabolites by capillary gas chromatography combined with electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1983; 279:603-8. [PMID: 6672038 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of cyclophosphamide (CP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and some of their metabolites in one analysis has been developed. Surface-coated open-tubular OV-275 columns were combined with electron-capture detection and nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection. The influence of the column diameter on the separation is shown. Extraction with 2-propanol-diethyl ether (22:77) allows the isolation of CP, 5-FU and their analogues in one extraction step. The assay was applied to some pharmacokinetic experiments with chemotherapeutically treated patients and with a WAG/Rij rat.
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