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Wang YQ, Zhuang G, Li SJ. Multiple on-line screening and identification methods for hydroxyl radical scavengers in Yudanshen. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:278-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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2
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Tatsumi H, Tsuchiya Y, Sakamoto K. Sensitive electrochemical measurement of hydroxyl radical generation induced by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Anal Biochem 2014; 467:22-7. [PMID: 25180984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical measurement system for hydroxyl radical (OH) was developed using enzyme-catalyzed signal amplification. In the presence of 2,6-xylenol as a trapping agent, glucose as a substrate, and pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) as a catalyst, the amperometric signal of the trapping adduct 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone (DMHQ) produced by the hydroxylation of 2,6-xylenol was able to be amplified and detected sensitively. The limit of detection (signal/noise [S/N]=3) for DMHQ was 1 nM. There was no significant interference from urate and other oxidizable compounds in the reaction mixture at the applied potential of 0V versus Ag/AgCl. This method was employed to observe the OH generation induced by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase (XO) system. The reaction rates of the DMHQ production induced from the xanthine-XO system in the presence and absence of various Fe(III) complexes and proteins were compared. Those with a free coordination site on the Fe atom effectively enhanced the OH generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Tatsumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yui Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koichi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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3
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Chen SJ, Cheng FC, Jen JF. On-line microdialysis coupled solid-phase extraction to decrease matrix interference in the HPLC analysis of urinary ketamine and its metabolites. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2010-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Shen KH, Chang CK, Lin MT, Chang CP. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist restores homeostatic function and limits multiorgan damage in heatstroke. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:561-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Jen JF, Liu TC. Determination of phthalate esters from food-contacted materials by on-line microdialysis and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:28-33. [PMID: 16837003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates (endocrine disrupters) released from food-contacted plastics into aqueous solution during microwave conditioning were measured with microdialysis enrichment on-lined high-performance liquid chromatography. The released phthalates in aqueous solution were diffused through a cellular dialysis membrane into the perfusion stream and thus enriched prior to HPLC analysis. Conditions for obtaining optimum enrichment such as the hollow dialysis fiber, flow-rate and polarity modifier in perfusion stream, pH, added-salt and stirring rate in sample solution, as well as chromatographic conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that microdialysis enrichment with a 20-cm polysulfone hollow dialysis fiber and heptane as the perfusate at 0.10-microL/min flow-rate to collect phthalates from aqueous sample in 0.5M KCl matrix (optional pH) at 250 rpm stirring offered the optimum enriched efficiency. The dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were well separated within 16 min by a C-18 column and eluted gradient from 40 to 90% aqueous acetonitrile (at pH 6.0) and 1.0 to 1.5 mL/min flow-rate. Detection was carried out with an UV detector at 225 nm. The enrichment factors were 14, 140 and 201 (at 0.10-microL/min perfusate flow-rate) for DMP, DEP and DBP, respectively, with less than 4% RSD. The proposed method provided a very simple, fast and eco-friendly enriched procedure to determine the extent of phthalates migration from disposable plastic materials into drinking soup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Fon Jen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40217, Taiwan.
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6
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Wang Q, Chen X, Lu J, He P, Fang Y. Study on sensitivity development of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis-amperometric detection withp-methyl benzoate as stacking agent. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3273-8. [PMID: 16143980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For its high reactivity and very short half-life, the hydroxyl radical (OH.) in vivo is very difficult to be detected. Usually, it is indirectly quantified by determining 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), which are the reaction products of salicylic acid (SA) and OH.. Because 2,5-DHBA could be directly formed by the P(450) enzyme, only 2,3-DHBA is regarded as the real biomarker of OH.in biological studies. But the very low concentration of OH* in human bodies makes its determination very difficult and complicated. In this paper, a simple online stacking capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection (CZE-AD) method was explored to improve the detection sensitivity of 2,3-DHBA to reach the requirements in biological analysis. A mixture solution of 12.5 mmol/L Na(2)B(4)O(7)-25 mmol/L NaH(2)PO(4) (pH 7.9) was used as the running buffer and p-methyl benzoate was selected as a suitable stacker. The effects of the concentration, pH value, and injection time of p-methyl benzoate on stacking efficiency were carefully studied. Under the optimum stacking CZE-AD conditions, the detection sensitivity of 2,3-DHBA was improved about 20-fold and its detection limit reached the 10(-9) mol/L level. The experimental results showed that this was a potential method to determine OH* in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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7
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Study on production of free hydroxyl radical and its reaction with salicylic acid at lead dioxide electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Wang Q, Ding F, Zhu N, Li H, He P, Fang Y. Determination of hydroxyl radical by capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1016:123-8. [PMID: 14601833 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (OH*) can cause severe damage to cells and tissues. However, its analysis is very difficult for its high reactivity and very short half-life. In this paper, a simple and highly sensitive method, capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection (CZE-AD) was introduced indirectly to determine OH* by determining its reaction products with salicylic acid (SAL), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA). The optimum conditions of CZE-AD for the determination of 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA were explored. Under the optimum conditions, SAL, 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA could be perfectly separated within 15 min, and the linearity ranges of 2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA were between 1.0 x 10(-7) and 1.0 x 10(-4) mol l(-1). Their detection limits were as low as 2 x 10(-8) mol l(-1), which were much lower than that in CE-UV method. The method was also applied to study the free OH* scavenging activity of angelica polysaccharide. The experimental results showed that this CZE-AD method was very sensitive and practical in both the determination of free OH* and the evaluation of free OH* scavenging activities of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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9
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Tsai TH. Assaying protein unbound drugs using microdialysis techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:161-73. [PMID: 14630148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional sampling methods, microdialysis is a technique for protein unbound drug sampling without withdrawal of biological fluids and involving minimal disturbance of physiological function. Conventional total drug sample consists of unbound drugs and protein bound drugs, which are loosely bound to plasma proteins such as albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, forming an equilibrium ratio between bound and unbound drugs. However, only the unbound fraction of drug is available for absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, and delivery to the target sites for pharmacodynamic actions. Although several techniques have been used to determine protein unbound drugs from biological fluids, including ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and microdialysis, only microdialysis allows simultaneous sampling of protein unbound chemicals from plasma, tissues and body fluids such as the bile juice and cerebral spinal fluid for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. This review article describes the technique of microdialysis and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of microdialysis are discussed, including the detailed surgical techniques in animal experiments from rat blood, brain, liver, bile duct and in vitro cell culture for unbound drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hu Tsai
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Cheng FC, Jen JF, Tsai TH. Hydroxyl radical in living systems and its separation methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:481-96. [PMID: 12450675 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that hydroxyl radicals are generated under physiological and pathological conditions and that they seem to be closely linked to various models of pathology putatively implying oxidative stress. It is now recognized that the hydroxyl radical is well-regulated to help maintain homeostasis on the cellular level in normal, healthy tissues. Conversely, it is also known that virtually every disease state involves free radicals, particularly the most reactive hydroxyl radical. However, when hydroxyl radicals are generated in excess or the cellular antioxidant defense is deficient, they can stimulate free radical chain reactions by interacting with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids causing cellular damage and even diseases. Therefore, a confident analytical approach is needed to ascertain the importance of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems. In this paper, we provide information on hydroxyl radical trapping and detection methods, including liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, electron spin resonance and chemiluminescence. In addition, the relationships between diseases and the hydroxyl radical in living systems, as well as novel separation methods for the hydroxyl radical are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chou Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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11
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Diez L, Livertoux MH, Stark AA, Wellman-Rousseau M, Leroy P. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of hydroxyl free radical using salicylic acid hydroxylation during in vitro experiments involving thiols. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 763:185-93. [PMID: 11710577 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC method was developed to monitor the production of hydroxyl free radical (*OH) produced during in vitro experiments: (i) a chemical reaction involving EDTA chelated ferric ion and various exogenous and endogenous thiols [glutathione (GSH) and its metabolites], and (ii) an enzymatic reaction corresponding to the breakdown of GSH catalyzed by gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The method relies upon the use of a selective trapping reagent of *OH: salicylic acid (SA). The three resulting dihydroxylated products, i.e., 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 2,5-DHB and catechol, were measured in an ion-pairing reversed-phase HPLC system coupled with amperometric detection; the sum of the three concentrations was used to quantify the production of *OH during in vitro experiments. Resulting data demonstrate that *OH is produced during Fenton-like reactions involving thiols and GSH catabolism via GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Diez
- Thiols and Cellular Functions, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, France
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12
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Determination of organic acids in fermentation products of milk with high performance liquid chromatography/on-lined micro-dialysis. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Jen JF, Chang CT, Yang TC. On-line microdialysis-high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aniline and 2-chloroaniline in polymer industrial wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2001; 930:119-25. [PMID: 11681569 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Determination of aniline and 2-chloroaniline in polymer industrial wastewater was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line microdialysis. After dilution, aniline and 2-chloroaniline in the sample were diffused through a cellular dialysis membrane into the perfusion stream under controlled conditions. Conditions for obtaining optimum dialysis efficiency such as flow-rate and polarity modifier in the perfusion stream, pH and added salt in the sample solution, as well as chromatographic conditions were investigated. The results indicate that the dialysis achieved at a sample matrix pH value of 9.5 with 0.1 M NaCl addition, and the perfusate at 10-microl/min flow-rate offered optimum dialysis efficiency. The aniline and 2-chloroaniline were well separated in an acceptable time on a reversed-phase C18 column eluted with 40% aqueous methanol solution at pH 7.0 and 1.0 ml/min flow-rate. The proposed method provided a very simple procedure to determine aniline and 2-chloroaniline in wastewater. Application was illustrated by the analysis of aniline and 2-chloroaniline in wastewater released from a polymer factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Jen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Sasongko L, Ramzan I, Williams KM, McLachlan AJ. Application of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the neuromuscular blocker gallamine to analysis of rat plasma, muscle and microdialysate samples. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:467-75. [PMID: 11339290 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been validated for determination of gallamine in rat plasma, muscle tissue and microdialysate samples. A C18 reversed-phase column with mobile phase of methanol and water containing 12.5 mM tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) hydrogen sulphate (22:78, v/v) was used. The flow-rate was 1 ml/min with UV detection at 229 nm. Sample preparation involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile for plasma and muscle tissue homogenate samples. Microdialysate samples were injected into the HPLC system without any sample preparation. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision of the assay were <13%. The limit of quantification was 1 microg/ml for plasma, 1.6 microg/g for muscle tissue and 0.5 microg/ml for microdialysate samples. The assay was applied successfully to analysis of samples obtained from a pharmacokinetic study in rats using the microdialysis technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sasongko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Je JF, Tsai YY, Yang TC. Microdialysis of salicylic acid from viscous emulsion samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic determination. J Chromatogr A 2001; 912:39-43. [PMID: 11307985 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A micro-dialysis method was developed to isolate aqueous salicylic acid from viscous emulsion samples prior to HPLC determination. The optimal conditions for obtaining dialysis efficiency of salicylic acid as well as chromatographic conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the dialysis achieved at pH 2.0 (0.025 M phosphate solution), 0.5 M NaCl addition, and 50-microl/min flow-rate of perfusion stream offered an optimal result. The proposed method provided a simple procedure for isolating salicylic acid from viscous emulsion samples. Application was illustrated by the analysis of salicylic acid in cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Je
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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