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Ţuchiu BM, Stefan-van Staden RI, van Staden JKF. Recent Trends in Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen Electrochemical Quantification - A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:61-72. [PMID: 35286214 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2050348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are intensively manufactured, used, and regulated. However, these compounds incur toxic effects on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems when administered in high doses for extended periods. Additionally, once these drugs reach the ecosystems through various pathways, they become environmental contaminants and raise ecological concerns. Traditional detection methods proposed for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs detection encompass certain limitations. In this context, the need for simple, cost-effective, sensitive, and selective detection methods that could improve the quality of analysis led the attention of the scientific community toward electrochemical sensors. The lowest limit of detection of ibuprofen (33.33 × 10-12 μmol L-1) was recorded for a sensor based on ibuprofen specific aptamer bound with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticles nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode using differential pulse voltammetry, while the lowest limit of detection reported for ketoprofen was 0.11 μmol L-1 when differential pulse voltammetry was used. This review focuses on the construction, analytical performances, and applicability of electrochemical sensors developed for ibuprofen and ketoprofen determination. This work covers 24 articles published between 2016 and 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Maria Ţuchiu
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania - Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania - Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacobus Koos Frederick van Staden
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania - Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, Bucharest, Romania
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Vozniuk O, Kejík Z, Veselá K, Skaličková M, Novotný P, Hromádka R, Hajduch J, Martásek P, Jakubek M. A Fast HPLC/UV Method for Determination of Ketoprofen in Cellular Media. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300147. [PMID: 37955865 PMCID: PMC10924040 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and quick HPLC method was developed for the determination of ketoprofen in cell culture media (EMEM, DMEM, RPMI). Separation was performed using a gradient on the C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and miliQ water acidified by 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid. The method was validated for parameters including linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantitation and limit of detection, as well as robustness. The response was found linear over the range of 3-100 μg/mL as demonstrated by the acquired value of correlation coefficient R2=0.9997. The described method is applicable for determination of various pharmacokinetic aspects of ketoprofen in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Vozniuk
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and Technology166 28PragueCzech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and Technology166 28PragueCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Veselá
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
| | - Markéta Skaličková
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
| | - Petr Novotný
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
| | - Róbert Hromádka
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
| | - Jan Hajduch
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic DisordersFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University and General University Hospital in PragueKe Karlovu 455/2128 08PragueCzech Republic
- BIOCEVFirst Faculty of MedicineCharles University252 20VestecCzech Republic
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and Technology166 28PragueCzech Republic
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Ţuchiu BM, Stefan-van Staden RI, Bădulescu M, van Staden JF. Disposable stochastic sensors for fast analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and flurbiprofen in their topical pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 215:114758. [PMID: 35421777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Three disposable stochastic sensors based on maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent = 4-7) and nanostructures (copper monolayer, carbon monolayer and carbon-copper composite layer) deposited using cold plasma on copy paper were proposed for the fast analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and flurbiprofen in pharmaceutical formulation samples. The widest linear concentration ranges recorded were: for ibuprofen 1 fmol/L - 1 mmol/L when the disposable stochastic sensor based on carbon monolayer was used, for ketoprofen 1 fmol/L - 1 mmol/L when the disposable stochastic sensors based on copper monolayer and carbon-copper composite layer were used, and for flurbiprofen 1 fmol/L - 10 mmol/L when the disposable stochastic sensor based on carbon-copper composite layer was used. The lowest limit of detection recorded for each non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug was 1 fmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Maria Ţuchiu
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest-6 060021, Romania; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest-6 060021, Romania; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marius Bădulescu
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics (NILPRP), 409 Atomistilor St., Magurele 077125, Romania.
| | - Jacobus Frederick van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 202 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest-6 060021, Romania
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Espina-Benitez M, Araujo L, Prieto A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL, Valera P, Zambrano A, Dugas V. Development of a New Microextraction Fiber Combined to On-Line Sample Stacking Capillary Electrophoresis UV Detection for Acidic Drugs Determination in Real Water Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070739. [PMID: 28686186 PMCID: PMC5551177 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method coupling a (off-line) solid-phase microextraction with an on-line capillary electrophoresis (CE) sample enrichment technique was developed for the analysis of ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid from water samples, which are known as contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. New solid-phase microextraction fibers based on physical coupling of chromatographic supports onto epoxy glue coated needle were studied for the off-line preconcentration of these micropollutants. Identification and quantification of such acidic drugs were done by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using ultraviolet diode array detection (DAD). Further enhancement of concentration sensitivity detection was achieved by on-line CE “acetonitrile stacking” preconcentration technique. Among the eight chromatographic supports investigated, Porapak Q sorbent showed higher extraction and preconcentration capacities. The screening of parameters that influence the microextraction process was carried out using a two-level fractional factorial. Optimization of the most relevant parameters was then done through a surface response three-factor Box-Behnken design. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the three drugs ranged between 0.96 and 1.27 µg∙L−1 and 2.91 and 3.86 µg∙L−1, respectively. Recovery yields of approximately 95 to 104% were measured. The developed method is simple, precise, accurate, and allows quantification of residues of these micropollutants in Genil River water samples using inexpensive fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Espina-Benitez
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 VILLEURBANNE, France.
| | - Lilia Araujo
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Avismelsi Prieto
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Alberto Navalón
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Luis Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Paola Valera
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Ana Zambrano
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Vincent Dugas
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 VILLEURBANNE, France.
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Chang SY, Wei MY. Simultaneous Determination of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid by Capillary Electrophoresis After 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate Derivatization. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhuang Y, Cao G, Ge C. Flow injection analysis of ketoprofen based on the order transform second chemiluminescence reaction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 85:139-144. [PMID: 22005507 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores an order-transform-second-chemiluminescence (OTSCL) method combining the flow injection technique for the determination of ketoprofen. When ketoprofen solution was injected into the mixture after the end of the reaction of alkaline luminol and sodium periodate or sodium periodate solution was injected into the reaction mixture of ketoprofen and alkaline luminol, a new chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was initiated and strong CL signal was detected. A mechanism for the OTSCL has been proposed on the basis of the chemiluminescence kinetic characteristic, UV-visible absorption and chemiluminescent spectra. Under optimal experimental conditions, the CL response is proportional to the concentration of ketoprofen over the range of 2.0×10(-7) to 1.0×10(-5)mol/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9950 and a detection limit of 8.0×10(-9)mol/L (3σ). The relative standard deviation for 11 repetitive determinations of 1.0×10(-6)mol/L ketoprofen is 2.9%. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining ketoprofen in pharmaceutical formulations without interference from its potential impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, PR China.
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Botello I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Simultaneous determination of weakly ionizable analytes in urine and plasma samples by transient pseudo-isotachophoresis in capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:527-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jabeen R, Payne D, Wiktorowicz J, Mohammad A, Petersen J. Capillary electrophoresis and the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2413-38. [PMID: 16718719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, CE as an analytical tool has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, such as electrophoresis and HPLC. CE's appeal was that it was fast, used very small amounts of sample and reagents, was extremely versatile, and was able to separate large and small analytes, whether neutral or charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods have been developed for analytes that are of clinical interest. Other than molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not been able to make a major impact in the United States. In contrast, in Europe and Japan an increasing number of clinical laboratories are using CE. Now that automated multicapillary instruments are commercially available along with cost-effective test kits, CE may yet be accepted as an instrument that will be routinely used in the clinical laboratories. This review will focus on areas where CE has the potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analyses of proteins found in serum and urine, hemoglobin (A1c and variants), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- University of Texas Medical Branch--Pathology, Galveston, TX 77555-0551, USA
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11
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Ghoneim MM, Tawfik A. Voltammetric studies and assay of the anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma at a mercury electrode. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of the anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen was studied in a Britton-Robinson (B-R.) buffer series of pH 211 using dc-polarography, cyclic voltammetry, and coulometry techniques. The electrode reaction pathway of the drug at the dropping mercury electrode was proposed and discussed. A new adsorptive cathodic stripping square-wave voltammetric procedure was optimized for the assay of bulk drug in a B-R. buffer of pH 2.0. The peak current was linear with the drug concentration over the ranges 2 × 109 to 2 × 107 M of the bulk drug, using a 60 s accumulation time period at 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/KCls). The percentage recovery of the bulk drug was 99.57 ± 0.54 and a detection limit of 0.10 ng mL1 was achieved. The proposed procedure was successfully applied for the assay of ketoprofen in pharmaceutical formulation (Ketofan®) and human plasma. The percentage recoveries were 99.66 ± 0.47 and 101.76 ± 0.64 in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma, respectively. A detection limit of 0.14 ng mL1 plasma was achieved which was below that reported in literature using the different analytical techniques.Key words: ketoprofen (Ketofan®) determination, polarography, cyclic voltammetry, adsorptive cathodic stripping square-wave voltammetry, human plasma.
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12
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a technique well suited for several separation problems in the life sciences. The main advantages are the higher separation efficacy in comparison to chromatographic methods and the smaller sample volume required. However, due to the limited sensitivity of CE, HPLC remains the method most commonly used for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids. For endogenous compounds like DNA, proteins, or small molecules like purines, CE offers clear advantages over conventional methods and, especially for DNA, CE has already been introduced into clinical routine. Some selected applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hempel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Muenster, Germany.
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13
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Aboul-Enein HY, Dal AG, Tuncel M. A validated method development for ketoprofen by a flow-injection analysis with UV-detection and its application to pharmaceutical formulations. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:419-22. [PMID: 12767380 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and fast flow-injection analysis method with UV-detection method was developed for the determination of ketoprofen in pharmaceuticals. The standard and sample solutions were dissolved in a 10% ethanol which was suitable for this study. A flow-rate of 0.6 ml min(-1) was used and the analyte was monitored at 260 nm. Variables such as concentrations, flow rate of reagents and other flow injection parameters were optimized to produce the most sensitive and reproducible results. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 1.6 x 10(-6) and 1.7 x 10(-4) M. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 1.7 x 10(-6) M (S/N=3.3) and 5.3 x 10(-6) M (S/N=10), respectively. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of ketoprofen pharmaceutical tablets. The recoveries were 102.75% for peak area and 98.42% for peak height. The proposed method is fast, precise, sensitive and easy to use for the determination of ketoprofen in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC 03-65), Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Petersen JR, Okorodudu AO, Mohammad A, Payne DA. Capillary electrophoresis and its application in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 330:1-30. [PMID: 12636924 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical tool that has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, especially electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main attraction of CE was that it was fast, used small amounts of sample and reagents, and was extremely versatile, being able to separate large and small analytes, both neutral and charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods for clinically relevant analytes have been developed. However, with the exception of the molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not had a major impact. A possible reason is that CE is still perceived as requiring above-average technical expertise, precluding its use in a laboratory workforce that is less technically adept. With the introduction of multicapillary instruments that are more automated, less technique-dependent, in addition to the availability of commercial and cost effective test kit methods, CE may yet be accepted as a instrument routinely used in the clinical laboratories. Thus, this review will focus on the areas where CE shows the most potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analysis of proteins found in serum, urine, CSF and body fluids, immunosubstraction electrophoresis, hemoglobin variants, lipoproteins, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Petersen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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Główka FK. Determination of ketoprofen enantiomers in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis: man pharmacokinetic studies after administration of rac-ketoprofen tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:1035-45. [PMID: 12408894 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and stereospecific capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method to quantify ketoprofen (KTP) enantiomers was developed. The KTP enantiomers and (+)-S-naproxen [(+)-S-NPX] as an internal standard (IS) were extracted with methylene chloride from serum acidified. Recovery of both enantiomers was in the range of 85-91%. The enantiomers were determined using a background electrolyte (BGE), consisting of 0.05 M heptakis 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (TMbetaCD) in a phosphate-triethanolamine buffer, which filled a fused silica capillary of 75 micrometer i.d. The linear range of calibration curves was between 0.25 and 50 mg l(-1), with detection limit of 0.1 mg l(-1) (signal-to-noise baseline ratio (S/N) >4). Intra- and interday precision and accuracy of the calibration curves, expressed by the coefficient of variation (CV), did not exceed 15.0%. The validated method has been successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies of KTP enantiomers from tablets with rac-KTP in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek K Główka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781, Poznań, Poland.
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Abdel-Hamid ME, Novotny L, Hamza H. Determination of diclofenac sodium, flufenamic acid, indomethacin and ketoprofen by LC-APCI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24:587-94. [PMID: 11272315 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay for the determination of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely diclofenac sodium (DIC), flufenamic acid (FLU), indomethacin (IND) and ketoprofen (KET), either individually or in mixtures, was developed. The examined drugs were injected onto Shim-pack GLC-CN column and were eluted with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 20 mM ammonium acetate solution (5:1 v/v)/pH 7.4 at a flow rate l ml min(-1). The mass spectrometer, operated in the single ion monitoring mode, was programmed to admit the negative ions [M-H] at m/z 295.9 (DIC), 280.1 (FLU), 355.8 (IND) and 252.9 (KET), respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r > or = 0.9993) over the concentration range 50-300 ng ml(-1) (FLU, DIC) and 100-500 ng ml(-1) (KET, IND) with detection limits of 0.5-4.0 ng. The mean predicted concentrations for the analytes were in the range -5.9 and 5.2% of the nominal concentrations. Within-day and between-day precision were in the range of 0.8-9.1% of the R.S.D. Mean recovery percentages of the individual compounds from laboratory-made mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations were (99.5-101.5%) and (100.6-102.2%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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17
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Abstract
This review surveys approaches on how to improve precision in capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Many different techniques have been employed successfully to improve instrument precision and to facilitate method transfer between instruments and laboratories. Operational parameters as well as theories will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- B X Mayer
- University of Vienna, University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Austria.
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18
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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) was applied for the determination of some antirheumatic drugs (fenoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen) in human serum. The leading electrolyte contained hydrochloric acid (10 mmol x L(-1)), creatinine (pH 4.5) and methylhydroxyethyl cellulose (0.1%). The terminating electrolyte was 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (10 mmol x L(-1)) adjusted with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane to pH 6.9. The ITP separations were carried out in column-coupling configuration of the separation unit provided with a preseparation column of 160 x 0.8 mm inner diameter (ID) and analytical column of 160 x 0.3 mm ID. The limit of detection for ibuprofen, fenoprofen, and naproxen in serum by direct sampling was 0.008, 0.005 and 0.004 mmol x L(-1). The limit of detection for ketoprofen in serum after ethanol precipitation was 0.001 mmol x L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hercegová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Hadley MR, Camilleri P, Hutt AJ. Enantiospecific analysis by capillary electrophoresis: applications in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:1953-76. [PMID: 10879955 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000601)21:10<1953::aid-elps1953>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enantiospecific analysis has an important role in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic investigations and its now no longer acceptable to determine total drug, or metabolite, concentrations following the administration of a racemate. Inspite of the fact that capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become an essential technique in pharmaceutical and enantiospecific analysis, the chromatographic methodologies remain the most commonly used approach for the determination of the enantiomeric composition of drugs in biological fluids. The application of CE to bioanalysis has been slow, which is in part associated with the complexity of biological matrices together with the relatively poor concentration limits of detection achievable. However, as a result of its versatility, high separation efficiency, minimal sample requirements, speed of analysis and low consumable expense CE is likely to play an increasingly significant role in the area. This review present an overview of enantiospecific CE in bioanalysis in which the approaches to enantiomeric resolution and the problems associated with biological matrices are briefly discussed. The application of enantiospecific CE to samples of biological origin is illustrated using examples where the methodology has either solved an analytical problem, or provided a useful alternative to the currently available chromatographic methods. Such improvements in methodology are associated with either the high separation efficiency and/or microanalytical capabilities of the technique. Enantiospecific CE will not replace the chromatographic methodologies but does provide the bioanalyst with a useful addition to his armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hadley
- Department of Analytical Sciences, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Tonbridge, Kent, UK
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20
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a useful method to quantify drugs in biological fluids. However, especially for blood or plasma samples, the sensitivity is not sufficient to quantify drugs and their metabolites as they often need to be quantified in the lower microg/L range. To overcome this limitation and to increase the sensitivity, two strategies are applied: first, to increase the amount of analyte added to the capillary and, second, to increase the sensitivity on the detector site. To improve the sensitivity on the detector site, alternative detection techniques to UV detection, e.g., laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) or mass spectroscopy (MS), can be applied. However, LIF detection can only be used for fluorescent analytes and the current equipment for CE-MS coupling provides only small improvements in sensitivity compared to UV detection. The detection window for UV detection can be enhanced using capillaries with an extended light path (bubble cell) or Z-shaped capillaries. Sensitivity improvements up to a factor of 10 have been reported. Increasing the amount of analyte in the capillary can be done either by chromatographic or by electrokinetic methods. Chromatographic methods such as on-capillary membrane preconcentration have been used for several analytes. However, no validated application has been reported to date. In contrast, several validated examples can be found in which electrokinetic techniques like sample stacking have been applied to achieve limits of quantification in the lower microg/L range. In conclusion, to date, electrokinetic techniques such as field-amplified sample injection offer the most promising results in achieving a sufficient sensitivity to quantify drugs in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hempel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische, Chemie der Universität, Münster, Germany.
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21
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Thormann W, Wey AB, Lurie IS, Gerber H, Byland C, Malik N, Hochmeister M, Gehrig C. Capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis: recent advances and breakthrough to routine applications. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:3203-36. [PMID: 10596826 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991001)20:15/16<3203::aid-elps3203>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a comprehensive review article on capillary electrophoresis (CE) in clinical and forensic analysis. It is based upon the literature of 1997 and 1998, presents CE examples in major fields of application, and provides an overview of the key achievements encountered, including those associated with the analysis of drugs, serum proteins, hemoglobin variants, and nucleic acids. For CE in clinical and forensic analysis, the past two years witnessed a breakthrough to routine applications. As most coauthors of this review are associated with diagnostic or forensic laboratories now using CE on a routine basis, this review also contains data from routine applications in drug, protein, and DNA analysis. With the first-hand experience of providing analytical service under stringent quality control conditions, aspects of quality assurance, assay specifications for clinical and forensic CE and the pros and cons of this maturing, cost-and pollution-controlled age technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Veraart JR, Lingeman H, Brinkman UA. Coupling of biological sample handling and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:483-514. [PMID: 10526801 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, saliva, tissue homogenates) by capillary electrophoresis (CE) requires efficient sample preparation (i.e., concentration and clean-up) procedures to remove interfering solutes (endogenous/exogenous and/or low-/high-molecular-mass), (in)organic salts and particulate matter. The sample preparation modules can be coupled with CE either off-line (manual), at-line (robotic interface), on-line (coupling via a transfer line) or in-line (complete integration between sample preparation and separation system). Sample preparation systems reported in the literature are based on chromatographic, electrophoretic or membrane-based procedures. The combination of automated sample preparation and CE is especially useful if complex samples have to be analyzed and helps to improve both selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, the different modes of solid-phase (micro-) extraction will be discussed and an overview of the potential of chromatographic, electrophoretic (e.g., isotachophoresis, sample stacking) and membrane-based procedures will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Veraart
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Boone CM, Waterval JC, Lingeman H, Ensing K, Underberg WJ. Capillary electrophoresis as a versatile tool for the bioanalysis of drugs--a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:831-63. [PMID: 10746954 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of current research on the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices. The principles of capillary electrophoresis and its various separation and detection modes are briefly discussed. Sample pretreatment methods which have been used for clean-up and concentration are discussed. Finally, an extensive overview of bioanalytical applications is presented. The bioanalyses of more than 200 drugs have been summarised, including the applied sample pretreatment methods and the achieved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boone
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Shihabi ZK. Serum procainamide analysis based on acetonitrile stacking by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:3008-11. [PMID: 9870404 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stacking methods are important in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to overcome the poor detection limits. Cationic drugs are difficult to stack because they tend to interact with the capillary wall. As an example of the stacking of the cationic compounds, procainamide, an anti-arrhythmic drug, is analyzed in serum by CE using an acetonitrile treatment. Serum was deproteinized with acetonitrile containing quinine as an internal standard. About 12% of the capillary volume was filled with sample and separated using an electrophoresis buffer composed of triethanolamine, 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) and 20% isopropanol, pH 8.2. Both the triethanolamine and the CHES were critical for the stacking. The addition of isopropanol improved the plate number for the procainamide and decreased the interfering compounds. Procainamide, its metabolite N-acetyl procainamide, and quinine were separated in about 7 min. The CE compared well with an immunoassay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Shihabi
- Pathology Department, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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25
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Taylor RB, Toasaksiri S, Reid RG. A literature assessment of sample pretreatments and limits of detection for capillary electrophoresis of drugs in biological fluids and practical investigation with some antimalarials in plasma. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2791-7. [PMID: 9870375 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A literature survey on published reports of the determination of drugs in biological fluids shows that all methods of sample pretreatment have been used and that the limits of detection achieved vary widely, ranging from low ngcm(-3) to microgcm(-3). The most widely used injection method was hydrodynamic and, in the majority of cases, whenever low detection limits were achieved, this was a result of preconcentration during the sample pretreatment. Only a small proportion of the reported methods employed electrokinetic injection and utilised the field amplified sample injection (FASI) techniques. An experimental investigation of the alternative hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection methods for a small set of antimalarial drugs is reported. It was found that electrokinetic injection with FASI from an acetonitrile-water matrix produced dramatic improvements in detection limits. This improvement could not, however, be achieved when the drugs were in plasma using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction pretreatment methods. This highlights the importance of sample pretreatment in utilising the potential sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Because of the ease of analysis and the high resolution, drug analysis is becoming the best example for the application of capillary electrophoresis. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a specialized area of drug analysis performed in clinical laboratories for patient care. CE offers high resolution and speed with the low operating costs needed in patient care. However, CE has a few limitations, mainly poor detection limits and precision. Simple methods of stacking, which enhance drug detection to overcome the poor sensitivity of CE are stressed. Serum has a unique matrix with a high content of proteins and salts which can have adverse effects on separation by CE. For successful analysis, special maneuvers are employed to decrease these matrix effects. Studies that have addressed the improvement of the precision of CE are summarized. CE offers the possibility of bringing chiral separations into the routine arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Shihabi
- Pathology Department, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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28
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Friedberg M, Hinsdale M, Shihabi Z. Effect of pH and ions in the sample on stacking in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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