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Li T, Qin Z, Wang D, Xia X, Zhou X, Hu G. Coenzyme self-sufficiency system-recent advances in microbial production of high-value chemical phenyllactic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:36. [PMID: 36472665 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a natural antimicrobial substance, has many potential applications in the food, animal feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, its production is limited by the complex reaction steps involved in its chemical synthesis. Through advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies, enzymatic or whole-cell catalysis was developed as an alternative method for PLA production. Herein, we review recent developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies that promote the microbial production of high-value PLA. Specially, the advantages and disadvantages of the using of the three kinds of substrates, which includes phenylpyruvate, phenylalanine and glucose as starting materials by natural or engineered microbes is summarized. Notably, the bio-conversion of PLA often requires the consumption of expensive coenzyme NADH. To overcome the issues of NADH regeneration, efficiently internal cofactor regeneration systems constructed by co-expressing different enzyme combinations composed of lactate dehydrogenase with others for enhancing the PLA production, as well as their possible improvements, are discussed. In particular, the construction of fusion proteins with different linkers can achieve higher PLA yield and more efficient cofactor regeneration than that of multi-enzyme co-expression. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of PLA biosynthesis pathways and strategies for increasing PLA yield through biotechnology, providing future directions for the large-scale commercial production of PLA and the expansion of downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Peters A, Krumbholz P, Jäger E, Heintz-Buschart A, Çakir MV, Rothemund S, Gaudl A, Ceglarek U, Schöneberg T, Stäubert C. Metabolites of lactic acid bacteria present in fermented foods are highly potent agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008145. [PMID: 31120900 PMCID: PMC6532841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay of microbiota and the human host is physiologically crucial in health and diseases. The beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), permanently colonizing the human intestine or transiently obtained from food, have been extensively reported. However, the molecular understanding of how LAB modulate human physiology is still limited. G protein-coupled receptors for hydroxycarboxylic acids (HCAR) are regulators of immune functions and energy homeostasis under changing metabolic and dietary conditions. Most mammals have two HCAR (HCA1, HCA2) but humans and other hominids contain a third member (HCA3) in their genomes. A plausible hypothesis why HCA3 function was advantageous in hominid evolution was lacking. Here, we used a combination of evolutionary, analytical and functional methods to unravel the role of HCA3in vitro and in vivo. The functional studies included different pharmacological assays, analyses of human monocytes and pharmacokinetic measurements in human. We report the discovery of the interaction of D-phenyllactic acid (D-PLA) and the human host through highly potent activation of HCA3. D-PLA is an anti-bacterial metabolite found in high concentrations in LAB-fermented food such as Sauerkraut. We demonstrate that D-PLA from such alimentary sources is well absorbed from the human gut leading to high plasma and urine levels and triggers pertussis toxin-sensitive migration of primary human monocytes in an HCA3-dependent manner. We provide evolutionary, analytical and functional evidence supporting the hypothesis that HCA3 was consolidated in hominids as a new signaling system for LAB-derived metabolites. Although it has been known for 15 years that HCA3 is present in humans and other hominids but absent in all other mammals, no study so far aimed to understand why HCA3 was functionally preserved during evolution. Here, we take advantage of evolutionary analyses which we combine with functional assays of hominid HCA3 orthologs. In search for a reasonable scenario explaining the accumulated amino acid changes in HCA3 of hominids we discovered D-phenyllactic acid (D-PLA), a metabolite produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as the so far most potent agonist specifically activating HCA3. Further, oral ingestion of Sauerkraut, known to contain high levels of D-PLA, caused subsequent plasma concentrations sufficient to activate HCA3. Our data interpreted in an evolutionary context suggests that the availability of a new food repertoire under changed ecological conditions triggered the fixation of HCA3 which took over new functions in hominids. These findings are particularly important because they unveiled HCA3, which is not only expressed in various immune cells but also adipocytes, lung and skin, as a player that transfers signals of LAB-derived metabolites into a physiological response in humans. This opens up new directions towards the understanding of the versatile beneficial effects of LAB and their metabolites for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peters
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mehmet Volkan Çakir
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide-Technologies, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Gaudl
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography for Chiral Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:416-427. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Tong S, Wang X, Shen M, Lv L, Lu M, Bu Z, Yan J. Enantioseparation of 3-phenyllactic acid by chiral ligand exchange countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1834-1842. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Mangmang Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Liqiong Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Mengxia Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhisi Bu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
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Lustgarten MS, Price LL, Phillips EM, Kirn DR, Mills J, Fielding RA. Serum Predictors of Percent Lean Mass in Young Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2194-201. [PMID: 23774283 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31829eef24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lustgarten, MS, Price, LL, Phillips, EM, Kirn, DR, Mills, J, and Fielding, RA. Serum predictors of percent lean mass in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2194-2201, 2016-Elevated lean (skeletal muscle) mass is associated with increased muscle strength and anaerobic exercise performance, whereas low levels of lean mass are associated with insulin resistance and sarcopenia. Therefore, studies aimed at obtaining an improved understanding of mechanisms related to the quantity of lean mass are of interest. Percent lean mass (total lean mass/body weight × 100) in 77 young subjects (18-35 years) was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Twenty analytes and 296 metabolites were evaluated with the use of the standard chemistry screen and mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling, respectively. Sex-adjusted multivariable linear regression was used to determine serum analytes and metabolites significantly (p ≤ 0.05 and q ≤ 0.30) associated with the percent lean mass. Two enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransferase) and 29 metabolites were found to be significantly associated with the percent lean mass, including metabolites related to microbial metabolism, uremia, inflammation, oxidative stress, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, glycerolipid metabolism, and xenobiotics. Use of sex-adjusted stepwise regression to obtain a final covariate predictor model identified the combination of 5 analytes and metabolites as overall predictors of the percent lean mass (model R = 82.5%). Collectively, these data suggest that a complex interplay of various metabolic processes underlies the maintenance of lean mass in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lustgarten
- 1Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and 2Biostatistics Research Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Derivatized Cyclodextrins in the Flavour and Fragrance Field. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
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Salisbury JJ, Li M, Boyd A. Validation of an enantioselective analysis for (l)-pidolic acid by chiral gas chromatography with derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:79-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Cha E, Kim S, Lee KM, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Kwon OS, Park KD, Lee J. Relationship between chromatographic resolution and amide structure of chiral 2-hydroxy acids as O -(−)-menthoxycarbonylated diastereomeric derivatives for enantiomeric separation on achiral gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vasquez NP, Crosnier de Bellaistre-Bonose M, Lévêque N, Thioulouse E, Doummar D, Billette de Villemeur T, Rodriguez D, Couderc R, Robin S, Courderot-Masuyer C, Moussa F. Advances in the metabolic profiling of acidic compounds in children's urines achieved by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:130-8. [PMID: 26319306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to evaluate a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic (GCxGC) coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) method in the field of biomarker candidates' discovery. To this purpose we developed a GCxGC-qMS method suitable for the separation of organic acids and other classes of compounds with silylable polar hydrogen such as sugars, amino-acids, and vitamins. As compared to those obtained by a widely used 1D-GC method, the urinary chromatographic profiles performed by the proposed 2D-GC method exhibit higher resolution and sensitivity, leading to the detection of up to 92 additional compounds in some urine samples including some well-known biomarkers. In order to validate the proposed method we focused on three metabolites of interest with various functional groups and polarities including CH3-malonic acid (MMA: biomarker of methylmalonic acidemia), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric acid (3-OHMGA: biomarker of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acidemia), and phenylpiruvic acid (PhPA: marker of phenylketonuria). While these three metabolites can be considered as representative of organic acids classically determined by 1D-GC, they cannot be representative of new detected metabolites. Thus, we also focused on quinolic acid (QUIN), taken as an example of biomarker not detected at basal levels with the classical 1D GC-qMS method. In order to obtain sufficient recoveries for all tested compounds, we developed a sample preparation protocol including a step of urea removal followed by two extraction steps using two solvents of different polarity and selectivity. Recoveries with the proposed method reached more than 80% for all targeted compounds and the linearity was satisfactory up to 50μmol/L. The CVs of the within-run and within-laboratory precisions were less than 8% for all tested compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.6μmol/L for MMA, 0.4μmol/L for 3-OHMGA, 0.7μmol/L for PhPA, and 1μmol/L for QUIN. The LOQs of these metabolites obtained by a classical GC-MS method under the same chromatographic conditions were 5μmol/L for MMA, 4μmol/L for 3-OHMGA, 6μmol/L for PhPA while QUIN was below the limit of detection. As compared to 1D-GC, these results highlight the enhanced detectability of urine metabolites by the 2D-GC technique. Our results also show that for each new detected compound it is necessary to develop and validate an appropriate sample preparation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pérez Vasquez
- Univ Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)(2), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France; SARL BIOEXIGENCE, Espace Lafayette, rue Alfred de Vigny 8, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - N Lévêque
- Univ Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)(2), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - E Thioulouse
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - D Doummar
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - T Billette de Villemeur
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - D Rodriguez
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - R Couderc
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - S Robin
- SARL BIOEXIGENCE, Espace Lafayette, rue Alfred de Vigny 8, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - C Courderot-Masuyer
- SARL BIOEXIGENCE, Espace Lafayette, rue Alfred de Vigny 8, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - F Moussa
- Univ Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)(2), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France; Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
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Recent research on 3-phenyllactic acid, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1155-63. [PMID: 22782253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Phenyllactic acid (PLA), which is an organic acid widely existing in honey and lactic acid bacteria fermented food, can be produced by many microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria. It was proved as an ideal antimicrobial compound with broad and effective antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. In addition, it could be used as feed additives to replace antibiotics in livestock feeds. This article presented a review of recent studies on the existing resource, antimicrobial activity, and measurement of PLA. In addition, microorganism strains and dehydrogenases producing PLA were reviewed in detail, the metabolic pathway and regulation of PLA synthesis in LAB strains were discussed, and high-level bioproduction of PLA by microorganism fermentation was also summarized.
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Improved enantiomer resolution and quantification of free D-amino acids in serum and urine by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4537-44. [PMID: 21641600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) in the quantitative analysis of amino acid enantiomers (AAEs) as their methyl chloroformate (MCF) derivatives in physiological fluids was investigated. Of the two column sets tested, the combination of an Rt-γDEXsa chiral column with a polar ZB-AAA column provided superior selectivity. Twenty AAEs were baseline resolved including L-Leu and D-Ile, which had failed separation by one-dimensional chiral GC-quadrupole-MS (GC-qMS). Lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) were in the range of 0.03-2 μM. Reproducibility of the analysis of a serum specimen in octaplicate ranged from 1.3 to 16.6%. The GC×GC-TOFMS method was validated by analyzing AAEs in 48 urine and 43 serum specimens, respectively, and by comparing the results with data obtained by a previously validated GC-qMS method. Mean recoveries ranged from 78.4% for D-Leu to 116.4% for D-Pro in urine and 72.2% for L-Thr to 129.4% for L-Ile in serum. The method was applied to the comparison of AAE serum levels in patients suffering from liver cirrhosis to a control group. Significantly increased D-AA concentrations were found for the patient group, whereas L-AA levels were slightly decreased.
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Prema P, Smila D, Palavesam A, Immanuel G. Production and Characterization of an Antifungal Compound (3-Phenyllactic Acid) Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum Strain. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-008-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tan L, Wang Y, Liu X, Ju H, Li J. Simultaneous determination of l- and d-lactic acid in plasma by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 814:393-8. [PMID: 15639464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for simultaneous determination of d- and l-lactic acids in plasma was presented by capillary electrophoresis with photodiode array detection at 195nm. The separation was performed in an uncoated fused-silica capillary. The parameters influencing the resolution and the migration time of lactic acids were optimized. When 150mM phosphate-Tris buffer (pH 7.0) consisting of 220mM 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and 0.2mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide was utilized as the running buffer, highly effective chiral separation of d- and l-lactic acids was achieved at about 42min at an effective voltage of -25kV. The resolution of lactic acid enantiomers was >/=1.25. The limits of detection of d- and l-lactic acids in standard solution without any pretreatment were 80 and 50muM (S/N=3), respectively. Sample pretreatment was preceded by protein-removal procedure with acetonitrile. With a pre-concentration procedure by 10 times, the limits of detection of d- and l-lactic acids were 20 and 15muM (S/N=10), respectively. The satisfactory analytical performance of the proposed method was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
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Muth A, Jung J, Bilke S, Scharrer A, Mosandl A, Sewell AC, Böhles H. Simultaneous enantioselective analysis of chiral urinary metabolites in patients with Zellweger syndrome. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 792:269-77. [PMID: 12860034 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enantio-MDGC-MS analysis with heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert.-butyl-dimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin as the chiral main column is a powerful tool for the separation of chiral compounds. This paper reports on the simultaneous stereodifferentiation of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), 3-methyladipic acid (3-MA), 2-hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HG), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid (HPLA), 2-hydroxysebacic acid (2-HS) and 3-hydroxysebacic acid (3-HS) in a single chromatographic run. These chiral urinary metabolites are useful in the diagnosis of peroxisomal diseases such as Zellweger syndrome (ZS). In this investigation, urine samples from nine patients with ZS were analysed in order to reveal the enantiomeric ratio of these chiral metabolites. The stereodifferentiation of the analysed chiral compounds may provide important information on their biochemical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Muth
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Biozentrum J. W. Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Muth A, Mosandl A, Bursen A, Marschalek R, Sewell AC, Böhles H. Multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for tracer studies of fatty acid metabolism via stable isotopes in cultured human trophoblast cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 791:235-44. [PMID: 12798183 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The determination of placental fatty acid metabolism using stable isotope-labeled tracers was investigated in the human placental choriocarcinoma (JAR) cell line. Stable isotope incorporation was measured by MDGC-MS. The cultured trophoblast cells incorporated and metabolized the essential fatty acids to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The described method enables the detection of a low Delta(6)-desaturase activity in this human placental cell line. The developed MDGC-MS method allows the assessment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in cultured cells with high sensitivity and selectivity. In this respect, tracer studies with MDGC-MS will be a powerful tool to clarify the significance of placental fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Muth
- Department of Food Chemistry, J.W. Goethe-University, Biocenter, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Ewaschuk JB, Zello GA, Naylor JM, Brocks DR. Metabolic acidosis: separation methods and biological relevance of organic acids and lactic acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:39-56. [PMID: 12450652 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic acidosis can result from accumulation of organic acids in the blood due to anaerobic metabolism or intestinal bacterial fermentation of undigested substrate under certain conditions. These conditions include short-bowel syndrome, grain overfeeding of ruminants and, as recently reported, severe gastroenteritis. Measuring fermentation products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid in various biological samples is integral to the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth. Stereospecific measurement of D- and L-lactic acid is necessary for confirmation of the origin and nature of metabolic acidosis. In this paper, methods for the separation of SCFAs and lactic acid are reviewed. Analysis of the organic acids involved in carbohydrate metabolism has been achieved by enzymatic methods, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Sample preparation techniques developed for these analytes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Ewaschuk
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Ström K, Sjögren J, Broberg A, Schnürer J. Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 393 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro) and 3-phenyllactic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4322-7. [PMID: 12200282 PMCID: PMC124062 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.9.4322-4327.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a Lactobacillus plantarum strain (MiLAB 393) from grass silage that produces broad-spectrum antifungal compounds, active against food- and feed-borne filamentous fungi and yeasts in a dual-culture agar plate assay. Fusarium sporotrichioides and Aspergillus fumigatus were the most sensitive among the molds, and Kluyveromyces marxianus was the most sensitive yeast species. No inhibitory activity could be detected against the mold Penicillium roqueforti or the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii. An isolation procedure, employing a microtiter well spore germination bioassay, was devised to isolate active compounds from culture filtrate. Cell-free supernatant was fractionated on a C(18) SPE column, and the 95% aqueous acetonitrile fraction was further separated on a preparative HPLC C(18) column. Fractions active in the bioassay were then fractionated on a porous graphitic carbon column. The structures of the antifungal compounds cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro), cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro) and 3-phenyllactic acid (L/D isomer ratio, 9:1), were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography. MIC values against A. fumigatus and P. roqueforti were 20 mg ml(-1) for cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) and 7.5 mg ml(-1) for phenyllactic acid. Combinations of the antifungal compounds revealed weak synergistic effects. The production of the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro) by lactic acid bacteria is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ström
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Kodama S, Yamamoto A, Matsunaga A, Matsui K, Nakagomi K, Hayakawa K. Behaviors of D- and L-lactic acids during the brewing process of sake (Japanese rice wine). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:767-770. [PMID: 11829643 DOI: 10.1021/jf011098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The amounts of D- and L-lactic acids during the brewing process of sake were determined by capillary electrophoresis using 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. Because L-lactic acid, which prevents the growth of nonuseful microorganisms, is a raw material of sake, the ratio of L-lactic acid to total lactic acid is almost 1.0 at the initial stage of sake brewing. During brewing, the ratio decreased gradually and finally reached 0.39. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for sake brewing produced D-lactic acid, but not L-lactic acid in a culture medium. These results suggest that the decrease in the ratio of L-lactic acid to total lactic acid during sake brewing resulted in D-lactic acid production by yeast. The ratios in 18 brands of sake obtained commercially ranged from 0.23 to 0.78. The levels of D-lactic acid in sake (140-274 mg/L) were in a narrower range than those of L-lactic acid (61-461 mg/L). Although the D-lactic acid level in sake did not correspond to total lactic acid level, the L-lactic acid level correlated well with total lactic acid level (R(2) = 0.867). These results suggest that the ratio of L-lactic acid to total lactic acid in sake reflected the amount of L-lactic acid added at the initial stage of sake brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kodama
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Kosugi-machi, Toyama 939-0363, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
The separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography is performed on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) via hydrogen bonding, coordination and inclusion. Thus, typical chiral selectors are amino acid derivatives, terpene-derived metal coordination compounds and modified cyclodextrins. In Chirasil-type stationary phases the chiral selector is anchored to a polysiloxane backbone improving gas chromatographic performance. The present review article describes the state-of-the-art, scope and limitations, applications and mechanistic considerations at the advent of the millennium incorporating 16 figures and 168 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schurig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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22
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Ki KR, Lee J, Ha D, Kim JH. Configurational analysis of chiral acids as O-trifluoroacetylated (-)-menthyl esters by achiral dual-capillary column gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 891:257-66. [PMID: 11043786 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous enantiomeric separation of 30 racemic acids including 24 hydroxy acids in a single analysis is described for the determination of their absolute configurations. It involves the conversion of each enantiomer into diastereomeric O-trifluoroacetylated (-)-menthyl ester for the direct separation by gas chromatography on achiral dual-capillary columns of different polarities, with subsequent identification and chiral discrimination by retention index (I) library matching. Among the acids studied, the enantiomers of 27 acids were discriminatively resolved on both non-polar DB-5 and the intermediate-polar DB-17 columns with resolution factors in the range of 0.7-7.7 and separation factors in the range of 1.002-1.021. Enantiomers of 3-hydroxybutyric and alpha-methoxyphenylacetic acids were partially resolved on DB-5 (resolution factor of 0.9), but not resolved on DB-17, while the baseline resolution for 3-hydroxydecanoic acid and the minimal separation on the peak top (resolution factor less than 0.7) for 2-hydroxyglutaric acid were achieved on DB-17 but not on DB-5. The temperature-programmed I values measured on both columns were characteristic of each enantiomer and thus simple I matching with the reference values was useful in cross-checking for their chemical identification and the chiral discrimination as well. When applied to a clinical urine sample, the present method allowed positive identification of endogenous (S)-lactic acid and (S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid along with (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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23
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Sewell AC, Heil M, Blieke A, Mosandl A, Böhles H. Rapid Enantiomeric Differentiation of Urinary Metabolites in a Patient with Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome. Clin Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/46.9.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Sewell
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Heil
- Department of Food Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anika Blieke
- Department of Food Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armin Mosandl
- Department of Food Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hans Böhles
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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24
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Kodama S, Yamamoto A, Matsunaga A, Soga T, Minoura K. Direct chiral resolution of lactic acid in food products by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 875:371-7. [PMID: 10839157 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chiral resolution of native DL-lactic acid was performed by capillary electrophoresis using 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector. Various factors affecting chiral resolution, migration time, and peak area of lactic acid were studied. The running conditions for optimum separation of lactic acid were found to be 90 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 240 mM 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin with an effective voltage of -30 kV at 16 degrees C, using direct detection at 200 nm. In order to enhance the sensitivity, sample injection was done under a pressure of 50 mbar for 200 s. On-line sample concentration was accomplished by sample stacking. With this system, D- and L-lactic acids in food products were analyzed successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kodama
- Toyama Institute of Health, Japan.
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25
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Kim KR, Lee J, Ha D, Jeon J, Park HG, Kim JH. Enantiomeric separation and discrimination of 2-hydroxy acids as O-trifluoroacetylated (S)-(+)-3-methyl-2-butyl esters by achiral dual-capillary column gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 874:91-100. [PMID: 10768503 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method is described for the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of 18 different racemic 2-hydroxy acids for the determination of their absolute configurations. It involves the conversion of each enantiomer into a diastereomeric O-trifluoroacetylated (S)-(+)-3-methyl-2-butyl ester for the direct separation by achiral dual-capillary column gas chromatography with subsequent identification and determination of its chirality by retention index (I) library matching. The enantiomers of each acid were well separated with high resolution values (R > or = 1.4) on DB-5 and DB-17 columns of different polarity. When temperature-programmed I values of 2-hydroxy acid enantiomers as their diastereomeric derivatives were measured on both columns, the I values were characteristic of each enantiomer. Simple I matching with the reference values was thus useful in cross-checking each acid enantiomer for the identification and chiral discrimination. When applied to urine samples, the present method allowed positive identification of most of the spiked 2-hydroxy acids from normal urine and for endogenous (S)-lactic acid and (S)-2-hydroxybutyric acid from a clinical urine specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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26
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Podebrad F, Heil M, Beck T, Mosandl A, Sewell AC, Böhles H. Stereodifferentiation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric- and 3-aminoisobutyric acid in human urine by enantioselective multidimensional capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2000; 292:93-105. [PMID: 10686279 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chiral metabolites 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) and 3-aminoisobutyric acid (AIBA) are intermediates in the pathways of L-valine and thymine and play an important role in the diagnosis of the very rare inherited metabolic diseases 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (McKusick 236975) and methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (McKusick 603178-MSDD). Until now only a few approaches have been made in enantioselective analysis of HIBA and AIBA and for that reason very little information is available on enantiomeric ratios of these metabolites in man. This paper reports on the simultaneous stereodifferentiation of HIBA and AIBA in human urine as corresponding N(O)-methoxycarbonyl methyl esters by derivatization with methyl chloroformate (MCF) using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC/MS) with heptakis-(2, 3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert.-butyl-dimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin as the chiral stationary phase. During this investigation urine samples from different patients and healthy controls were analyzed in order to reveal characteristic enantiomeric patterns of these metabolites. A trend of dominating R-HIBA excretion in the control urine samples investigated was observed. An excretion of more than 80% S-HIBA was found in the urines of two patients with ketonemic vomiting. There are some clues indicating a possible renal reabsorbtion of S-HIBA similar to those of S-AIBA. Furthermore, there was a significant finding with regard to the enantiomeric distribution of AIBA in a patient with MSDD - a markedly increased excretion of the S-enantiomer in contrast to the other samples. Using the enantiomeric ratios of AIBA, a previously investigated case of benign methylmalonic aciduria (bMMA) could be excluded from the diagnosis of MSDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Podebrad
- Department of Food Chemistry, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, 60439, Frankfurt, Germany
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27
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Podebrad F, Heil M, Scharrer A, Feldmer S, Schulte-Mäter O, Mosandl A, Sewell AC, Böhles HJ. Analysis of Methylcitric Acid by Enantioselective Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19991101)22:11<604::aid-jhrc604>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Ichihara H, Fukushima T, Imai K. Enantiomeric determination of D- and L-lactate in rat serum using high-performance liquid chromatography with a cellulose-type chiral stationary phase and fluorescence detection. Anal Biochem 1999; 269:379-85. [PMID: 10222013 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the quantitative determination of d- and L-lactate in 10 microl of rat serum, which includes fluorescence derivatization of D- and L-lactate with 4-(N, N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-piperazino-2,1,3- benzoxadiazole (DBD-PZ) followed by O-acetylation. The derivatives are separated by HPLC on an octadecylsilica, and, via column switching, on a cellulose-type chiral column. Levulinic acid was used as the internal standard. The enantiomers of lactate were separated with the separation factor (alpha) of 1.27 and the resolution (Rs) of 2.72, while the linearity for the detection was over the range of 10 nmol/ml to 20 micromol/ml (r = 0.999). Interday precision values for D-lactate in rat serum were 5.8, 5.3, and 4.1% for 10, 100, and 1000 nmol/ml, and accuracy values were 109.6, 98.2, and 103.1%, respectively (n = 5). The reduction of d-lactate concentration in rat serum by fasting was observed with the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ichihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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