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Kim J, Choe S, Shin I, Jang M, Lee J, Beom Han S. Analytical methods for detecting butane, propane, and their metabolites in biological samples: Implications for inhalant abuse detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124011. [PMID: 38277722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, various inhalants are widely abused for recreational purposes, with butane and propane emerging as among the most commonly misused volatile substances, posing a significant risk of sudden death. The rapid elimination and oxidation of these highly volatile compounds upon inhalation necessitate the identification of butane and propane along with their metabolites in biological samples. Hence, the primary objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to establish a method for analyzing butane, propane, and metabolites, and secondly, to demonstrate the detection window and exposure indicators associated with the inhalation of butane and propane. In pursuit of this objective, we developed analytical methods for the determination of isobutane, n-butane, propane, and their nine metabolites in both blood and urine. Headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS were employed for the analyses, demonstrating acceptable precision and accuracy. An animal study revealed that isobutane and n-butane were only detectable below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in rat blood 5 min after exposure. Meanwhile, the three major metabolites-2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-butanone-were observed 5 min after exposure but persisted in rat urine even 5 h post-exposure. Additionally, human urine samples identified other metabolites, including acetone, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol isomers. The presence of specific metabolites corresponding to each inhalant confirmed the abuse of butane and propane. This comprehensive approach provides valuable insights into the detection and assessment of inhalation to these volatile substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Choe
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilchung Shin
- Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, Seoul 08036, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhee Jang
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesin Lee
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Marillier M, Karila L, Miguet-Alfonsi C. Quand le protoxyde d’azote ne fait plus rire : épidémiologie, aspects analytiques, incidences clinique et médicojudiciaire. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Attari SG, Bahrami A, Shahna FG, Heidari M. Solid-phase microextraction fiber development for sampling and analysis of volatile organohalogen compounds in air. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:123. [PMID: 25279223 PMCID: PMC4181725 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A green, environmental friendly and sensitive method for determination of volatile organohalogen compounds was described in this paper. The method is based on a homemade sol-gel single-walled carbon nanotube/silica composite coated solid-phase microextraction to develop for sampling and analysis of Carbon tetrachloride, Benzotrichloride, Chloromethyl methyl ether and Trichloroethylene in air. Application of this method was investigated under different laboratory conditions. Predetermined concentrations of each analytes were prepared in a home-made standard chamber and the influences of experimental parameters such as temperature, humidity, extraction time, storage time, desorption temperature, desorption time and the sorbent performance were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the use of single-walled carbon nanotube/silica composite fiber showed good performance, high sensitive and fast sampling of volatile organohalogen compounds from air. For linearity test the regression correlation coefficient was more than 98% for analyte of interest and linear dynamic range for the proposed fiber and the applied Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector technique was from 1 to 100 ngmL(-1). Method detection limits ranged between 0.09 to 0.2 ngmL(-1) and method quantification limits were between 0.25 and 0.7 ngmL(-1). Single-walled carbon nanotube/silica composite fiber was highly reproducible, relative standard deviations were between 4.3 to 11.7 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ghavameddin Attari
- />Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Bahrami
- />Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farshid Ghorbani Shahna
- />Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Heidari
- />Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Indelicato S, Bongiorno D, Indelicato S, Ceraulo L, Tranchina E, Avellone G, Arcadipane C, Giambartino F. Halogenated Anesthetics Determination in Urine by SPME/GC/MS and Urine Levels Relationship Evaluation with Surgical Theatres Contamination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:753237. [PMID: 24719778 PMCID: PMC3955585 DOI: 10.1155/2014/753237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new sensitive analytical method has been developed and evaluated for the determination of the most commonly used gaseous anesthetics, desflurane, sevoflurane, and this latter's hepatic metabolite hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in the urine. In addition, an evaluation of anesthetics exposition on the urine levels of a small population of surgical operators has been performed and results are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Indelicato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature-UniNetLab, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via F. Marini 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - David Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature-UniNetLab, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via F. Marini 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Indelicato
- CQRC Laboratory, A.O.U.P. “P. Giaccone”, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Ceraulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Centro Grandi Apparecchiature-UniNetLab, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via F. Marini 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ernesto Tranchina
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile “G.D'Alessandro”, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Via del Vespro, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Avellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Arcadipane
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile “G.D'Alessandro”, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Via del Vespro, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Giambartino
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Via del Vespro, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Bahrami A, Ghiasvand A, Mahjub H, Tuduri L. Field application of SPME as a novel tool for occupational exposure assessment with inhalational anesthetics. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:6483-6490. [PMID: 22089627 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to inhalational anesthetics occurs routinely in operating rooms. It could induce serious health hazards and diseases. This exposure assessment is a crucial step in determining risks. In this study, a pen-shaped holder for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampler was successfully applied as a time-weighted average sampling tool for workshift exposure assessment of operation room staff to halothane. It proved to be very convenient for use in occupational environments such as operation rooms. Samples were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The validity of the SPME method was checked in real-world conditions with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 103 standard method for the determination of inhalational anesthetics. A good agreement between OSHA 103 and SPME methods was obtained and results demonstrated no statistically significant differences in anesthetic concentrations determined by the two analytical methods (p ≥ 0.05). It is concluded that SPME in retracted mode could successfully be applied in occupational exposure assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Department of Occupational Health, Research Centre for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
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Sakhvidi MJZ, Bahrami A, Ghiasvand A, Mahjub H, Tuduri L. Determination of Inhalational Anesthetics in Field and Laboratory by SPME GC/MS. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.644736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Najafi M, Rahbar M, Naseri MA. Cyclic voltammetry study of the electrocatalytic reduction of sevoflurane by a cobalt(III) Schiff base complex in the presence of oxygen. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Poli D, Gagliano-Candela R, Strisciullo G, Colucci AP, Strada L, Laviola D, Goldoni M, Mutti A. Nitrous Oxide Determination in Postmortem Biological Samples: A Case of Serial Fatal Poisoning in a Public Hospital. J Forensic Sci 2010; 55:258-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Silva LIB, Rocha-Santos TAP, Duarte AC. Optical fiber analyzer for in situ determination of nitrous oxide in workplace environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:852-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b817639f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Drescher SR, Brown SD. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric determination of nitrous oxide evolution to measure denitrification in estuarine soils and sediments. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:300-4. [PMID: 16965777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A SPME-GC-MS method was developed to quantify nitrous oxide (N(2)O) to evaluate denitrification rates. There is a need for this sensitive and definitive N(2)O detection method to accurately measure the soil and sediment ability to convert anthropogenic mineral nitrogen loads to N(2) through denitrification hence decreasing estuarine waterway pollution loading. This method is applied to measure denitrification, which is a major pathway for inorganic nitrogen removal, by incorporating the acetylene (C(2)H(2)) block method on anaerobic assays. Currently, denitrification is largely measured using GCs fitted with TCD or ECD detectors. With a mean R(2) value of 0.996, the calibration curve spanned over three orders of magnitude (4.1-2030 nM) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.1 nM N(2)O (18 ppb) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 16 nM N(2)O (72 ppb). This detection method was valid with less than 15% relative standard deviation (RSD) and error for middle and high quality control (QC) points and less than 20% for low QC points on three experimental days. Measuring N(2)O using SPME-GC-MS technology allows for confidence in identification, high sensitivity, reproducibility, and short run times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie R Drescher
- Master of Environmental Studies Program, The College of Charleston, SC 29424, USA
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11
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Hu Y, Yang Y, Huang J, Li G. Preparation and application of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/β-cyclodextrin solid-phase microextraction membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Accorsi A, Morrone B, Domenichini I, Valenti S, Raffi GB, Violante FS. Urinary sevoflurane and hexafluoro-isopropanol as biomarkers of low-level occupational exposure to sevoflurane. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005; 78:369-78. [PMID: 15864632 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-004-0580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sevoflurane is an inhalation halogenated anaesthetic widely used in day and paediatric surgery. We were interested in evaluating biological markers of exposure to sevoflurane, which should improve the health surveillance of occupationally exposed personnel. METHODS A group of 36 subjects (13 male, 23 female) occupationally exposed to volatile anaesthetics in paediatric operating rooms was studied in a 2-week survey. Post-shift urine samples and specimens from passive samplers (for personal monitoring) were collected after 1.75-6 h morning exposure and analysed by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multiple determinations were assumed as independent values (in total, n = 78: 24 from men, 54 from women; 25 from smokers, 53 from non-smokers). RESULTS Median sevoflurane external values were 0.13 parts per million (ppm) (range 0.03-18.82) (n = 78), urinary sevoflurane 0.6 microg/l urine (ND-18.5)(n = 76) and total urinary hexafluoro-isopropanol (HFIP) 0.49 mg/l urine (ND-6833.4) (n = 75). A lower limit of detection (LOD) was achieved for urinary sevoflurane (0.03 microg/l urine), allowing quantitation of all but one of the samples; >25% of urine samples were unquantifiable by HFIP and were assigned a value equal to half the LOD of 0.10 mg/l(urine). Urinary sevoflurane correlated well with breathing-zone data (r2 = 0.697 at log-log linear regression), whereas total urinary HFIP (r2 = 0.562 at log-log linear regression) seemed to be better described by a three-parameter logistic function and appeared to be influenced by smoking habits. Biological indices corresponding to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) exposure limits, calculated as means of linear regression slope and y intercept, were 3.9 mug/l(urine) and 1.4 microg/l urine for sevoflurane (corresponding to 2 ppm and 0.5 ppm, respectively), and 2.66 mg/l urine and 0.82 mg/l urine for HFIP. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our data, urinary unmodified, sevoflurane seems to be a more sensitive and reliable biomarker of short-term exposure to sevoflurane with respect to total urinary metabolite HFIP, which appears to be influenced by physiological and/or genetic individual traits, and seems to provide an estimate of integrated exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Accorsi
- Safety, Hygiene and Occupational Medicine Service, University of Bologna, Via Palagi 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Deng XS, Simpson VJ. Determination of volatile anesthetics isoflurane and enflurane in mouse brain tissues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2004; 49:131-6. [PMID: 14990338 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A method for determination of the volatile anesthetics, isoflurane, and enflurane in mouse brain tissues using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. METHODS Halothane was used as internal standard (I.S.). Brain samples were completely homogenized in ice-cold water and isoflurane, enflurane, and I.S. were extracted with headspace. One milliliter of headspace gas was injected onto the GC-MS and separation was achieved by using porous layer open tubular (PLOT) capillary column with a solid stationary phase (GSC). As a result, isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane were cleanly separated. RESULTS The method demonstrated satisfactory recovery (72% and 76% for isoflurane and enflurane, respectively) and linear calibration ranges of 0.015-2.20 and 0.0152-3.94 microg/sample for isoflurane and enflurane, respectively. Reproducibility calculated as CV% was 3.3-3.9% for all intraday and interday determinations. The procedure was applied for quantitation of isoflurane and enflurane in about 300 mouse brain samples for genetic behavioral study. DISCUSSION The method was achieved and shown to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Sheng Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop C-236, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Abstract
A substantial number of children and adolescents world-wide abuse volatile substances with the intention to experience an euphoric state of consciousness. Although the ratio of deaths to nonfatal inhalation escapades is low, it is an important and preventable cause of death in young people. In the analytical investigation of volatile substances proper sample collection, storage and handling are important in view of the volatile nature of the compounds. Volatile organic compounds in post-mortem matrices such as blood, urine and tissues are generally determined by gas chromatography after extracting the compounds with methods such as static and dynamic headspace or even with pulse-heating and solvent extraction. In post-mortem cases, metabolites in urine seem less relevant, however, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid were determined in several cases. When interpreting qualitative and quantitative results, researchers should be aware of false conclusions. The main reason why scepticism is necessary is the occurrence of losses of analytes during sampling, sample handling and storage, which results in false quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Accorsi A, Valenti S, Barbieri A, Raffi GB, Violante FS. Enflurane as an internal standard in monitoring halogenated volatile anaesthetics by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 985:259-64. [PMID: 12580493 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently. we proposed the use of a run-only headspace-GC-MS method for the biological monitoring of ppb concentrations of unmodified volatile anaesthetics (isoflurane, sevoflurane and halothane, plus nitrous oxide) in post-shift urine of operating theatre personnel. The adoption of enflurane (a volatile anaesthetic no longer used in clinical practice) as a poper and viable internal standard improves intra-day and inter-day accuracy in halide quantitation, providing a GC-MS reference method useful in the practice of biomonitoring of exposure of operating theatre personnel to modern volatile anaesthetics (isoflurane. sevoflurane, halothane).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Accorsi
- Safety, Hygiene and Occupational Medicine Service, University of Bologna, Via Pelagio Palagi 9, Bologna, 40138 Italy.
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Yeung DYH, Lee T, Grant G, Ma M, Kwong E. A SPME-GC procedure for monitoring peppermint flavor in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1469-77. [PMID: 12467918 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography to monitor the peppermint flavor loss in a taste-masked tablet formulation. This was accomplished by headspace sampling of two major components of peppermint: menthone and menthol. It was found that the excipients from the tablet produced an important matrix effect and that standard addition analysis was necessary for improved accuracy of the determination. The method was shown to be specific and precise. Furthermore, the method produced acceptable results with adequate quantitation limits to determine peppermint flavors in taste-masked tablets. The optimized extraction procedure was successfully used to monitor the stability of peppermint flavor in an oral solid formulation. The accelerated stability studies of the tablet showed that the menthone and menthol was lost in an exponential manner and levels off after several days of heat exposure.
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Kojima T, Ishii A, Watanabe-Suzuki K, Kurihara R, Seno H, Kumazawa T, Suzuki O, Katsumata Y. Sensitive determination of four general anaesthetics in human whole blood by capillary gas chromatography with cryogenic oven trapping. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 762:103-8. [PMID: 11589453 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four general anaesthetics, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane and halothane, in human whole blood, have been found measurable with very high sensitivity by capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) with cryogenic oven trapping upon injection of headspace (HS) vapor sample. To a 7-ml vial, containing 0.48 ml of distilled water and 20 microl of internal standard solution (5 microg), a 0.5-ml of whole blood sample spiked with or without anaesthetics, was added, and the mixture was heated at 55 degrees C for 15 min. A measure of 10 ml HS vapor was injected into the GC in the splitless mode at -40 degrees C oven temperature, which was programmed up to 250 degrees C. All four peaks were clearly separated; no impurity peaks were found among their peaks. Their extraction efficiencies were about 10%. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-20 microg/ml; their detection limits were 10-100 ng/ml, which are almost comparable to those by previous reports. The coefficients of intra-day and day-to-day variations were 6.5-9.8 and 7.3-17.2%, respectively. Isoflurane or enflurane was also measured from whole blood samples in which three volunteers inhaled each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kojima
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Takamoto S, Sakura N, Yashiki M, Kojima T. Determination of acrolein by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 758:123-8. [PMID: 11482731 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed a headspace solid-phase microextraction (headspace SPME) method to measure acrolein in human urine. This new technique resolves some problems with the headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method which we developed previously. With the original method, a column and a filament were damaged by the injection of air. A 0.5-ml urine (or phosphate-buffered saline) sample in a glass vial containing propionaldehyde as an internal standard was heated for 5 min. The SPME fiber (65 microm carbonwax-divinylbenzene fiber) was exposed to the headspace and then inserted into a GC-MS instrument in which a DB-WAX capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm, film thickness 0.5 degrees m) was installed. The total analysis time was 15 min. The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 10.07 and 5.79%, respectively. The calibration curve demonstrated good linearity throughout concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 nM. The headspace SPME method exhibits high sensitivity and requires a short analysis time as well as the previous method. We conclude that this method is useful to measure urinary acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
Chromatographic methods are preferred in the analysis of organic molecules with lower molecular mass (<500 g/mol) in body fluids, i.e., the assay of drugs, metabolites, endogenous substances and poisons as well as of environmental exposure by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), for example. Sample preparation in biomedical analysis is mainly performed by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. However, new methods are investigated with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was introduced about a decade ago and it was mainly applied to environmental and food analysis. All steps of sample preparation, i.e., extraction, concentration, derivatization and transfer to the chromatograph, are integrated in one step and in one device. This is accomplished by the intelligent combination of an immobilized extraction solvent (a polymer) with a special geometry (a fiber within a syringe). It was a challenge to test this novel principle in biomedical analysis. Thus, an introduction is provided to the theory of SPME in the present paper. A critical review of the first applications to biomedical analyses is presented in the main paragraph. The optimization of SPME as well as advantages and disadvantages are discussed. It is concluded that, because of some unique characteristics, SPME can be introduced with benefit into several areas of biomedical analysis. In particular, the application of headspace SPME-GC-MS in forensic toxicology and environmental medicine appears to be promising. However, it seems that SPME will not become a universal method. Thus, on-line SPE-LC coupling with column-switching technique may be a good alternative if an analytical problem cannot be sufficiently dealt with by SPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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20
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Mills GA, Walker V. Headspace solid-phase microextraction procedures for gas chromatographic analysis of biological fluids and materials. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:267-87. [PMID: 11192159 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a new solventless sample preparation technique that is finding wide usage. This review provides updated information on headspace SPME with gas chromatographic separation for the extraction and measurement of volatile and semivolatile analytes in biological fluids and materials. Firstly the background to the technique is given in terms of apparatus, fibres used, extraction conditions and derivatisation procedures. Then the different matrices, urine, blood, faeces, breast milk, hair, breath and saliva are considered separately. For each, methods appropriate for the analysis of drugs and metabolites, solvents and chemicals, anaesthetics, pesticides, organometallics and endogenous compounds are reviewed and the main experimental conditions outlined with specific examples. Then finally, the future potential of SPME for the analysis of biological samples in terms of the development of new devices and fibre chemistries and its coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
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