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Houshyar J, Hashemzadeh N, Khoubnasabjafari M, Sarmadian AJ, Jouyban-Gharamaleki V, Mogaddam MRA, Khosrowshahi EM, Jouyban A. A cross-sectional study on metoprolol concentrations in various biological samples and their inter-correlations. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:45. [PMID: 39118152 PMCID: PMC11311911 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrations of metoprolol in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) have not been investigated. Herein, we aim to determine the metoprolol levels in EBC, plasma, and urine samples. METHODS Biological samples were collected from 39 patients receiving metoprolol. Metoprolol was determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometery. The obtained metoprolol levels in biological fluids were investigated for possible inter-correlations. RESULTS Acceptable linearity was obtained with coefficient of determinations equal to 0.9998, 0.9941, and 0.9963 for EBC, plasma, and urine samples, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 0.6-500, 0.4-500, and 0.7-10,000 µg·L- 1 regarding EBC, plasma, and urine samples, respectively. The detection and quantification limits were (0.18, 0.12, and 0.21 µg·L- 1) and (0.60, 0.40, and 0.70 µg·L- 1) for EBC, plasma, and urine samples, respectively. The relative standard deviations for the intra- and inter-day replications were obtained between 5.2 and 6.1 and 3.3-4.6%, respectively. The obtained mean metoprolol levels in EBC, plasma, and urine samples of 39 patients were 5.35, 70.76, and 1943.1 µg·L- 1. There were correlations between daily dose and plasma and urinary concentrations of metoprolol in the investigated samples, whereas no significant correlation was observed for daily dose and EBC levels. The correlation among plasma-urine levels was significant, however, the non-significant correlation was obtained between plasma and EBC concentrations. CONCLUSION Metoprolol levels varied widely due to the metabolic pattern of the Azeri population, different dosages received by the patients, formulation effects, age, sex, and interactions with the co-administered drugs. A poor correlation of EBC-plasma concentrations and a significant correlation of plasma-urine concentrations were observed. Further investigations are required to provide the updated services to personalized medicine departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Houshyar
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Hashemzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Kimia Idea Pardaz Azarbayjan (KIPA) Science Based Company, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Horyn MM, Logoyda LS. METHODS OF METOPROLOL ANALYSIS IN DRUGS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS: REVIEW AND SUGGESTIONS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2019.2.10897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Analytical method is increasingly implemented into fundamental pharmaceutical chemistry and analysis, considering their high sensitivity, accuracy, specificity and expressiveness.
Objective. Metoprolol’s analytical method development was the research goal.
Methods. The sources were world recognized journals (1990-2019) and key words used as filter were “metoprolol”, “spectrophotometry” “high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC”, “quantitative analysis”, “validation”.
Results. Chromatographic methods of analysis have the highest specificity and objectivity and allow qualitative and quantitative determination of Active Pharmaceutic Ingredient (API) in combined dosage forms and biological fluids without prior components separation. The main disadvantage of the described API analysis methods is long terms from the beginning of chromatography to API release and specific solvents used as the mobile phase in HPLC. New methods development and selection such chromatographic conditions that provide high speed and high efficiency at lower pressure of the system are essential. Also, the reduction of analysis time is achieved by simplifying the conditions for sample preparation.
Conclusions. Analysts are constantly working on developing new analysis methods and their optimization in order to save time and consumables, which also ensures the efficiency of the developed method. There is no monograph on the substance or dosage forms of metoprolol in SPhU. Therefore, some of the developed methods should be suggested for the SPhU monograph, which is important for ensuring pharmacopoeial quality control of medicines in Ukraine.
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Ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography designated for bioavailability studies of felodipine combinations in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:200-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Magiera S, Kolanowska A, Baranowski J. Salting-out assisted extraction method coupled with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for determination of selected β-blockers and their metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nezhadali A, Mojarrab M. Computational design and multivariate optimization of an electrochemical metoprolol sensor based on molecular imprinting in combination with carbon nanotubes. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 924:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bae SH, Lee JK, Cho DY, Bae SK. Simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its metabolites, α-hydroxymetoprolol and O-desmethylmetoprolol, in human plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol associated with CYP2D6 genotypes. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1256-64. [PMID: 24648255 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple LC with MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its two CYP2D6-derived metabolites, α-hydroxy- and O-desmethylmetoprolol, in human plasma was established. Metoprolol (MET), its two metabolites, and the internal standard chlorpropamide were extracted from plasma (50 μL) using ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Luna CN column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of distilled water and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total run time was 3.0 min per sample. Mass spectrometric detection was conducted by ESI in positive ion selected-reaction monitoring mode. The linear ranges of concentration for MET, α-hydroxymetoprolol, and O-desmethylmetoprolol were 2-1000, 2-500, and 2-500 ng/mL, respectively, with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL for all analytes. The coefficient of variation for the assay's precision was ≤ 13.2%, and the accuracy was 89.1-110%. All analytes were stable under various storage and handling conditions and no relevant cross-talk and matrix effect were observed. Finally, this method was successfully applied to assess the influence of CYP2D6 genotypes on the pharmacokinetics of MET after oral administration of 100 mg to healthy Korean volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Bae
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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7
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Zorluoğlu SL, Taşdemir İH, Ece A, Kiliç E. A cooperative computational and experimental investigation on electrochemical behavior of metoprolol and its voltammetric determination. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of metoprolol (MTP) was studied via experimental and computational approaches. Theoretical calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d)//AM1 level whereas experimental studies were carried out on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). According to the computational results, both HOMO and LUMO of MTP were located at the phenyl ring. Hence, oxidation and reduction are expected to take place at the phenyl ring. Experimental studies on HMDE were based on reversible reduction at approximately –1.4 V and studies on GCE were based on irreversible oxidation at approximately 0.9 V versus Ag/AgCl (3 mol L−1 KCl) in Britton−Robinson buffer. Voltammetric methods with and without adsorptive stripping modes were developed. Proposed methods were successfully applied to tablet solutions and spiked human serum samples. Results are satisfactory with recovery values between 94.5% and 102.5% and a relative standard deviation lower than 6%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İbrahim Hüdai Taşdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Amasya University, 05100 Amasya, Turkey
| | - Abdulilah Ece
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Kiliç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Xu T, Bao S, Geng P, Luo J, Yu L, Pan P, Chen Y, Hu G. Determination of metoprolol and its two metabolites in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and its application in pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 937:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Baranowska I, Wilczek A, Michał K, Baranowski J. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC-DAD METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF NINE DRUGS AND THEIR ELEVEN METABOLITES IN PLASMA AND URINE: PLASMA SAMPLES MEASUREMENTS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.695309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology , Strzody , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Andrzej Wilczek
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology , Strzody , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Kwiatkowski Michał
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology , Strzody , Gliwice , Poland
| | - Jacek Baranowski
- b Department of Clinical Physiology , University Hospital , Linköping , Sweden
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Yilmaz B, Asci A, Arslan S. Determination of metoprolol in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1904-8. [PMID: 20512810 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, specific and sensitive HPLC method has been developed for the determination of metoprolol in human plasma and urine. Separation of metoprolol and atenolol (internal standard) was achieved on an Ace C(18) column (5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm id) using fluorescence detection with lambda(ex)=276 nm and lambda(em)=296 nm. The mobile phase consists of methanol-water (50:50, v/v) containing 0.1% TFA. The analysis was performed in less than 10 min with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 3-200 and 5-300 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The LOD were 1.0 and 1.5 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The LOQ were 3.0 and 5.0 ng/mL for plasma and urine, respectively. The extraction recoveries were found to be 95.6 +/- 1.53 and 96.4 +/- 1.75% for plasma and urine, respectively. Also, the method was successfully applied to three patients with hypertension who had been given an oral tablet of 100 mg metoprolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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11
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BARANOWSKA I, MARKOWSKI P, BARANOWSKI J. Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 23 Selected Drugs Belonging to Different Therapeutic Groups in Human Urine Samples. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1307-13. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena BARANOWSKA
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology
| | - Piotr MARKOWSKI
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology
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12
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BARANOWSKA I, WILCZEK A. Simultaneous RP-HPLC Determination of Sotalol, Metoprolol, .ALPHA.-Hydroxymetoprolol, Paracetamol and Its Glucuronide and Sulfate Metabolites in Human Urine. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:769-72. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena BARANOWSKA
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology
| | - Andrzej WILCZEK
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology
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13
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Sarkar AK, Ghosh D, Das A, Selvan PS, Gowda KV, Mandal U, Bose A, Agarwal S, Bhaumik U, Pal TK. Simultaneous determination of metoprolol succinate and amlodipine besylate in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method and its application in bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 873:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gowda KV, Mandal U, Senthamil Selvan P, Sam Solomon WD, Ghosh A, Sarkar AK, Agarwal S, Nageswar Rao T, Pal TK. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of metoprolol tartrate and ramipril in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 858:13-21. [PMID: 17825632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for quantification of metoprolol tartrate (MT) and ramipril, in human plasma. Both the drugs were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether-dichloromethane (70:30, v/v). The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase C8 column with a mobile phase of 10 mM ammonium formate-methanol (3:97, v/v). The protonated analyte was quantitated in positive ionization by multiple reaction monitoring with a mass spectrometer. The method was validated over the concentration range of 5-500 ng/ml for metoprolol and ramipril in human plasma. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 268.0-103.10 and m/z 417.20-117.20 were used to measure metoprolol and ramipril, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Veeran Gowda
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
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Boralli VB, Coelho EB, Cerqueira PM, Lanchote VL. Stereoselective analysis of metoprolol and its metabolites in rat plasma with application to oxidative metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 823:195-202. [PMID: 16029965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the stereoselective kinetic disposition and metabolism of metoprolol (MET) in rats. The racemic MET (15 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage and blood samples were collected from 0 to 10h (n=6 at each time point). The enantiomeric concentrations of MET and its metabolites alpha-hydroxymetoprolol (alpha-OHM) and O-demethylmetoprolol (ODM) were determined by HPLC using a Chiralpak AD chiral column and fluorescence detection. The pharmacokinetic parameters of unchanged MET and the formation of ODM did not show to be stereoselective. In contrast, the AUC (ng h/mL) of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol isomers were higher to I'R [638.2(525.2-706.2) for 1'R2R and 659.6(580.4-698.1) for 1'R,2S, mean, (95%CI)] than to I'S products [58.3(47.4-66.1) for 1'S,2R and 57.1(44.7-67.9) for 1'S,2S, mean, (95%CI)]. We conclude that the kinetic disposition of unchanged MET and the formation of ODM are not enantioselective in rats but the metabolism of alpha-OHM yields predominantly the 1'R-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bergamin Boralli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Campus da USP, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Rahman N, Rahman H, Azmi SNH. Validated Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Metoprolol Tartrate in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:942-8. [PMID: 16079525 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic spectrophotometric method has been described for the determination of metoprolol tartrate in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on reaction of the drug with alkaline potassium permanganate at 25+/-1 degrees C. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in absorbance at 610 nm as a function of time. The initial rate and fixed time (at 15.0 min) methods are utilized for constructing the calibration graphs to determine the concentration of the drug. Both the calibration graphs are linear in the concentration range of 1.46 x 10(-6)-8.76 x 10(-6) M (10.0-60.0 microg per 10 ml). The calibration data resulted in the linear regression equations of log (rate)=3.634+0.999 log C and A=6.300 x 10(-4)+6.491 x 10(-2) C for initial-rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The limits of quantitation for initial rate and fixed time methods are 0.04 and 0.10 microg ml(-1), respectively. The activation parameters such as E(a), DeltaH(double dagger), DeltaS(double dagger) and DeltaG(double dagger) are also evaluated for the reaction and found to be 90.73 kJ mol(-1), 88.20 kJ mol(-1), 84.54 J K(-1) mol(-1) and 63.01 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The results are validated statistically and through recovery studies. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of metoprolol tartrate in pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison of the results with the reference method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafisur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 U.P., India.
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Fang J, Semple HA, Song J. Determination of metoprolol, and its four metabolites in dog plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:9-14. [PMID: 15282087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metoprolol and its metabolites alpha-hydroxymetoprolol, O-desmethylmetoprolol, metoprolol acid and deaminated metoprolol were quantified in dog plasma using an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method (with a BetaBasic Cyano column) with fluorescence detection. A solid phase extraction technique (Oasis HLB, Waters) was used to extract metoprolol and its four metabolites from dog plasma with high recovery rates. The method was shown to be sensitive and reproducible and was used to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of metoprolol in dog. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only method that can extract and analyze metoprolol and its four metabolites in a single assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Fang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 110 Science Place, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 5C9.
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Cerqueira PM, Cesarino EJ, Bertucci C, Bonato PS, Lanchote VL. Stereoselective metabolism of metoprolol: enantioselectivity of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol in plasma and urine. Chirality 2003; 15:542-9. [PMID: 12774293 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Direct stereoselective separation on chiral stationary phase was developed for HPLC analysis of the four stereoisomers of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol in human plasma and urine. Plasma samples were prepared using solid-phase extraction columns and urine samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction. The stereoisomers were separated on a Chiralpak AD column at 24 degrees C with fluorescence detection and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of hexane:ethanol:isopropanol:diethylamine (88:10.2:1.8:0.2) for plasma samples and hexane:ethanol:diethylamine (88:12:0.2) for urine samples. Calibration curves for the individual stereoisomers were linear within the concentration range of 2.0-200 ng/ml plasma or 0.125-25 microg/ml urine. The methods were validated with intra- and interday variations less than 15%. The absolute configuration of the pure stereoisomers were assigned by circular dichroism spectra. The methods were employed to determine the concentrations of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol stereoisomers in a metabolism study of multiple-dose administration of racemic metoprolol to hypertensive patients phenotyped as extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine. We observed stereo-selectivity in the alpha-hydroxymetoprolol formation favoring the new 1'R chiral center from both metoprolol enantiomers (AUC(0-24) (1'R1'S) = 3.02). The similar renal clearances (Cl(R)) of the four stereoisomers demonstrated absence of stereoselectivity in their renal excretion. (-)-(S)-metoprolol was slightly more alpha-hydroxylated than its antipode (AUC(0-24) (2S/2R) = 1.19), suggesting that this pathway is not responsible for plasma accumulation of this enantiomer in humans.
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Cerqueira PM, Boralli VB, Coelho EB, Lopes NP, Guimarães LFL, Bonato PS, Lanchote VL. Enantioselective determination of metoprolol acidic metabolite in plasma and urine using liquid chromatography chiral columns: applications to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 783:433-41. [PMID: 12482486 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective separations on chiral stationary phases with or without derivatization were developed and compared for the HPLC analysis of (+)-(R)- and (-)-(S)-metoprolol acidic metabolite in human plasma and urine. The enantiomers were analysed in plasma and urine without derivatization on a Chiralcel OD-R column, and in urine after derivatization using methanol in acidic medium on a Chiralcel OD-H column. The quantitation limits were 17 ng of each enantiomer/ml plasma and 0.5 microgram of each enantiomer/ml urine using both methods. The confident limits show that the methods are compatible with pharmacokinetic investigations of the enantioselective metabolism of metoprolol. The methods were employed in a metabolism study of racemic metoprolol administered to a patient phenotyped as an extensive metabolizer of debrisoquine. The enantiomeric ratio (+)-(R)/(-)-(S)-acid metabolite was 1.1 for plasma and 1.2 for urine. Clearances were 0.41 and 0.25 l/h/kg, respectively, for the (+)-(R)- and (-)-(S)-enantiomers. The correlation coefficients between the urine concentrations of the acid metabolite enantiomers obtained by the two methods were >0.99. The two methods demonstrated interchangeable application to pharmacokinetics.
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Bapiro TE, Hasler JA, Ridderström M, Masimirembwa CM. The molecular and enzyme kinetic basis for the diminished activity of the cytochrome P450 2D6.17 (CYP2D6.17) variant. Potential implications for CYP2D6 phenotyping studies and the clinical use of CYP2D6 substrate drugs in some African populations. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1387-98. [PMID: 12392820 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the basis for the diminished capacity of CYP2D6.17 to metabolise CYP2D6 substrate drugs and the possible implications this might have for CYP2D6 phenotyping studies and clinical use of substrate drugs were investigated in vitro. Enzyme kinetic analyses were performed with recombinant CYP2D6.1, CYP2D6.2, CYP2D6.17 and CYP2D6.T107I using bufuralol, debrisoquine, metoprolol and dextromethorphan as substrates. In addition, the intrinsic clearance of 10 CYP2D6 substrate drugs by CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.17 was determined by monitoring substrate disappearance. CYP2D6.17 exhibited generally higher K(m) values compared to CYP2D6.1. The V(max) values were generally not different except for metoprolol alpha-hydroxylation with the V(max) value for CYP2D6.17 being half that of CYP2D6.1. CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.2 displayed similar kinetics with all probe drugs except for dextromethorphan O-demethylation with the intrinsic clearance value of CYP2D6.2 being half that of CYP2D6.1. CYP2D6.17 exhibited substrate-dependent reduced clearances for the 10 substrates studied. In a clinical setting, the clearance of some drugs could be affected more than others in individuals with the CYP2D6(*)17 variant. The CYP2D6(*)17 allele might, therefore, contribute towards the poor correlation of phenotyping results when using different probe drugs in African populations. To investigate effects of CYP2D6(*)17 mutations on the structure of the enzyme, a homology model of CYP2D6 was built using the CYP2C5 crystal structure as a template. The results suggest an alteration in position of active-site residues in CYP2D6.17 as a possible explanation for the reduced activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashinga E Bapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Lim HK, Linh PT, Hong CH, Kim KH, Kang JS. Enantioselective determination of metoprolol and major metabolites in human urine by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 755:259-64. [PMID: 11393712 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomeric separation of metoprolol and its metabolites in human urine was undertaken using capillary electrophoresis (CE). Resolution of the enantiomers was achieved using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) as the chiral selector. A 100-mM acetate buffer (pH 4.0) containing 5% 2-propanol and 10 mM CM-beta-CD resulted in the optimum separation of the metoprolol enantiomers and its acidic metabolite in human urine. Following a single metoprolol oral administration of 100 mg racemic metoprolol tartrate, stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis showed that urinary acidic metabolite 3 of metoprolol accounted for 62.3% of the dose with an R/S ratio of 1.23 and urinary unchanged metoprolol 1 accounted for 6.3% of the dose with an R/S ratio of 0.72.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, South Korea
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Cerqueira PM, Cesarino EJ, Mateus FH, Mere Y, Santos SR, Lanchote VL. Enantioselectivity in the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in hypertensive patients. Chirality 2001; 11:591-7. [PMID: 10423287 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1999)11:7<591::aid-chir12>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the enantioselectivity in the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol administered in a multiple-dose regimen as the racemate. The study was conducted on 10 patients of both sexes with mild to severe essential hypertension, aged 28 to 76 years, with normal hepatic and renal function and phenotyped as extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine (urine debrisoquine to 4-hydroxydebrisoquine ratios of 0.28 to 6.56). The patients were treated with racemic metoprolol (two 100 mg tablets every 24 h) for 7 days. Serial blood samples were collected at times zero, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, and 24 h and urine at each 6 h period until 24 h after metoprolol administration. The plasma concentrations of the (-)-(S)- and (+)-(R)-metoprolol enantiomers were determined by HPLC using a chiral stationary phase (Chiralpak AD, 4.6 x 250 mm) and fluorescence detection. The enantiomeric ratios differing from one were evaluated by the paired t test and the results are reported as means (95% CI). No differences were observed between metoprolol enantiomers in half-lives and absorption, distribution and elimination rate constants. However, the following differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the (-)-(S) and (+)-(R) enantiomers: maximum plasma concentration, C(max), 179.99 (123. 33-236.64) versus 151.30 (95.04-207.57) ng/mL; area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, AUC(0-24)(SS), 929.85 (458.02-1401. 70) versus 782.11 (329.80-1234.40) ng h/mL; apparent total clearance, Cl(T)/f, 1.70 (0.79-2.61) versus 2.21 (1.06-3.36) L/h/kg, apparent distribution volume, Vd/f, 10.51 (6.35-14.68) versus 13.80 (6.93-20. 68) L/kg, and renal clearance, Cl(R), 0.06 (0.05-0.08) versus 0.07 (0.05-0.09) L/kg. The enantiomeric ratios AUC((-)-(S))/AUC((+)-(R)) ranged from 1.14 to 1.44, with a mean of 1.29. The data obtained demonstrate enantioselectivity in the kinetic disposition of metoprolol, with plasma accumulation of the pharmacologically more active (-)-(S)-metoprolol enantiomer in hypertensive patients phenotyped as extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Cerqueira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Jung SH, Pham TL, Lim HK, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Kang JS. Enantioselective preparation of metoprolol and its major metabolites. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:226-9. [PMID: 10896052 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To obtain the standard compounds of metoprolol for a pharmacokinetic study, a convenient synthetic procedure to prepare enantiomers of metoprolol (3a) and its major metabolites, 2-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino)propoxyphenylethanol (3b) and 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino)propoxyphenylacetic acid (4), was developed from their respective starting materials, 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenol (1a), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol (1b) and methyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (1c). These phenolic compounds (1a, b, c) were converted in situ to their corresponding phenoxides with sodium hydroxide treatment followed by (R)- or (S)-epichlorohydrin treatment. The resulting epoxides 2 were transformed to 3 through reaction with isopropylamine. Ester 3c was hydrolyzed to the metabolite 4. Measured using the HPLC method on chiral column without any derivatization, the optical purity of enantiomers of metoprolol and o-demethylated metabolite 3b ranged between 96-99% ee and that of enantiomers of carboxylic acid metabolite 4 ranged 91% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea.
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