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Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (SHS-HLLME) Combined with GC-FID for the Quantification of Methadone and Tramadol. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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2
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Bratinčević MV, Visković T, Sutlović D. Comparison of the solid phase and liquid-liquid extraction methods for methadone determination in human serum and whole blood samples using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 68:308-314. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal biological sample and the optimal extraction technique for monitoring methadone concentrations in biological samples. We analysed methadone in serum and whole blood samples using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Before analysis, we compared five solid-phase extraction (SPE) and two liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) methods and determined that SPE with Supelco LC-18 in serum yielded the best extraction efficiency. The limit of detection was 10 ng mL-1 and the limit of quantification 25 ng mL-1. Correlation coefficient was over 0.999 for the methadone calibration curve in linear range from 50 to 2000 ng mL-1. Intra and inter-day accuracy and precision of the method was satisfactory. The method was successfully applied for determining serum methadone in patients on maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Veršić Bratinčević
- University of Split School of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split , Croatia
| | - Tanja Visković
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Centre Split, Split , Croatia
| | - Davorka Sutlović
- University of Split School of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split , Croatia
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3
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Lamei N, Ezoddin M, Ardestani MS, Abdi K. Dispersion of magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles coated with a deep eutectic solvent using ultrasound assistance for preconcentration of methadone in biological and water samples followed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6113-6121. [PMID: 28844096 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic graphene nanoparticles coated with a new deep eutectic solvent (Fe3O4@GO-DES) were developed for efficient preconcentration of methadone. The extracted methadone was then analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fe3O4@GO-DES were characterized by Fourier transform IR and X-ray diffraction techniques. Ultrasound was used to enhance the dispersion of the sorbent, with a high extraction recovery. Some parameters affecting the extraction recovery, such as pH, type of deep eutectic solvent, sample volume, amount of sorbent, extraction time, and type of eluent, were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the method developed was linear in the concentration range from 3 to 45,000 μg L-1 for GC-FID and from 0.1 to 500 μg L-1 for GC-MS, with a detection limit of 0.8 μg L-1 for GC-FID and 0.03 μg L-1 for GC-MS. The relative standard deviations (n = 6) as the intraday and interday precisions of the methadone spike at a concentration of 100 μg L-1 were 5.8% and 8.4% respectively for GC-FID. The preconcentration factor was 250. Relative recoveries from spiked plasma, urine, and water samples ranged from 95.1% to 101.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Lamei
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174, Iran
| | - Maryam Ezoddin
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Khosrou Abdi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174, Iran. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.
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4
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Nakhla DS, Hussein LA, Magdy N, Abdallah IA, Hassan HE. Precise simultaneous quantification of methadone and cocaine in rat serum and brain tissue samples following their successive i.p. administration. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1048:19-29. [PMID: 28192759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with dual UV detection has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of methadone and cocaine in rat serum and brain tissue samples. Liquid-liquid extraction using hexanes was applied for samples extraction with Levo-Tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved on a reversed-phase Waters Symmetry® C18 column (150mm×4.6mm, 5μm). A gradient elution was employed with a mobile phase consisting of 5mM potassium phosphate containing 0.1% triethylamine (pH=6.5) (A) and acetonitrile (B) with a flow rate of 1mL/min. UV detection was employed at 215nm and 235nm for the determination of methadone and cocaine, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.05-10μg/mL for both methadone and cocaine. The assay was validated according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation and results were satisfactory and met FDA criteria. Inter-day accuracy values of serum and brain samples ranged from 96.97 to 105.59% while intra-day accuracy values ranged from 91.49 to 111.92%. Stability assays showed that both methadone and cocaine were stable during sample storage, preparation, and analytical procedures. The method was successfully used to analyze biological samples obtained from a drug- drug interaction pharmacokinetics (PK) study conducted in rats to investigate the effect of methadone on cocaine PK. Our method not only can be used for bioanalysis of samples obtained from rats but also can potentially be applied to human biological serum samples to monitor compliance to methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and to detect possible cocaine-methadone co-abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Nakhla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna A Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N Magdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hazem E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
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5
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Taheri S, Jalali F, Fattahi N, Jalili R, Bahrami G. Sensitive determination of methadone in human serum and urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet followed by HPLC-UV. J Sep Sci 2016; 38:3545-51. [PMID: 26289536 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet was developed for the extraction of methadone and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. In this method, no microsyringe or fiber is required to support the organic microdrop due to the usage of an organic solvent with a low density and appropriate melting point. Furthermore, the extractant droplet can be collected easily by solidifying it at low temperature. 1-Undecanol and methanol were chosen as extraction and disperser solvents, respectively. Parameters that influence extraction efficiency, i.e. volumes of extracting and dispersing solvents, pH, and salt effect, were optimized by using response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, enrichment factor for methadone was 134 and 160 in serum and urine samples, respectively. The limit of detection was 3.34 ng/mmL in serum and 1.67 ng/mL in urine samples. Compared with the traditional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, the proposed method obtained lower limit of detection. Moreover, the solidification of floating organic solvent facilitated the phase transfer. And most importantly, it avoided using high-density and toxic solvents of traditional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of methadone in serum and urine samples of an addicted individual under methadone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Taheri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Jalali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ronak Jalili
- School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Ebrahimzadeh H, Mirbabaei F, Asgharinezhad AA, Shekari N, Mollazadeh N. Optimization of solvent bar microextraction combined with gas chromatography for preconcentration and determination of methadone in human urine and plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 947-948:75-82. [PMID: 24412690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, solvent bar microextraction combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used for preconcentration and determination of methadone in human body fluids. The target drug was extracted from an aqueous sample with pH 11.5 (source phase) into an organic extracting solvent (1-Undecanol) located inside the pores and lumen of a polypropylene hollow fiber as a receiving phase. To obtain high extraction efficiency, the effect of different variables on the extraction efficiency was studied using an experimental design. The variables of interest were the organic phase type, source phase pH, ionic strength, stirring rate, extraction time, concentration of Triton X-100, and extraction temperature, which were first investigated by Plackett-Burman design and subsequently by central composite design (CCD). So that the optimum experimental condition was obtained when the sodium chloride concentration was 5% (w/v); stirring rate, 700 rpm; extraction temperature, 20 °C; extraction time, 45 min and pH of the aqueous sample, 11.5. Under the optimized conditions, the preconcentration factors were between 275 and 300. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 10-1500 μg L(-1). The limits of detection (LODs) were 2.7-7 and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the proposed method were 5.9-7.3%. Ultimately, the applicability of the current method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of methadone in different biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Mirbabaei
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nafiseh Shekari
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Mollazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Kiss B, Bogdan C, Pop A, Loghin F. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, methadone and EDDP in human, rat and rabbit plasma. Talanta 2012; 99:649-59. [PMID: 22967607 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, high-throughput, sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method is presented for the simultaneous determination of methadone (MET), flunitrazepam (FNZ) and their major metabolites, EDDP (2-ethilidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidone) and 7-aminoflunitrazepam (7-AFNZ), respectively, in human, rat and rabbit plasma. The isolation of the selected compounds involved a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate at a basic pH. Good chromatographic separation was achieved on a HSS T3 column (1.8 μm particle size), with a 3 min gradient elution using a mixture of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and 5mM ammonium acetate (solvent B) as the mobile phase. The tandem mass spectrometric detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with ionization of the analytes in positive mode. The assay was fully validated according to current acceptance criteria for bioanalytical methods validation. It was proved to be linear in the range of 0.5-250 ng/mL, with adequate accuracy and precision over this range. Based on accuracy and CV% values the LOQ and ULOQ values were set at 0.509 ng/mL and 2036 ng/mL for MET, 0.520 ng/mL and 2080 ng/mL for EDDP, 0.524 ng/mL and 2096 ng/mL for FNZ and 0.528 ng/mL and 2114 ng/mL for 7-AFNZ, respectively. The method was tested for potential matrix effects, without observing significant ion suppression. The investigated compounds stability was examined in plasma at room temperature and after three freeze-thaw cycles and in the final extract when maintained at 4 °C in the autosampler. Potential stability issues were observed only for FNZ at room temperature. The method was successfully applied to quantify the selected compounds in human, rat and rabbit plasma samples, after exposure to FNZ or simultaneous exposure to FNZ and MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kiss
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, no. 6 Pasteur, RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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8
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Preconcentration of trace amounts of methadone in human urine, plasma, saliva and sweat samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2012; 94:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Samanidou VF, Anastasiadou K, Papadoyannis IN. Development and Validation of a Rapid HPLC Method for the Determination of Methadone and its Main Metabolite EDDP in Biological Fluids, Following SPE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500531433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. F. Samanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - K. Anastasiadou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - I. N. Papadoyannis
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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Cheng YF, Neue UD, Bonin R, Block E, Bean L. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CODEINE AND ITS METABOLITE IN URINE AND PLASMA BY LC/UV AND LC/MS USING MIXED-MODE CATION EXCHANGE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Cheng
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, U.S.A
| | - Uwe D. Neue
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, U.S.A
| | - Robert Bonin
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, U.S.A
| | - Eric Block
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, U.S.A
| | - Laura Bean
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, U.S.A
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11
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KuKanich B, X Lascelles BD, Papich MG. Validation of a High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Determination of Methadone in Canine Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27:389-92. [PMID: 15905812 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000158078.15459.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Methadone is a synthetic opiate derivative that possesses analgesic activity. A modified fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method and a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection were compared for measurement of concentrations of methadone in canine plasma following intravenous and oral methadone administration. The mean+/-SD for accuracy (deviation from actual concentration) and precision (coefficient of variation) when methadone-fortified canine plasma was evaluated with the FPIA method were 3.9+/-3.2% and 4.4+/-2.9%, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the HPLC method were 6.2+/-5.2% and 7.7+/-3.9%, respectively. The limit of quantification for the FPIA and HPLC methods were 25 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. The coefficient of determination (r) between FPIA and HPLC analysis was 0.94 when plasma from dogs dosed with methadone was evaluated. FPIA provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific measurement of methadone in canine plasma following oral and intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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12
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Zhao R, Planalp RP, Ma R, Greene BT, Jones BT, Brechbiel MW, Torti FM, Torti SV. Role of zinc and iron chelation in apoptosis mediated by tachpyridine, an anti-cancer iron chelator. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1677-88. [PMID: 15081867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tachpyridine (N,N',N"-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)-cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane; tachpyr) is a potent hexadentate iron chelator under preclinical investigation as a potential anti-cancer agent. Tachpyridine induces apoptosis in cultured cancer cells by triggering a mitochondrial pathway of cell death that is p53-independent. To explore the relationship between the chelation chemistry of tachpyridine and its biological activity, a sensitive and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was devised and used to measure tachpyr and its metal complexes in cells and tissue culture media. Major species identified in cells treated with tachpyr were tachpyr itself, [Zn(tachpyr)](2+), and iron coordinated to two partially oxidized species of tachpyridine, [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+), and [Fe(tachpyr-ox-4)](2+). The kinetics of intracellular accumulation of [Zn(tachpyr)](2+) and [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+) were markedly different: [Zn(tachpyr)](2+) rapidly reached plateau levels, whereas intracellular levels of [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+) and free tachpyr rose steadily. At the last timepoint measured, 9% of total cellular iron and 13% of total cellular zinc were bound by tachpyridine. Taken together, [Zn(tachpyr)](2+), [Fe(tachpyr-ox-2)](2+), and free tachpyr accounted for virtually all of the tachpyr added, indicating that iron and zinc are the principal metals targeted by tachpyridine in cells. Consistent with these findings, activation of the apoptotic caspases 9 and 3 was blocked in cells pre-treated with either iron or zinc. Pretreatment with either of these metals also completely protected cells from the cytotoxic effects of tachpyridine. These results demonstrate a link between metal depletion and chelator cytotoxicity, and suggest that intracellular chelation of zinc as well as iron may play a role in the cytotoxicity of tachpyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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13
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Chapter 12 Solid-phase extraction: Strategies for method development and optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(03)80014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Dias NC, Poole CF. Mechanistic study of the sorption properties of OASIS® HLB and its use in solid-phase extraction. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Naidong W, Bu H, Chen YL, Shou WZ, Jiang X, Halls TDJ. Simultaneous development of six LC-MS-MS methods for the determination of multiple analytes in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 28:1115-26. [PMID: 12049976 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional sequential single analyte method development is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this report, a concept of simultaneously developing multiple liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods were proposed. Mass spectrometric and chromatographic conditions as well as sample preparation methods for all analytes were optimized concurrently. Mass spectrometric conditions for six analytes, i.e. clonidine (CLO), albuterol (ALB), fentanyl (FEN), ritonavir (RIT), naltrexone (NAL), and loratadine (LOR), were established simultaneously using the Sciex Analyst software. LC-MS-MS sensitivities obtained using gradient elution methods on reversed-phase Inertsil ODS3 and normal phase Betasil silica columns were compared. Sample extraction methods using protein precipitation, liquid/liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction (SPE) were evaluated. Recovery of analytes was determined. Matrix effects and interference due to endogenous compounds were investigated. Selection of a potential internal standard was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Naidong
- Bioanalytical Chemistry Department, Covance Laboratories, Inc., 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53704, USA.
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16
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Naidong W, Chen YL, Shou W, Jiang X. Importance of injection solution composition for LC-MS-MS methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:753-67. [PMID: 11600287 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the influence of the injection solution composition on the quality of LC-MS-MS methods, in terms of column efficiency and peak shape, was systematically investigated. Various types of compounds, including polar ionic acidic, polar ionic basic and non-polar neutral compounds, were prepared in different solutions ranging from 100% water to 100% acetonitrile. Different volumes of these solutions were injected onto either C18 or silica columns connected to tandem mass spectrometry. The mobile phases consisted of acetonitrile, water, and small amounts of volatile acid or buffer. On silica columns, the influence of injection solution on the peak shape and column efficiency was straightforward. The sharpest peaks and the highest column efficiency were obtained with 100% acetonitrile as the injection solvent. On C18 columns, this type of influence was less clear due to the dual retention mechanism of the bonded phase and of the residual silanol groups. On C18 column, retention due to residual silanol groups was significant even with a mobile phase containing less than 50% acetonitrile. Poor peak shape was observed when the injection solution had a stronger eluting strength than mobile phase, particularly for early eluting peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Naidong
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53707, USA.
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17
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Song Q, Putcha L. Quantitation of promethazine and metabolites in urine samples using on-line solid-phase extraction and column-switching. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 763:9-20. [PMID: 11710587 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A chromatographic method for the quantitation of promethazine (PMZ) and its three metabolites in urine employing on-line solid-phase extraction and column-switching has been developed. The column-switching system described here uses an extraction column for the purification of PMZ and its metabolites from a urine matrix. The extraneous matrix interference was removed by flushing the extraction column with a gradient elution. The analytes of interest were then eluted onto an analytical column for further chromatographic separation using a mobile phase of greater solvent strength. This method is specific and sensitive with a range of 3.75-1400 ng/ml for PMZ and 2.5-1400 ng/ml for the metabolites promethazine sulfoxide, monodesmethyl promethazine sulfoxide and monodesmethyl promethazine. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) were 3.75 ng/ml with less than 6.2% C.V. for PMZ and 2.50 ng/ml with less than 11.5% C.V. for metabolites based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1 or greater. The accuracy and precision were within +/- 11.8% in bias and not greater than 5.5% C.V. in intra- and inter-assay precision for PMZ and metabolites. Method robustness was investigated using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. The applicability of the analytical method for pharmacokinetic studies in humans is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Song
- Wyle Laboratories, Life Sciences, Systems and Services, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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18
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Naidong W, Shou W, Chen YL, Jiang X. Novel liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric methods using silica columns and aqueous-organic mobile phases for quantitative analysis of polar ionic analytes in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:387-99. [PMID: 11339282 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Use of silica stationary phase and aqueous-organic mobile phases could significantly enhance LC-MS-MS method sensitivity. The LC conditions were compatible with MS detection. Analytes with basic functional groups were eluted with acidic mobile phases and detected by MS in the positive ion mode. Analytes with acid functional groups were eluted with mobile phases at neutral pH and detected by MS in the negative ion mode. Analytes poorly retained on reversed-phase columns showed good retention on silica columns. Compared with reversed-phase LC-MS-MS, 5-8-fold sensitivity increases were observed for basic polar ionic compounds when using silica columns and aqueous-organic mobile phase. Up to a 20-fold sensitivity increase was observed for acidic polar ionic compounds. Silica columns and aqueous-organic mobile phases were used for assaying nicotine, cotinine, and albuterol in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Naidong
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI 53704, USA.
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Cheng Y, Lu Z, Neue U. Ultrafast liquid chromatography/ultraviolet and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:141-151. [PMID: 11180543 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20010130)15:2<141::aid-rcm201>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optimal liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric [LC/MS(/MS)] analysis depends on both the LC selectivity and the electrospray efficiency. Here, we outline a simple and comprehensive LC/MS/MS strategy for the rapid analysis of a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds. To achieve ultrafast LC separation with little sacrifice in peak capacity, one needs to start with a column that provides a good peak capacity at short gradient run times; secondly, it is important to use high flow rates to achieve a good gradient peak capacity. Following this strategy, it was possible to baseline-resolve a mixture (containing acidic, neutral, and basic pharmaceutical analytes) in seconds. By coupling the selectivity provided by fast LC separation with the specificity of MS/MS detection, it is possible to separate and identify a wide range of analytes in 1-min gradient analyses. Also, the impact of mobile phase pH on both the chromatographic selectivity and the MS/MS sensitivity is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
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Sporkert F, Pragst F. Determination of methadone and its metabolites EDDP and EMDP in human hair by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 746:255-64. [PMID: 11076079 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for analysis of methadone and its two main metabolites EDDP and EMDP in hair was developed using automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) at a multipurpose sampler and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization and selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM). The washed hair pieces were digested in the closed headspace vial in 1 ml 1 M NaOH containing 0.5 g NaCl and each 10 ng of the internal standards D9-methadone and D3-EDDP at 110 degrees C for 20 min. Then the HS-SPME was performed with a 65 microm polydimethylsiloxan/ divinylbenzene fiber at the same temperature in the same vial for another 20 min followed by the desorption in the GC injection port. The calibration curves were linear between 0.1 and 3 ng/mg (methadone and EMDP) and 10 ng/mg (EDDP) respectively, at higher concentrations a negative deviation from linearity was found. The detection limits were 0.03 ng/mg (methadone) and 0.05 ng/mg (EDDP and EMDP), and the reproducibility was 9.2% for methadone and 11.2% for EDDP (n= 12). The method was applied to hair samples of 26 drug fatalities. 19 cases were positive with 0.36-11.8 ng/mg methadone and 0.19 -10.8 ng/mg EDDP. EMDP was found only in two cases with 0.18 and 0.84 ng/mg. The methadone concentration range was in agreement with previous data, but the EDDP/methadone concentration ratios (0.19-0.67) were definitely higher than those determined by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sporkert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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