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Simultaneous quantitation of befotertinib (D-0316) and its metabolite D-0865 in human plasma by LC-MS/MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1214:123499. [PMID: 36525886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reliable method was developed to determine befotertinib (D-0316) and its metabolite D-0865 from human plasma by LC-MS/MS. The samples were prepared by simple protein precipitation and 2 µL of the supernatant were chromatographed on a C18 analytical column (ACE Excel 2 Super C18, 50 × 2.1 mm). Elution was performed with mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate in water containing 1 % formic acid) and mobile phase B (acetonitrile containing 1 % formic acid) under a gradient program in a total run time of 4 min. Triple Quadruple 5500 equipped with Turbo Ion Spray source and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were used for the analysis detection. The transitions were m/z 568.3 → 72.1 m/z (befotertinib), m/z 554.2 → 497.2 (D-0865), and m/z 455.2 → 164.9 (verapamil, internal standard). According to the Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission and ICH Harmonised Guideline for Bioanalytical Method Validation, this method was validated within the spectrum of its accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. This LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the quantitation of befotertinib and its metabolite D-0865 in human plasma during the pharmacokinetics study of befotertinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
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Analytical techniques for the determination of verapamil in biological samples and dosage forms: an overview. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:2189-2205. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Verapamil (VER) is a calcium channel blocker that is widely used to treat various cardiovascular diseases and is also effective in migraine prophylaxis. As the therapeutic range of VER is very narrow and toxicity can occur in patients after oral administration, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to optimize pharmacotherapy. The choice of an appropriate bioanalytical method for therapeutic drug monitoring of VER in the biological samples is a very important step in achieving fast and reliable results. This review focuses on the various analytical methods reported between 1976 and 2019 for the determination of VER in different biological samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms along with their methodological limitations. This review provides an overview for pharmaceutical industry researchers, clinicians and clinical chemists.
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Pourkarim F, Shayanfar A, Khoubnasabjafari M, Akbarzadeh F, Sajedi-Amin S, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Jouyban A. Determination of Verapamil in Exhaled Breath Condensate by Using Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180717125434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Developing a simple analysis method for quantification of drug concentration is one of the essential issues in pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring studies.Objective:A fast and reliable dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was employed for preconcentration of verapamil in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples and this was followed by the determination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.Methods:A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) combined with a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (DLLME) was applied for quantification of verapamil in the EBC samples. The developed method was validated according to FDA guidelines.Results:Under the optimum conditions, the method provided a linear range between 0.07 and 0.8 µg.mL-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.998. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation and relative error values of the method were below 15%, which indicated good precision and accuracy. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of verapamil in two real samples with concentrations of 0.07 and 0.09 µg.mL-1.Conclusion:The established HPLC-UV-DLLME method could be applied for the analysis of verapamil in human EBC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Pourkarim
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariborz Akbarzadeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Sajedi-Amin
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ma HQ, Ebrahimi F, Low BS, Khan NAK, Chan KL. Polar Quassinoids in Standardized Eurycoma longifolia
Extract Formulated into a Lipid-Based Solid Dispersion to Improve Rat Sperm Count. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1875-1882. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qiu Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Forough Ebrahimi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Bin-Seng Low
- School of Medicine; Taylor's University; 47500 Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Kit-Lam Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
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5
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Ma HQ, Low BS, Chan KL, Khan NAK. Lignans of Phyllanthus niruri Solid Dispersion: A Potential Alternative Gout Therapy. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Yang QJ, Si L, Tang H, Sveigaard HH, Chow ECY, Pang KS. PBPK Modeling to Unravel Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Verapamil to Estimate the Fractional Clearance for Verapamil N-Demethylation in the Recirculating Rat Liver Preparation. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:631-45. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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7
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Singhal P, Yadav M, Winter S, Guttikar S, Patel D, Mills M, Shrivastav PS. Enantiomeric separation of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, and simultaneous quantification in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:839-48. [PMID: 22677487 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, selective and high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the chromatographic separation and quantification of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, in human plasma. All four analytes along with deuterated internal standards (D(6)-verapamil and D(6)-norverapamil) were extracted from 50 µL human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction. Separation was achieved on a Chiralcel OD-RH (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) analytical column with resolution factors of 1.4 and 1.9 for (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil, respectively. A mobile phase consisting of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water-acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) afforded capacity factors of 2.45, 3.05, 2.27 and 3.13 for (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of verapamil and norverapamil, respectively. Detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion modes. The method was validated over the concentration range of 1.0-250.0 ng/mL for all four analytes. Absolute recovery for the analytes ranged from 91.1 to 108.1%. Matrix factors calculated at three quality control levels varied from 0.96-1.07. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in 18 healthy Indian males after oral administration of a 240-mg verapamil tablet formulation under fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puran Singhal
- Bioanalytical Research Department, Veeda Clinical Research, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad- 380015, India
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8
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Sultana N, Arayne MS, Waheed A. Method Development of Verapamil in Presence of NSAIDs using RP-HPLC Technique. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.7.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Determination of doxazosin and verapamil in human serum by fast LC–MS/MS: Application to document non-compliance of patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Zou H, Jiang X, Kong L, Gao S. Design and Evaluation of a Dry Coated Drug Delivery System with Floating–Pulsatile Release. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:263-73. [PMID: 17803198 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate a floating-pulsatile drug delivery system intended for chronopharmacotherapy. Floating-pulsatile concept was applied to increase the gastric residence of the dosage form having lag phase followed by a burst release. To overcome limitations of various approaches for imparting buoyancy, we generated the system which consisted of three different parts, a core tablet, containing the active ingredient, an erodible outer shell and a top cover buoyant layer. The dry coated tablet consists in a drug-containing core, coated by a hydrophilic erodible polymer which is responsible for a lag phase in the onset of pulsatile release. The buoyant layer, prepared with Methocel K4M, Carbopol 934P and sodium bicarbonate, provides buoyancy to increase the retention of the oral dosage form in the stomach. The effect of the hydrophilic erodible polymer characteristics on the lag time and drug release was investigated. Developed formulations were evaluated for their buoyancy, dissolution and pharmacokinetic, as well gamma-scintigraphically. The results showed that a certain lag time before the drug released generally due to the erosion of the dry coated layer. Floating time was controlled by the quantity and composition of the buoyant layer. Both pharmacokinetic and gamma-scintigraphic data point out the capability of the system of prolonged residence of the tablets in the stomach and releasing drugs after a programmed lag time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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11
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Demircan Ş, Kır S, Ozkan SA. Electroanalytical Characterization of Verapamil and its Voltammetric Determination in Pharmaceuticals and Human Serum. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701298453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rahman N, Hejaz Azmi SN. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of verapamil hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations using N-bromosuccinimide as oxidant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:529-36. [PMID: 15231428 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and sensitive validated visible spectrophotometric method has been described for the assay of verapamil hydrochloride either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The method involves the oxidation of the verapamil hydrochloride with N-bromosuccinimide in perchloric acid medium at room temperature, leading to the formation of a yellow colored product, which absorbs maximally at 415 nm. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the color is stable up to 45 min and Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 10.0-200.0 microg ml(-1) with molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of 2.55 x 10(3) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and 0.192 microg cm(-2) per 0.001 absorbance unit, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the drug in commercial dosage forms. Statistical comparison of the results with those of a reference method by means of point and interval hypothesis shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision. Results of analyses were optimized and validated statistically and through recovery studies. The experimental true bias of all samples is smaller than +/-2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafisur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
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13
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Kasim EA, Ghandour MA, El-Haty MT, Ahmed MM. Determination of verapamil by adsorptive stripping voltammetry in urine and pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:921-9. [PMID: 12408881 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive reduction peak of verapamil is obtained by adsorptive stripping voltammetry in 0.01 M phosphate (pH 7.4) at an accumulation time of 30 s. The peak potential is -1.81 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of verapamil (1x10(-8)-1x10(-6) M), with a 3sigma detection limit of 5x10(-10) M (0.246 ng/ml). The R.S.D. at the 1x10(-7) M level is 1.8%. The interference of some metal ions, and some amino acids, and the application of the method to analysis of urine, and pharmaceutical formulations are described. The method is simple (no extraction), rapid (30 s accumulation time), sensitive (the detection limit of verapamil is 0.491 ng/ml), reproducible(within day R.S.D. of 1.28-1.8%), and suitable for routine analysis of verapamil, urine, and pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensaf Aboul Kasim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, El-Kharga Oasis New Valley, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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14
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Walles M, Mullett WM, Levsen K, Borlak J, Wünsch G, Pawliszyn J. Verapamil drug metabolism studies by automated in-tube solid phase microextraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:307-19. [PMID: 12191717 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Verapamil is a common calcium antagonist described with antianginal, antihypertensive and antiarrythmic properties. The metabolites of verapamil have also shown pharmacological properties and therefore sample preparation and analysis techniques capable of metabolic screening for verapamil are important. In-tube SPME is a relatively new method integrating sample extraction, concentration and introduction into one single step without the use of organic solvents. The capability of in-tube SPME in bioanalysis has been reviewed but there has been no application described in the field of drug metabolism. Since automation and interfacing of in-tube SPME coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is possible, we confirm in this study that it is a powerful method to monitor the main metabolites of verapamil in various biological matrices like plasma, urine and cell culture media. Further, we show that it could also be used in routine pharmacokinetics measurements. An in-tube SPME LC-MS method was developed to extract and analyze the metabolic profile of verapamil from biological matrices. The detection limit for verapamil, gallopamil, norverapamil and PR22 were 52, 53, 65 and 83 ng/ml (UV detection) and 5, 6, 6 and 8 ng/ml (MS detection), respectively. The precision of the method was calculated in various biological matrices and the average % R.S.D. (N=5) for verapamil, gallopamil, norverapamil and PR22 was 3.9, 3.7, 3.8 and 4.3% (MS detection), respectively. The linear dynamic range was determined to be 100-800 ng/ml (UV detection) with a total sample preparation and analysis time of 34 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walles
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Drug Research and Clinical Inhalation, Hanover D-30625, Germany
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15
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Esteves da Silva JC, Leitão JM, Costa FS, Ribeiro JL. Detection of verapamil drug by fluorescence and trilinear decomposition techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Sawicki W. A validated method for the determination of verapamil and norverapamil in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:689-95. [PMID: 11377051 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a simple and sensitive analytical method to determine verapamil (V) and its metabolite norverapamil (N) in human plasma with use of an HPLC isocratic system with fluorescence detection, following fast extraction of the investigated compounds. Extraction recovery was 92.12% and 89.58% for V and N, respectively. Internal standard in HPLC was propranolol. Its recovery was 82.50% on the average. Limit of detection was 0.924 ng/ml and limit of determination was 3,080 ng/ml for V, what corresponds concentration in plasma 1.232 ng/ml. For N limit of detection was 0.030 ng/ml and limit of determination was 1.001 ng/ml what corresponds 0,4 ng/ml in plasma. Parameters of validation prove that precision of the presented method is very good. The method is fast and one chromatogram separation lasts about 8 minutes. 30-40 manual (without autosampler) analyses per day were done. It was used successfully in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of verapamil administration in drug formulations alternative to tablets: buccal and flotation ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sawicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
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17
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Ozkan Y, Yilmaz N, Ozkan SA, Biryol I. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of verapamil and its application to determination in tablet dosage forms and to drug dissolution studies. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2000; 55:376-82. [PMID: 10983283 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(00)00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with two detectors is presented for the determination of verapamil in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The procedure is based on the use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorimetric detectors. Each analysis required no longer than 6 min for both detection procedures. Quantification was achieved by measurement of the ratio of the peak area of the drug to the internal standard (fluoxetine) and the detection limit was 10 ng/ml for the UV detector and 750 pg/ml for the fluorimetric detector. There was no significant difference between inter- and intra-day studies for verapamil determined for two different concentrations (0.05 and 1.00 microgram/ml). This process could be used to determine verapamil concentrations in the range 0.025-50 and 0.0008-20 micrograms/ml for UV and fluorimetric detection, respectively. These methods were applied, without any interference from the excipients, for the determination of the drug in tablets and in drug dissolution studies. It is suggested that the proposed HPLC procedures could be used for routine quality control and dosage form assay of verapamil hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ozkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Solans C, Aramayona JJ, Bregante MA, Fraile LJ, Rueda S, Garcia MA. Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in lactating rabbits. Prediction of verapamil distribution into rabbit milk. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 34:237-43. [PMID: 11282217 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(00)00066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have studied the pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of verapamil following intravenous administration in lactating rabbits. Milk-to-serum drug concentration ratios (M/B(obs)) have been determined using area under the milk and serum concentration-time profiles, and the resulting values have then been compared with those obtained by theoretical classical diffusion milk transfer models that were described by Fleishaker et al. [J. Pharm. Sci. 76 (1987) 189.], Atkinson and Begg [Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 25 (1990) 495.], and Stebler and Guentert [Pharm. Res. 9 (1992) 1299.]. The pharmacokinetic profile of verapamil in lactating rabbits following endovenous administration is described in the form of a two-compartment model. Moreover, we detected an important milk transfer after endovenous administration of verapamil in lactating rabbits. M/B(obs) was near 15. The classical diffusional models mentioned were not able to predict this extensive transfer of verapamil into rabbit milk. However, when the classical Fleishaker equation was modified and a stepwise regression was carried out, we found that the M/B(obs) value could be predicted using the plasma and milk protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Solans
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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von Richter O, Eichelbaum M, Schönberger F, Hofmann U. Rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of verapamil, [2H7]verapamil and metabolites in biological fluids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 738:137-47. [PMID: 10778935 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and highly sensitive method for the determination of verapamil [2,8-bis-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-isopropyl-6-azaoctanitrile+ ++] and [2H7]verapamil and their primary metabolites D-617 [2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylamino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile], D-703 [2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-6-methyl-2-iso-p ropyl-6-azaoctanitrile], D-702 [2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-isopr opyl-6-azaoctanitrile], norverapamil [2,8-bis-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropyl-6-azaoctanitrile] and secondary metabolites D-620 [2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile], D-717 [2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-amino-2-isopropylvaleronitrile], and D-715 [2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-isopropyl-6-++ +azaoctanitrile] has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. D-832, the gallopamil analogue of D-617 and [2H3]norverapamil were used as internal standards. The analytes were extracted automatically from plasma and intestinal perfusate using end-capped CN- and C2 solid-phase extraction cartridges. Separation of the eight analytes was achieved on a LUNA C8 analytical column (150x2 mm I.D., 5 microm particle size) with 5 mM ammonium acetate-acetonitrile as the mobile phase run with a gradient from 70:30 to 40:60 and run times of 15 min. With the mass spectrometer operated in the selected-ion monitoring mode, the limits of quantification in plasma and intestinal perfusate were 1 pmol/ml for D-620, D-617, D-702, D-703, norverapamil, verapamil, and [2H7]verapamil and 2.5 pmol/ml for D-717 and D-715 using a sample size of 1 ml plasma and intestinal perfusate. The method described was successfully applied to the determination of verapamil, [2H7]verapamil and their metabolites in human plasma and intestinal fluid in pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O von Richter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Stuttgart, Germany
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Solans C, Bregante MA, Aramayona JJ, Fraile LJ, Garcia MA. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of verapamil in the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit: study of maternal and foetal tissue levels. Xenobiotica 2000; 30:93-102. [PMID: 10659954 DOI: 10.1080/004982500237857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The comparison of the pharmacokinetics of verapamil (VER) has been studied between the non-pregnant and pregnant rabbit following VER intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration. Also studied has been VER tissue distribution in the non-pregnant and pregnant rabbit and its foetuses following an i.v. infusion of VER. 2. When the pharmacokinetic variables were compared between the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit, it was observed that t(1/2)lambda2 V1 and V(D) were significantly higher in the non-pregnant than in the pregnant rabbit. Moreover, lambda(z) was significantly lower in the non-pregnant than in the pregnant rabbit. However, AUC and CL showed no significant differences between the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit. 3. When tissue concentrations were examined, it was found that in most of the tissues studied high concentrations of VER were found both in the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit. Furthermore, VER concentrations in the uterus, heart, spleen and kidney were significantly higher in the non-pregnant than in the pregnant rabbit. 4. The results suggest that VER diffuses poorly through the placenta, given that VER blood concentrations were lower in blood foetuses than in maternal blood. Moreover, the concentrations of VER in the selected foetal tissues were either similar (brain and liver) or lower than those observed in maternal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Solans
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Determination of grepafloxacin in plasma samples by HPLC: Application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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