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Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Composition Between GM and Non-GM Soybeans and Soybean Oils by NMR and GC-FID Techniques. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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2
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Almokhtar M, Wikvall K, Ubhayasekera SJKA, Bergquist J, Norlin M. Motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells as a new model for the study of vitamin D metabolism in the brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:178-188. [PMID: 26704532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is a pro-hormone, which is sequentially activated by 25- and 1α-hydroxylation to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], respectively. Subsequent inactivation is performed by 24-hydroxylation. These reactions are carried out by a series of CYP450 enzymes. The 25-hydroxylation involves mainly CYP2R1 and CYP27A1, whereas 1α-hydroxylation and 24-hydroxylation are catalyzed by CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, respectively, and are tightly regulated to maintain adequate levels of the active vitamin D hormone, 1α,25(OH)2D3. Altered circulating vitamin D levels, in particular 25(OH)D3, have been linked to several disorders of the nervous system, e.g., schizophrenia and Parkinson disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms of vitamin D actions in the neurons. In this study, we examined vitamin D metabolism and its regulation in a murine motor neuron-like hybrid cell line, NSC-34. We found that these cells express mRNAs for the four major CYP450 enzymes involved in vitamin D activation and inactivation, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates vitamin D actions. We also found high levels of CYP24A1-dependent 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] production, that was inhibited by the well-known CYP enzyme inhibitor ketoconazole and by several inhibitors that are more specific for CYP24A1. Furthermore, CYP24A1 mRNA levels in NSC-34 cells were up-regulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 and its synthetic analogs, EB1089 and tacalcitol. Our results suggest that NSC-34 cells could be a novel model for the studies of neuronal vitamin D metabolism and its mechanism of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Almokhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S J Kumari A Ubhayasekera
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Xue Y, He X, Li HD, Deng Y, Yan M, Cai HL, Tang MM, Dang RL, Jiang P. Simultaneous Quantification of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Rats Shows Strong Correlations between Serum and Brain Tissue Levels. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:296531. [PMID: 26713090 PMCID: PMC4680053 DOI: 10.1155/2015/296531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While vitamin D3 is recognized as a neuroactive steroid affecting both brain development and function, efficient analytical method in determining vitamin D3 metabolites in the brain tissue is still lacking, and the relationship of vitamin D3 status between serum and brain remains elusive. Therefore, we developed a novel analysis method by using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify the concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) in the serum and brain of rats fed with different dose of vitamin D3. We further investigated whether variations of serum vitamin D3 metabolites could affect vitamin D3 metabolite levels in the brain. Serum and brain tissue were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization following derivatization with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD). The method is highly sensitive, specific, and accurate to quantify 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 in animal brain tissue. Vitamin D3 metabolites in brain tissue were significantly lower in rats fed with a vitamin D deficiency diet than in rats fed with high vitamin D3 diet. There was also a strong correlation of vitamin D3 metabolites in serum and brain. These results indicate that vitamin D3 status in serum affects bioavailability of vitamin D3 metabolites in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Huan-De Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- *Huan-De Li: and
| | - Yang Deng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hua-Lin Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Mi-Mi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Rui-Li Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China
- *Pei Jiang:
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Gathungu RM, Flarakos CC, Reddy GS, Vouros P. The role of mass spectrometry in the analysis of vitamin D compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:72-86. [PMID: 22996283 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the superseding role of mass spectrometry in the structural characterization and quantitation of vitamin D compounds in comparison to other analytical methods (e.g., UV, bioassays) that lack the sensitivity and specificity of mass spectrometry. After a short introduction to the biochemistry of vitamin D compounds, an overview of the current techniques to characterize and quantitate vitamin D compounds is given with emphasis on the contribution of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Gathungu
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Xie W, Chavez-Eng C, Fang W, Constanzer M, Matuszewski B, Mullett W, Pawliszyn J. Quantitative liquid chromatographic and tandem mass spectrometric determination of vitamin D3 in human serum with derivatization: A comparison of in-tube LLE, 96-well plate LLE and in-tip SPME. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1457-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Ding S, Schoenmakers I, Jones K, Koulman A, Prentice A, Volmer DA. Quantitative determination of vitamin D metabolites in plasma using UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:779-89. [PMID: 20628873 PMCID: PMC2939348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important determinant of bone health at all ages. The plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH D) and other metabolites are used as biomarkers for vitamin sufficiency and function. To allow for the simultaneous determination of five vitamin D metabolites, 25-OH D(3), 25-OH D(2), 24,25-(OH)(2) D(3), 1,25-(OH)(2) D(3), and 1,25-(OH)(2) D(2), in low volumes of human plasma, an assay using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was established. Plasma samples were spiked with isotope-labeled internal standards and pretreated using protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and a Diels-Alder derivatization step with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione. The SPE recovery rates ranged from 55% to 85%, depending on the vitamin D metabolite; the total sample run time was <5 min. Mass spectrometry was conducted using positive ion electrospray ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode on a quadrupole-quadrupole-linear ion trap instrument after pre-column addition of methylamine to increase the ionization efficiency. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were 1.6-4.1% and 3.7-6.8%, respectively. The limit of quantitation for these compounds was determined to be between 10 and 20 pg/mL. The 25-OH D results were compared with values obtained for reference materials (DEQAS). In addition, plasma samples were analyzed with two additional Diasorin antibody assays. All comparisons with conventional methods showed excellent correlations (r(2) = 0.9738) for DEQAS samples, demonstrating the high degree of comparability of the new UHPLC-MS/MS technique to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Ding
- Medical Research Council–Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Inez Schoenmakers
- Medical Research Council–Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Kerry Jones
- Medical Research Council–Keneba Field Site, P. O. Box 273, Banjul, Keneba The Gambia
| | - Albert Koulman
- Medical Research Council–Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Ann Prentice
- Medical Research Council–Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Medical Research Council–Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2 2, Raum 2.27, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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SHIMADA K, HIGASHI T. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of vitamin D compounds employing derivatization with Cookson-type reagents. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2002. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.51.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Weiskopf AS, Vouros P, Cunniff J, Binderup E, Björkling F, Binderup L, White MC, Posner GH. Examination of structurally selective derivatization of vitamin D(3) analogues by electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:71-78. [PMID: 11180648 DOI: 10.1002/jms.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structural specificity of vitamin D derivatization by PTAD (4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione) was probed using synthetic analogues and ion trap mass spectrometry. EB 1089, a vitamin D(3) analogue which contains a second site for Diels--Alder cycloaddition on its side-chain, allowed the examination of derivatization modes and comparisons of ion fragment structures. The origins of a PTAD-vitamin D(3) ion fragment, commonly used in metabolite characterization and quantitation of vitamin D(3) analogues (m/z 314), were established; ion trap mass spectrometry revealed that the PTAD comprises a portion of this diagnostic fragment, and is not lost by a retro-Diels--Alder step. Furthermore, the unique structure of the EB 1089 side-chain also permits facile determination of its side-chain metabolism. Use of PTAD derivatization and detection of metabolite-specific ion fragments identify hydroxylation at the end of the EB 1089 sidechain. It is believed that the results from these studies provide a clearer understanding of the mass spectrometry of triazolinedione derivatives, not only in the specific case of EB 1089, but also in their application to other vitamin D compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Weiskopf
- The Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Shibata Y, Ito K, Suzuki K, Nakano K, Fukabori Y, Suzuki R, Kawabe Y, Honma S, Yamanaka H. Changes in the endocrine environment of the human prostate transition zone with aging: simultaneous quantitative analysis of prostatic sex steroids and comparison with human prostatic histological composition. Prostate 2000; 42:45-55. [PMID: 10579798 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(20000101)42:1<45::aid-pros6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increases with aging. The age-dependent changes in the ratio of serum sex steroid concentrations may play a role in BPH development. To clarify the relationship between the prostatic tissue concentrations of these steroids and age, we established a precise method of simultaneous quantitative analysis for prostatic sex steroids and used this method to investigate the tissue concentrations of three major sex steroids (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol) in the human prostate. METHODS The methodology for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of prostatic sex steroids was established using castrated rat prostatic tissue, coupled with internal standards, for androgen-deprived medium, and the validation of the method was examined. Human prostatic tissues were collected during surgery and immediately frozen at -70 degrees C. Using our method, the steroidal fractions were extracted, purified, and quantified. The proportions of stroma, epithelium, and glandular lumen were measured on each histological specimen, using an image analyzer. RESULTS The validation tests showed that our method of quantitative analysis was precise and sensitive enough for the quantification of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the prostate. In humans, the prostatic dihydrotestosterone concentration decreased with age, but the concentrations of testosterone and estradiol showed no relation with age. Therefore, the ratio of estradiol to dihydrotestosterone concentration (E2/DHT) in prostate increased with age. The E2/DHT ratio showed a significant positive correlation with the proportion of stroma. CONCLUSIONS The age-dependent decrease in prostatic dihydrotestosterone and constant estradiol concentration lead to a relatively estrogen-dominant environment compared to that at younger ages. We assume that this relatively estrogen-dominant status induces stromal proliferation by some mechanism and leads to the development of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shibata
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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HIGASHI T, MIURA K, KITAHORI J, SHIMADA K. Usefulness of Derivatization in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Conjugated Vitamin D Metabolites. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanako MIURA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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11
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Ishigai M, Arai S, Ishitani Y, Kumaki K. In vivo metabolism of the vitamin D analog, 22-oxacalcitriol: evidence for side-chain truncation and 17-hydroxylation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 66:281-93. [PMID: 9749834 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
After intravenous administration of the vitamin D3 analog, 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), to normal rats plasma metabolites were investigated by HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Five side-chain oxidation metabolites, 24R(OH)OCT, 24S(OH)OCT, (25R)-26(OH)OCT, (25S)-26(OH)OCT and 24oxoOCT, were identified by comparison with the corresponding synthetic compounds. These side-chain oxidation metabolites were similar to those of calcitriol [1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3] described previously. Besides these five metabolites, two unique side-chain cleavage metabolites, 20S(OH)-hexanor-OCT and 17,20S(OH)2-hexanor-OCT, were identified as main metabolites in plasma by GC-MS and LC-MS using a specific chemical reaction. Our studies suggest that OCT is extensively metabolized and circulates in blood as a number of metabolites as well as unchanged OCT. This metabolism includes both unique pathways of C23-O22 cleavage and 17-hydroxylation, in addition to the side-chain oxidation metabolites similar to those of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishigai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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