1
|
Thieme D, Krumbholz A, Bidlingmaier M, Geffert C, Hameder A, Stöver A, Graw M, Keiler AM. Influence of ethanol consumption and food intake on serum concentrations of endogenous steroids. Steroids 2024; 201:109331. [PMID: 37926183 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroid biosynthesis and biotransformation are based on a cascade of enzymatic processes being highly sensitive to various external influences. Amongst those, ethanol was shown to affect testosterone metabolism. For doping analyses, athlete steroid profiles comprise seven urinary steroid metabolites, of which relevant ratios are significantly increased following ethanol consumption. This effect is presumably based on the lack of hepatic NAD+-coenzyme as a consequence of ethanol oxidation. Only recently, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) blood profiles have been introduced as additional approach for doping control. However, a potential influence of ethanol intake on testosterone biosynthesis and thus on blood steroid profiles has not been investigated so far. Therefore, steroid concentrations from 10 males and 10 females receiving an ethanol infusion up to a breath alcohol concentration of 0.5 mg/L which was hold as a plateau for two hours were conducted. Blood samples were drawn every 15 min for steroid quantification. An ethanol-dependent T/A4 increase up to 385% resulting from A4 suppression was observed in 14 volunteers. In addition, we observed sporadic A4 increases coinciding with cortisol and ACTH pulses pointing to a meal-induced adrenal stimulation. While testosterone levels in males showed diurnal variation solely, testosterone levels in some females were found to be susceptible to ethanol- and ACTH-dependent perturbations, which is thought to be due to its predominant adrenal synthesis in females. In conclusion, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of blood sampling at a sufficient time interval from food and ethanol intake. This is of interest if T and A4 are used for diagnostics in doping control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Aniko Krumbholz
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annika Hameder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Stöver
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annekathrin M Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany; Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, TU Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Steroidomics for highlighting novel serum biomarkers of testosterone doping. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1171-1187. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantification of testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone serum concentrations proved to be an efficient alternative to urinary steroid profiling for the detection of T doping. In this context, additional serum markers could be discovered by exploratory untargeted steroidomics studies. Results: Endogenous steroid metabolites were monitored by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry in serum samples collected during a T administration clinical trial. A three-step workflow for accurate review of annotation was used and multifactorial data analysis allowed highlighting promising serum biomarkers. Longitudinal monitoring of selected compounds was performed to assess T abuse detection capabilities. Conclusion: Application of serum steroidomics showed high potential for biomarker discovery of T doping, suggesting longitudinal monitoring of steroid hormones in serum as a significant improvement in detection of endogenous steroids abuse.
Collapse
|
3
|
Albeiroti S, Ahrens BD, Sobolevskii T, Butch AW. The influence of small doses of ethanol on the urinary testosterone to epitestosterone ratio in men and women. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:575-583. [PMID: 28671321 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous steroid use can increase urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) values. In addition, ethanol in amounts >0.5 g per kg of body weight (g/kg) can also increase T/E values. However, the effect of smaller doses of ethanol on T/E values is unknown. The influence of 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of ethanol on baseline T/E values in 20 men and 20 women with low and high baseline T/E values was investigated and correlated with ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) concentrations. T/E values for 7 of the women were excluded from the study because of undetectable T concentrations or for other reasons. One man and 1 woman with a high T/E baseline value had a significant increase in their T/E value after ingestion of 0.2 g/kg of ethanol. One man and 2 women with a high T/E baseline, and 1 woman with a low T/E baseline had significantly increased T/E values after ingestion of 0.4 g/kg of ethanol. There was wide variability in peak EtG concentrations and a lack of correlation between ethanol dose and EtG concentrations. Interestingly, 1 man and 2 women with increased T/E values following ethanol ingestion had EtG concentrations below the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) cut-off of 5000 ng/mL. These findings demonstrate that small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible. In addition, consideration should be given to the lowering of the WADA EtG cut-off to detect samples with elevated T/E values from ingestion of low doses of ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Albeiroti
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian D Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timofei Sobolevskii
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony W Butch
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fabregat A, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Factors affecting urinary excretion of testosterone metabolites conjugated with cysteine. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:110-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciencies; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciencies; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciencies; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Oscar J. Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Baume N. Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling. Br J Sports Med 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 24764553 PMCID: PMC4033181 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories Ltd., , Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schneider AJ, Fedoruk MN, Rupert JL. Human genetic variation: new challenges and opportunities for doping control. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1117-29. [PMID: 22681541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.692480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sport celebrates differences in competitors that lead to the often razor-thin margins between victory and defeat. The source of this variation is the interaction between the environment in which the athletes develop and compete and their genetic make-up. However, a darker side of sports may also be genetically influenced: some anti-doping tests are affected by the athlete's genotype. Genetic variation is an issue that anti-doping authorities must address as more is learned about the interaction between genotype and the responses to prohibited practices. To differentiate between naturally occurring deviations in indirect blood and urine markers from those potentially caused by doping, the "biological-passport" program uses intra-individual variability rather than population values to establish an athlete's expected physiological range. The next step in "personalized" doping control may be the inclusion of genetic data, both for the purposes of documenting an athlete's responses to doping agents and doping-control assays as well facilitating athlete and sample identification. Such applications could benefit "clean" athletes but will come at the expense of risks to privacy. This article reviews the instances where genetics has intersected with doping control, and briefly discusses the potential role, and ethical implications, of genotyping in the struggle to eliminate illicit ergogenic practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Schneider
- The International Centre for Olympic Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thieme D, Große J, Keller L, Graw M. Urinary concentrations of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate as thresholds to determine potential ethanol-induced alteration of steroid profiles. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:851-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresden; Germany
| | - J. Große
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresden; Germany
| | - L. Keller
- Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Munich; Germany
| | - M. Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Munich; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mareck U, Geyer H, Fußhöller G, Schwenke A, Haenelt N, Piper T, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Reporting and managing elevated testosterone/epitestosterone ratios-Novel aspects after five years' experience. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:637-42. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
The list of prohibited substances in sports includes a group of masking agents that are forbidden in both in- and out-of-competition doping tests. This group consists of a series of compounds that are misused in sports to mask the administration of other doping agents, and includes: diuretics, used to reduce the concentration in urine of other doping agents either by increasing the urine volume or by reducing the excretion of basic doping agents by increasing the urinary pH; probenecid, used to reduce the concentration in urine of acidic compounds, such as glucuronoconjugates of some doping agents; 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, used to reduce the formation of 5alpha-reduced metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids; plasma expanders, used to maintain the plasma volume after misuse of erythropoietin or red blood cells concentrates; and epitestosterone, used to mask the detection of the administration of testosterone. Diuretics may be also misused to achieve acute weight loss before competition in sports with weight categories. In this chapter, pharmacological modes of action, intended pharmacological effects for doping purposes, main routes of biotransformation and analytical procedures used for anti-doping controls to screen and confirm these substances will be reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The detection of the administration of an androgen such as testosterone that could be present normally in human bodily fluids is based upon the methodical evaluation of key parameters of the urinary profile of steroids, precisely measured by GC/MS. Over the years, the markers of utilization were identified, the reference ranges of diagnostic metabolites and ratios were established in volunteers and in populations of athletes, and their stability in individual subjects was studied. The direct confirmation comes from the measurement of delta (13)C values reflecting their synthetic origin, ruling out a potential physiological anomaly. Several factors may alter the individual GC/MS steroid profile besides the administration of a testosterone-related steroid, the nonexhaustive list ranging from the microbial degradation of the specimen, the utilization of inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase or other anabolic steroids, masking agents such as probenecid, to inebriating alcohol drinking. The limitation of the testing strategy comes from the potentially elevated rate of false negatives, since only the values exceeding those of the reference populations are picked up by the GC/MS screening analyses performed by the laboratories on blind samples, excluding individual particularities and subtle doping. Since the ranges of normal values are often described from samples collected in Western countries, extrapolating data to all athletes appears inefficient. Furthermore, with short half-life and topical formulations, the alterations of the steroid profile are less pronounced and disappear rapidly. GC/C/IRMS analyses are too delicate and fastidious to be considered for screening routine samples. An approach based upon the individual athlete's steroid profiling is necessary to pick up variations that would trigger further IRMS analysis and investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ayotte
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Große J, Anielski P, Sachs H, Thieme D. Ethylglucuronide as a potential marker for alcohol-induced elevation of urinary testosterone/epitestosterone ratios. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:526-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Enéa C, Boisseau N, Dugué B. Facteurs biologiques influençant les concentrations urinaires en stéroïdes anabolisants lors de contrôles antidopage. Sci Sports 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Enea C, Boisseau N, Diaz V, Dugué B. Biological factors and the determination of androgens in female subjects. Steroids 2008; 73:1203-16. [PMID: 18640139 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The idea of the presence of androgens in females may sound peculiar as androgens generally refer to male hormones. Although produced in small amounts in women, androgens have direct and significant effects on many aspects of female physiology. Moreover, androgens are precursors to estrogens, which are the predominant female sex hormones. The measurement of androgens in blood is important in the diagnosis of both gonadal and adrenal functional disturbances, as well as monitoring subsequent treatments. The accuracy of such measurements is crucial in sports medicine and doping control. Therefore, the concentration of androgens in female subjects is frequently measured. Analysing such compounds with accuracy is especially difficult, costly and time consuming. Therefore, laboratories widely use direct radioimmunoassay kits, which are often insensitive and inaccurate. It is especially complicated to determine the level of androgens in women, as the concentration is much lower compared to the concentration found in males. Additionally, the amount of androgens in fluids tends to decrease with aging. Analyses of hormone concentrations are influenced by a myriad of factors. The factors influencing the outcome of these tests can be divided into in vivo preanalytical factors (e.g., aging, chronobiological rhythms, diet, menstrual cycle, physical exercise, etc.), in vitro preanalytical factors (e.g., specimen collection, equipment, transport, storage, etc.) and as mentioned before, analytical factors. To improve the value of these tests, the strongly influencing factors must be controlled. This can be accomplished using standardised assays and specimen collection procedures. In general, sufficient attention is not given to the preanalytical (biological) factors, especially in the measurement of androgens in females. Biological factors (non-pathological factors) that may influence the outcome of these tests in female subjects have received little attention and are the topic of the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Enea
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activités Physiques (EA3813), Université de Poitiers, and Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire et Physiologie de l'Exercice, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mareck U, Geyer H, Opfermann G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:877-91. [PMID: 18570179 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Steroid profiling is one of the most versatile and informative screening tools for the detection of steroid abuse in sports drug testing. Concentrations and ratios of various endogenously produced steroidal hormones, their precursors and metabolites including testosterone (T), epitestosterone (E), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androsterone (And), etiocholanolone (Etio), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Adiol), and 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Bdiol) as well as androstenedione, 6alpha-OH-androstenedione, 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (17-epi-Bdiol), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (17-epi-Adiol), 3alpha,5-cyclo-5alpha-androstan-6beta-ol-17-one (3alpha,5-cyclo), 5alpha-androstanedione (Adion), and 5beta-androstanedione (Bdion) add up to a steroid profile that is highly sensitive to applications of endogenous as well as synthetic anabolic steroids, masking agents, and bacterial activity. Hence, the knowledge of factors that do influence the steroid profile pattern is a central aspect, and pharmaceutical (application of endogenous steroids and various pharmaceutical preparations), technical (hydrolysis, derivatization, matrix), and biological (bacterial activities, enzyme side activities) issues are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ayotte C. Suivi des profils de stéroïdes urinaires dans le contrôle du dopage des sportifs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-035x(08)71755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Stopforth A, Grobbelaar CJ, Crouch AM, Sandra P. Quantification of testosterone and epitestosterone in human urine samples by stir bar sorptive extraction – thermal desorption – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Application to HIV-positive urine samples. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:257-65. [PMID: 17390621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is described for the measurement of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (ET) in human urine samples. The deconjugated steroids were extracted directly from the samples by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and derivatized in situ on the stir bar by headspace acylation prior to thermal desorption and GC/MS. Extraction and derivatization parameters, namely salt addition, temperature, and time, were optimized to improve the recovery of T and ET by SBSE. The limits of quantification (S/N 10) were 0.9 ng/mL for T and 2.8 ng/mL for ET. Quantification of the steroids in urine samples was performed using standard addition to avoid the influence of matrix effects. The method was applied for the measurement of urinary T and ET in a group of healthy volunteers and HIV+ patients. Decreased levels of T were detected in the HIV+ group, whereas the excretion of ET was comparable for the two groups. Further clinical research is required to elucidate the biomarker significance of the T/ET ratio in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Stopforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amundsen LK, Kokkonen JT, Rovio S, Sirén H. Analysis of anabolic steroids by partial filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1040:123-31. [PMID: 15248432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A partial filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (PF-MEKC) separation of six anabolic androgenic steroids (androstenedione, metandienone, fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone, 17-epimetandienone and testosterone) is introduced. The method utilises a mixed micellar solution consisting of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium taurocholate. The analytes are detected with a photodiode array detector at 247 nm wavelength. Methyltestosterone is used as internal standard. The detection limits were 39 microg/L for androstenedione, 40 microg/L for testosterone, 45 microg/L for fluoxymesterone, 45-90 microg/L for 17-epimetandienone, 59 microg/L for methyltestosterone and 90 microg/L for metandienone. Linear correlation between concentration (0.1-5.0 mg/L) and detector response was obtained with r2 of 0.994 for fluoxymesterone, 0.998 for 17-epimetandienone and 0.999 for androstenedione, metandienone and testosterone. In addition, ionisation of the investigated compounds in electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was studied in positive ion mode. The most intense signal (100%) was the protonated molecular ion [M + H]+, except for 17-epimetandienone, which gave its strongest signal at m/z corresponding to [M - H2O + H]+. Finally, separation and identification of fluoxymesterone, androstenedione and testosterone by PF-MEKC-ESI-MS is described. This is the first use of PF-MEKC and PF-MEKC-ESI-MS assays for anabolic androgenic steroids.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Epitestosterone has been identified as a natural component of biological fluids of several mammals including man. For a long time it was believed that it is a metabolite without any hormonal activity and without any marked relationship to the hormonal state in health and disease. Neither the biosynthetic pathway nor the site of its formation in man have been unequivocally confirmed to date. It apparently parallels the formation of testosterone (T), but on the other hand its concentration is not influenced by exogenous administration of testosterone. This fact creates the basis of the present doping control of testosterone abuse. In 1989 an observation was presented in a dermatological study that epitestosterone exerts an effect counteracting the action of testosterone on flank organ of Syrian hamster. Further studies showed that a complex action consisting of competitive binding of epitestosterone to androgen receptor, of inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis and its reduction to dihydrotestosterone and of antigonadotropic activity could be demonstrated in rat, mice and human tissues. It can be presumed that epitestosterone as a natural hormone can contribute to the regulation of such androgen dependent events as, e.g. the control of prostate growth or body hair distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Stárka
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národni; tr. 8, CZ 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marques MAS, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FRD. Controle de dopagem de anabolizantes: o perfil esteroidal e suas regulações. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922003000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O conceito de perfil esteroidal é discutido neste artigo. As principais vias biossintéticas são apresentadas. A importância do monitoramento do perfil esteroidal é demonstrada dentro da clínica médica e da medicina esportiva. Parâmetros da literatura para a identificação de dopagem por esteróides endógenos são apresentados, assim como os fatores que acarretam alterações no perfil esteroidal normal. É dada atenção especial a essa última abordagem.
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Shulman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wolthers BG, Kraan GP. Clinical applications of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of steroids. J Chromatogr A 1999; 843:247-74. [PMID: 10399855 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review article underlines the importance of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination of steroids in man. The use of steroids labelled with stable isotopes as internal standard and subsequent analysis by GC-MS yields up to now the only reliable measurement of steroids in serum. Isotope dilution GC-MS is the reference method for evaluation of routine analysis of serum steroid hormones. GC-MS is an important tool for detection of steroid hormone doping and combined with a combustion furnace and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer the misuse of testosterone by athletes can be discovered. Finally the so called urinary steroid profile by GC and GC-MS is the method of choice for detection of steroid metabolites in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Wolthers
- Central Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|