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Gao S, Sun R, Singh R, Yu So S, Chan CTY, Savidge T, Hu M. The role of gut microbial β-glucuronidase in drug disposition and development. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103316. [PMID: 35820618 PMCID: PMC9717552 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbial β-glucuronidase (gmGUS) is involved in the disposition of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. Preclinical studies have shown that inhibiting gmGUS activity affects drug disposition, resulting in reduced toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and enhanced systemic efficacy. Additionally, manipulating gmGUS activity is expected to be effective in preventing/treating local or systemic diseases. Although results from animal studies are promising, challenges remain in developing drugs by targeting gmGUS. Here, we review the role of gmGUS in host health under physiological and pathological conditions, the impact of gmGUS on the disposition of phenolic compounds, models used to study gmGUS activity, and the perspectives and challenges in developing drugs by targeting gmGUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | - Rongjin Sun
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rashim Singh
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Sanarentero LLC, 514 N. Elder Grove Drive, Pearland, TX 77584, USA
| | - Sik Yu So
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Clement T Y Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 N Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, USA; BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Tor Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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2
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Abstract
In this report, we detail Substrate Mediated Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (SMEPT) as a novel approach in drug delivery which relies on enzyme-functionalized cell culture substrates to achieve a localized conversion of benign prodrug(s) into active therapeutics with subsequent delivery to adhering cells or adjacent tissues. For proof-of-concept SMEPT, we use surface adhered micro-structured physical hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol), β-glucuronidase enzyme and glucuronide prodrugs. We demonstrate enzymatic activity mediated by the assembled hydrogel samples and illustrate arms of control over rate of release of model fluorescent cargo. SMEPT was not impaired by adhering cells and afforded facile time - and dose - dependent uptake of the in situ generated fluorescent cargo by hepatic cells, HepG2. With the use of a glucuronide derivative of an anticancer drug, SN-38, SMEPT afforded a decrease in cell viability to a level similar to that achieved using parent drug. Finally, dose response was achieved using SMEPT and administration of judiciously chosen concentration of SN-38 glucuronide prodrug thus revealing external control over drug delivery using drug eluting surface. We believe that this highly adaptable concept will find use in diverse biomedical applications, specifically surface mediated drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Teksöz S, Içhedef ÇA, Özyüncü S, Müftüler FZB, Ünak P, Medine İE, Ertay T, Eren MŞ. 99mTc-D-Penicillamine-Glucuronide: Synthesis, Radiolabeling, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:623-30. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serap Teksöz
- Ege University Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Seniha Özyüncü
- Ege University Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Perihan Ünak
- Ege University Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İlker Emin Medine
- Ege University Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Türkan Ertay
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inciralti, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Şencan Eren
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inciralti, İzmir, Turkey
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5
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Currie CA, Shim JS, Lee SH, Ahn C, Limbach PA, Halsall HB, Heineman WR. Comparing polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated PMMA microfluidic devices and glass microchips for electrophoretic separations. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:4245-50. [PMID: 20013912 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a continuing drive in microfluidics to transfer microchip systems from the more expensive glass microchips to cheaper polymer microchips. Here, we investigate using polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) as a coating system for PMMA microchips to improve their functionality. The multilayer system was prepared by layer-to-layer deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride and polystyrene sulfonate. Practical aspects of coating PMMA microchips were explored. The multilayer buildup process was monitored using EOF measurements, and the stability of the PEM was investigated. The performance of the PEM-PMMA microchip was compared with those of a standard glass microchip and a PEM-glass microchip in terms of EOF and separating two fluorescent dyes. Several key findings in the development of the multilayer coating procedure for PMMA chips are also presented. It was found that, with careful preparation, a PEM-PMMA microchip can be prepared that has properties comparable--and in some cases superior--to those of a standard glass microchip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa A Currie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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6
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Das T, Chakraborty S. Bio-Microfluidics: Overview. MICROFLUIDICS AND MICROFABRICATION 2010. [PMCID: PMC7119918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1543-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With a view to establish unique interfacial synergistic interactions between two seemingly distant fields of microfluidics and biology, Bio-microfluidics has become a progressive arena of research in recent times. Bio-microfluidic tools in the format of lab-on-a-chip devices have been extensively utilized to uncouth hitherto un-illuminated regions of cellular-molecular biology, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. This chapter elaborately delineates the linking between the fundamental microscale physics and biologically relevant physico-chemical events and how, in practice, these relations are exploited in microfluidic devices. Finally, potential directions of future biomicrofluidic research are also discussed.
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7
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Metabolic comparison of radiolabeled aniline- and phenol-phthaleins with 131I. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35:481-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Gong M, Wehmeyer KR, Limbach PA, Heineman WR. Flow manipulation for sweeping with a cationic surfactant in microchip capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1167:217-24. [PMID: 17826787 PMCID: PMC2716996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flow manipulation in sweeping microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) is complicated by the free liquid communication between channels at the intersection, especially when the electroosmotic flows are mismatched in the main channel. Sweeping in traditional CE with cationic micelles is an effective way to concentrate anionic analytes. However, it is a challenge to transfer this method onto microchip CE because the dynamic coating process on capillary walls by cationic surfactants is interrupted when the sample solution free of surfactants is introduced into the microchip channels. This situation presents a difficulty in the sample loading, injection and dispensing processes. By adding surfactant at a concentration around the critical micelle concentration and by properly designing the voltage configuration, the flows in a microchip were effectively manipulated and this sweeping method was successfully moved to microchip CE using tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB). The sweeping effect of cationic surfactant in the sample solution was discussed theoretically and studied experimentally in traditional CE. The flows in a microchip were monitored with fluorescence imaging, and the injection and sweeping processes were studied by locating the detection point along the separation channel. A detection enhancement of up to 500-fold was achieved for 5-carboxyfluorescein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojun Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Wehmeyer
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Patrick A. Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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9
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Gong M, Wehmeyer KR, Stalcup AM, Limbach PA, Heineman WR. Study of injection bias in a simple hydrodynamic injection in microchip CE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1564-71. [PMID: 17447241 PMCID: PMC2442562 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electrokinetically pinched method is the most commonly used mode for sample injection in microchip capillary electrophoresis (microCE) due to its simplicity and well-defined sample volume. However, the limited injection volume and the electrophoretic bias of the pinched injection may limit its universal usage to specific applications. Several hydrodynamic injection methods in microCE have been reported; however, almost all claimed that their methods are bias-free without considering the dispensing bias. To investigate the dispensing bias, a simple hydrodynamic injection was developed in single-T and double-T glass microchips. The sample flow was produced by hydrostatic pressure generated by the liquid level difference between the sample reservoir and the other reservoirs. The reproducibility of peak area and peak area ratio was improved to a significant extent using large-surface reservoirs for the buffer reservoir and the sample waste reservoir to reduce the Laplace pressure effect. Without a voltage applied on the sample solution, the voltage-related sample bias was eliminated. The dispensing bias was analyzed theoretically and studied experimentally. It was demonstrated that the dispensing bias existed and could be reduced significantly by appropriately setting up the voltage configuration and by controlling the appropriate liquid level difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojun Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Wehmeyer
- Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Apryll M. Stalcup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Patrick A. Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - William R. Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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11
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Vlčková M, Stettler AR, Schwarz MA. Microchip Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications and Recent Advances. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Vlčková
- a Universität Basel, Departement Chemie , Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Gong M, Wehmeyer KR, Limbach PA, Arias F, Heineman WR. On-line sample preconcentration using field-amplified stacking injection in microchip capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3730-7. [PMID: 16737230 PMCID: PMC2442013 DOI: 10.1021/ac0521798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports describing sample stacking on microchip capillary electrophoresis (microCE) have regarded the microchip channels as a closed system and treated the bulk flow as in traditional capillary electrophoresis. This work demonstrates that the flows arising from the intersection should be investigated as an open system. It is shown that the pressure-driven flows into or from the branch channels due to bulk velocity mismatch in the main channel should not be neglected but can be used for liquid transportation in the channels. On the basis of these concepts, a sample preconcentration scheme was developed in a commercially available single-cross glass chip for microCE. Similar to field-amplified stacking injection in traditional CE, a low conductivity sample buffer plug was introduced into the separation channel immediately before the negatively charged analyte molecules were injected. The detection sensitivity was improved by 94-, 108-, and 160-fold for fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate, fluorescein disodium, and 5-carboxyfluorescein, respectively, relative to a traditional pinched injection. The calibration curves for fluorescein and 5-carboxyfluorescein demonstrated good linearity in the concentration range (1-60 nM) investigated with acceptable reproducibility of migration time and peak height and area ratios (4-5% RSD). This preconcentration scheme will be of particular significance to the practical use of microCE in the emerging miniaturized analytical instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojun Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
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13
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Glatz Z. Determination of enzymatic activity by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:23-37. [PMID: 16574509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are biological catalysts that play an important role in biochemical reactions necessary for normal growth, maturation and reproduction through whole live world. Their accurate quantitation in biological samples is important in many fields of biochemistry, not only in routine biochemistry and in fundamental research, but also in clinical and pharmacological research and diagnosis. Since the direct measurement of enzymes by masses is impossible, they must be quantified by their catalytic activities. Many different methods have been applied for this purpose so far. Although photometric methods are undoubtedly the most frequently used, separation methods will further gain their position in this field. The article reviews different possibilities for the assay of enzymatic activity by means of capillary electrophoresis (CE). Both the off-line and on-line enzyme assays based on CE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Xu H, Ewing AG. High-throughput enzyme assay on a multichannel microchip using optically gated sample introduction. Electrophoresis 2006; 26:4711-7. [PMID: 16294297 PMCID: PMC1360208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To meet the requirements for high-throughput screening for drug discovery research, it is very important to develop techniques with the ability of performing multiple enzyme assays simultaneously. Using optically gated sample introduction on a multichannel microchip, multiple enzyme assays have been demonstrated in four parallel channels. The hydrolysis of fluorescein mono-beta-D-galactopyranoside by beta-galactosidase and the inhibition of this reaction by the competitive inhibitor phenylethyl beta-D-thiogalactoside were initially studied to determine the effect of system movement using the voice coil actuator on the enzyme assay reaction. The results from these two studies are consistent with the results from the assay using a single-channel microchip, and they demonstrate that the system using optically gated sample introduction on multichannel microchip can be used to perform multiple enzyme assays. Three unique enzyme assays were also performed in different channels, which show this technique could be competitive for high-throughput screening in drug discovery with other traditional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Xu
- 152 Davey Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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15
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Mecomber JS, Stalcup AM, Hurd D, Halsall HB, Heineman WR, Seliskar CJ, Wehmeyer KR, Limbach PA. Analytical Performance of Polymer-Based Microfluidic Devices Fabricated By Computer Numerical Controlled Machining. Anal Chem 2005; 78:936-41. [PMID: 16448071 DOI: 10.1021/ac051523y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A study comparing the electrophoretic separation performance attainable from microchips molded by masters fabricated using conventional CNC machining techniques with commercial microchips, wire imprinted microchips, and microchips from LIGA molding devices is presented. An electrophoresis-based detection system using fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the analytical utility of these microchips. The separation performance of CNC microchips was comparable to commercially available microchips as well as those fabricated from LIGA masters. The important feature of the CNC machined masters is that they have rapid design-to-device times using routinely available machining tools. This low-cost prototyping approach provides a new entry point for researchers interested in thermoplastic microchips and can accelerate the development of polymer-based lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Mecomber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0072, USA
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16
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Tu J, Halsall HB, Seliskar CJ, Limbach PA, Arias F, Wehmeyer KR, Heineman WR. Estimation of logPow values for neutral and basic compounds by microchip microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with indirect fluorimetric detection (μMEEKC-IFD). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:1-7. [PMID: 15907611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microchip microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with indirect fluorimetric detection (muMEEKC-IFD) was used to obtain logP octanol/water (logP(ow)) values for neutral and basic compounds. Six compounds, with logP(ow) values between 0.38 and 5.03, were used to create a calibration curve relating the log of retention factors (logk) obtained from muMEEKC-IFD with the known logP(ow) values. The logP(ow) values for six additional compounds were determined using the logk values obtained by muMEEKC-IFD and the linear relationship between logP(ow) and logk established for the standard compounds. The muMEEKC-IFD buffer was composed of 50 mM 3-[cyclohexylamino]-1-propane-sulfonic acid (CAPS) buffer (pH 10.4) containing 1.2% n-heptane (v/v), 2% sodium dodecylsulfate (w/v), 8% 1-butanol (v/v) and 4 microM 5-carboxytetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA) as the fluorophore probe for indirect detection. The muMEEKC-IFD provided an accurate method for estimating logP(ow) values and also a means for analyzing compounds that are non-fluorescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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17
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Kulp M, Kaljurand M. On-line monitoring of enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:305-12. [PMID: 15065809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis can be a valuable tool for the on-line monitoring of bioprocesses. The enzymatic conversion of nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by hexokinase (HK) was monitored in the bioreactor interfaced by a laboratory-built microsampler to a capillary electrophoresis unit. The use of this specially designed sampling device enabled rapid consecutive injections to be performed without high-voltage (HV) interruptions. No additional sample preparation was required. The method of micellar electrokinetic chromatography, employing reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF) by cationic surfactant and reversed polarity mode provided a good resolution and short analysis time of less than 5 min. The samples were injected electrokinetically, using -25 kV voltage for 3 s and detected by their UV absorbance at 254 nm. The analytes were detected at a microg/ml level with a reproducibility of about 7%. To demonstrate the potential of CE in understanding the processes of biological interest, such as nucleotide degradation and metabolism, the investigation of the efficiency and the time course of the enzymatic transformation was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kulp
- Faculty of Science, Tallinn Technical University, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
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18
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Sakai-Kato K, Kato M, Toyo’oka T. Screening of inhibitors of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase with a miniaturized on-line drug-metabolism system. J Chromatogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Liu Y, Garcia CD, Henry CS. Recent progress in the development of muTAS for clinical analysis. Analyst 2003; 128:1002-8. [PMID: 12964597 DOI: 10.1039/b306278n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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20
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Starkey DE, Abdelaziez Y, Ahn CH, Tu J, Anderson L, Wehmeyer KR, Izzo NJ, Carr AN, Peters KG, Bao JJ, Halsall HB, Heineman WR. Determination of endogenous extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase by microchip capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2003; 316:181-91. [PMID: 12711339 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the assay of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is presented. In this assay, ERK catalyzes the transfer of gamma-phosphate from adenosine 5(')-triphosphate to the threonine residue of a fluorescently labeled nonapeptide (APRTPGGRR), and the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptides were detected by fluorescence. The phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptides and the internal standard were separated within 20s, and the increase in magnitude of the phosphorylated peptide peak was monitored to assess ERK activity. ERK reactions were prepared off-chip and analyzed on a single-lane glass microchip fabricated by standard methods. It was demonstrated that microchip CE could be used to measure endogenous amounts of ERK by spiking known concentrations of recombinant ERK2 into the lysates of serum-starved human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and recovering between 90 and 100% for all samples. Endogenous ERK activity was determined by microchip where HUVEC were stimulated with 500pM vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at different times before cell lysis. The results showed a transient VEGF-mediated ERK activation that peaked at 10min, which was consistent with previous reports using conventional techniques. The microchip assay provided a rapid, accurate, and precise alternative to conventional methods of determining endogenous ERK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin E Starkey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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21
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Iadarola P, Annovazzi L, Lupi A, Luisetti M, Casado B, Doring G, Worlitzsch D, Cetta G, Viglio S. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AS A MODERN TOOL FOR DETERMINING PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITIES IN PURIFIED SPECIMENS AND IN REAL SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iadarola
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Anna Lupi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Luisetti
- b Laboratorio di Biochimica e Genetica , Clinica di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio , IRCCS Policlinico , San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Begona Casado
- c Department of Medicine , Georgetown University , Washington, DC, 20007, U.S.A
| | - Gerd Doring
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Worlitzsch
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cetta
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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22
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Whisnant AR, Gilman SD. Studies of reversible inhibition, irreversible inhibition, and activation of alkaline phosphatase by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2002; 307:226-34. [PMID: 12202238 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reversible inhibition, irreversible inhibition, and activation of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) have been studied by capillary electrophoresis. The capillary electrophoretic enzyme-inhibitor assays were based on electrophoretic mixing of inhibitor and enzyme zones in a substrate-filled capillary. Enzyme inhibition was indicated by a decrease in product formation detected in the capillary by laser-induced fluorescence. Reversible enzyme inhibitors could be quantified by Michaelis-Menten treatment of the electrophoretic data. Reversible, competitive inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by sodium vanadate and sodium arsenate has been examined, and reversible, noncompetitive inhibition by theophylline has been studied. The K(i) values determined for these reversible inhibitors using capillary electrophoresis are within the range of values reported in the literature for the same enzyme-inhibitor combinations. Irreversible inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by EDTA at concentrations of 1.0mM and above has been observed. Activation of alkaline phosphatase has also been observed for EDTA at concentrations from 20 to 400 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Whisnant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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23
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Abstract
Common strategies employed for general protein detection include organic dye, silver stain, radiolabeling, reverse stain, fluorescent stain, chemiluminescent stain and mass spectrometry-based approaches. Fluorescence-based protein detection methods have recently surpassed conventional technologies such as colloidal Coomassie blue and silver staining in terms of quantitative accuracy, detection sensitivity, and compatibility with modern downstream protein identification and characterization procedures, such as mass spectrometry. Additionally, specific detection methods suitable for revealing protein post-translational modifications have been devised over the years. These include methods for the detection of glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, proteolytic modifications, S-nitrosylation, arginine methylation and ADP-ribosylation. Methods for the detection of a range of reporter enzymes and epitope tags are now available as well, including those for visualizing beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, oligohistidine tags and green fluorescent protein. Fluorescence-based and mass spectrometry-based methodologies are just beginning to offer unparalleled new capabilities in the field of proteomics through the performance of multiplexed quantitative analysis. The primary objective of differential display proteomics is to increase the information content and throughput of proteomics studies through multiplexed analysis. Currently, three principal approaches to differential display proteomics are being actively pursued, difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE), multiplexed proteomics (MP) and isotope-coded affinity tagging (ICAT). New multiplexing capabilities should greatly enhance the applicability of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique with respect to addressing fundamental questions related to proteome-wide changes in protein expression and post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne F Patton
- Proteomics Section, Biosciences Department, Molecular Probes, Inc., 4849 Pitchford Avenue, Eugene, OR 97402-9165, USA.
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Abstract
This review gives an overview of developments in the field of microchip analysis for clinical diagnostic and forensic applications. The approach chosen to review the literature is different from that in most microchip reviews to date, in that the information is presented in terms of analytes tested rather than microchip method. Analyte categories for which examples are presented include (i) drugs (quality control, seizures) and explosives residues, (ii) drugs and endogenous small molecules and ions in biofluids, (iii) proteins and peptides, and (iv) analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides. Few cases of microchip analysis of physiological samples or other "real-world" matrices were found. However, many of the examples presented have potential application for these samples, especially with ongoing parallel developments involving integration of sample pretreatment onto chips and the use of fluid propulsion mechanisms other than electrokinetic pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Sensors, Actuators & Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Guijt RM, Baltussen E, van Dedem GWK. Use of bioaffinity interactions in electrokinetically controlled assays on microfabricated devices. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:823-35. [PMID: 11920867 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200203)23:6<823::aid-elps823>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, the role of bioaffinity interactions on electrokinetically controlled microfabricated devices is reviewed. Interesting applications reported in the literature include enzymatic assays, where enzyme and enzyme inhibition kinetics were studied, often in combination with electrophoretic separation. Attention is paid towards developments that could lead to implementation of electrokinetically controlled microdevices in high-throughput screening. Furthermore, enzyme-facilitated detection in combination with electrophoretic separation on microdevices is discussed. Various types of immunoassays have been implemented on the microchip format. The selectivity of antibody-antigen interaction has been exploited for the detection of analytes in complex sample matrices as required, for example, in clinical chemistry. Binding kinetics as well as stoichiometry were studied in chip-based assays. Automated mixing protocols as well as the demonstration of a parallel immunoassay allow implementation of microdevices in high-throughput screening. Furthermore, demonstration of immunoassays on cheap polymeric microdevices opens the way towards the fabrication of disposable devices, a requirement for commercialization and therefore for application in routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Guijt
- Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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