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The current role of on-line extraction approaches in clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2261-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's clinical and forensic toxicological laboratories, automation is of interest because of its ability to optimize processes, to reduce manual workload and handling errors and to minimize exposition to potentially infectious samples. Extraction is usually the most time-consuming step; therefore, automation of this step is reasonable. Currently, from the field of clinical and forensic toxicology, methods using the following on-line extraction techniques have been published: on-line solid-phase extraction, turbulent flow chromatography, solid-phase microextraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, single-drop microextraction and on-line desorption of dried blood spots. Most of these published methods are either single-analyte or multicomponent procedures; methods intended for systematic toxicological analysis are relatively scarce. However, the use of on-line extraction will certainly increase in the near future.
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Svačinová J, Novák O, Plačková L, Lenobel R, Holík J, Strnad M, Doležal K. A new approach for cytokinin isolation from Arabidopsis tissues using miniaturized purification: pipette tip solid-phase extraction. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:17. [PMID: 22594941 PMCID: PMC3492005 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a new analytical approach for isolation and quantification of cytokinins (CK) in minute amounts of fresh plant material, which combines a simple one-step purification with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fast scanning tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plant tissue samples (1-5 mg FW) were purified by stop-and-go-microextraction (StageTip purification), which previously has only been applied for clean-up and pre-concentration of peptides. We found that a combination of two reverse phases and one cation-exchange phase, was the best tool, giving a total extraction recovery higher than 80%. The process was completed by a single chromatographic analysis of a wide range of naturally occurring cytokinins (bases, ribosides, O- and N-glucosides, and nucleotides) in 24.5 minutes using an analytical column packed with sub-2-microne particles. In multiple reaction monitoring mode, the detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 5 fmol and the linear ranges for most cytokinins were at least five orders of magnitude. The StageTip purification was validated and optimized using samples of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, roots and shoots where eighteen cytokinins were successfully determined. CONCLUSIONS The combination of microextraction with one-step high-throughput purification provides fast, effective and cheap sample preparation prior to qualitative and quantitative measurements. Our procedure can be used after modification also for other phytohormones, depending on selectivity, affinity and capacity of the selected sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svačinová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holík
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
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Caris JA, Silva BJG, Moisés ECD, Lanchote VL, Queiroz MEC. Automated analysis of lidocaine and its metabolite in plasma by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with LC-UV for pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:734-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juciene Aparecida Caris
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Bruno José Gonçalves Silva
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brazil
| | | | - Vera Lúcia Lanchote
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia Costa Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brazil
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Moravcová D, Kahle V, Řehulková H, Chmelík J, Řehulka P. Short monolithic columns for purification and fractionation of peptide samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis in proteomics. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3629-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen L, Liao L, Zuo Z, Yan Y, Yang L, Fu Q, Chen Y, Hou J. Simultaneous determination of nikethamide and lidocaine in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid by high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1757-62. [PMID: 17289323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nikethamide and lidocaine are often requested to be quantified simultaneously in forensic toxicological analysis. A simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for their simultaneous determination in human blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The method involves simple protein precipitation sample treatment followed by quantification of analytes using HPLC at 263 nm. Analytes were separated on a 5 microm Zorbax Dikema C18 column (150 mm x 4.60 mm, i.d.) with a mobile phase of 22:78 (v/v) mixture of methanol and a diethylamine-acetic acid buffer, pH 4.0. The mean recoveries were between 69.8 and 94.4% for nikethamide and between 78.9 and 97.2% for lidocaine. Limits of detection (LODs) for nikethamide and lidocaine were 0.008 and 0.16 microg/ml in plasma and 0.007 and 0.14 microg/ml in cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The mean intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for both analytes were less than 9.2 and 10.8%, respectively. The developed method was applied to blood sample analyses in eight forensic cases, where blood concentrations of lidocaine ranged from 0.68 to 34.4 microg/ml and nikethamide ranged from 1.25 to 106.8 microg/ml. In six cases cerebrospinal fluid analysis was requested. The values ranged from 20.3 to 185.6 microg/ml of lidocaine and 8.0 to 72.4 microg/ml of nikethamide. The method is simple and sensitive enough to be used in toxicological analysis for simultaneous determination of nikethamide and lidocaine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- West China School of Preclinical Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Kang X, Pan C, Xu Q, Yao Y, Wang Y, Qi D, Gu Z. The investigation of electrospun polymer nanofibers as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the determination of trazodone in human plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Revised: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Baniceru M, Croitoru O, Popescu SM. Determination of some local anesthetics in human serum by gas chromatography with solid-phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:593-8. [PMID: 15137984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2003] [Revised: 01/31/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method of analysis based on solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary gas chromatographic system for determination of mepivacaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine from human serum was developed. As extraction sorbents were used Chromosorb 103, Tenax-GC and Chromosorb T. The best extraction sorbent proved to be Chromosorb 103. Their recoveries ranged from 91 to 94% at the target concentrations of approx. 1.5 microgml(-1) in serum. Relative standard deviation of the recoveries ranged from 3.11 to 5.30 at these concentrations. As internal standard was used lidocaine. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a gas chromatograph equipped with a capillary column, HP-Innowax, and flame ionisation detector. Samples were injected in splitless mode. This method was applied in a stomatological clinic to healthy volunteers to whom superior-posterior alveolar nerve block anesthesia with mepivacaine was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baniceru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Peru Rares 4, 1100 Craiova, Romania.
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Pistos C, Stewart JT. Direct injection HPLC method for the determination of selected benzodiazepines in plasma using a Hisep column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:1135-42. [PMID: 14656604 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A direct plasma injection HPLC method has been developed for the determination of selected benzodiazepines (nitrazepam, clobazam, oxazepam, lorazepam). The method uses an analytical hydrophobic shielded phase (Hisep) column equipped with a Hisep guard column, are easy to perform and requires 20 ul of a filtered plasma sample. The chromatographic run time is less than 15 min using a mobile phase of 15:85 v/v acetonitrile-0.18 M ammonium acetate pH 2.5. The method is good for 175 injections before replacement of the guard column. The method was linear in the range 0.5-18 ug ml(-1) (r>0.99, n=6) for the analytes with R.S.D. less than 10.82%. Interday and intraday variability were found to be less than 14%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.16 (s/n>3) and 0.5 ug ml(-1) (s/n>10), respectively, for each of the four benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pistos
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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