Determination of unbound cefmetazole in rat blood by on-line microdialysis and microbore liquid chromatography: a pharmacokinetic study

Recent trends in microdialysis sampling integrated with conventional and microanalytical systems for monitoring biological events: a review

Microdialysis (MD) is a sampling technique that can be employed to monitor biological events both in vivo and in vitro. When it is coupled to an analytical system, microdialysis can provide near real-time information on the time-dependent concentration changes of analytes in the extracellular space or other aqueous environments. Online systems for the analysis of microdialysis samples enable fast, selective and sensitive analysis while preserving the temporal information. Analytical methods employed for online analysis include liquid chromatography (LC), capillary (CE) and microchip electrophoresis and flow-through biosensor devices. This review article provides an overview of microdialysis sampling and online analysis systems with emphasis on in vivo analysis. Factors that affect the frequency of analysis and, hence, the temporal resolution of these systems are also discussed.

Determination of cefmetazole residue at pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities by chemiluminescence flow injection analysis

Application of a sensitive and rapid flow injection analysis (FIA) method with luminol chemiluminescence detection for determination of trace amounts of cefmetazole (CMZ) in cephamycin antibiotic residue in pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities and on pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment has been investigated. The method was shown to be sensitive at a level of limit of detection of 0.06 ng/ml and for linear concentrations in the range of 0.3-1.5 ng/ml. Average recoveries of CMZ from stainless steel plates and glass plates were 62.1% and 60.1%, respectively, by adding 15 ng/100 cm2, and that of air sampling filters was 91.9% by adding 3 ng/filter. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of CMZ residue in samples collected from an actual manufacturing facility and equipment. According to the results, no detectable CMZ residue was observed, therefore it was verified that no contamination had occurred to other pharmaceutical products manufactured in the facility.

Advances in sample preparation in electromigration, chromatographic and mass spectrometric separation methods

The quality of sample preparation is a key factor in determining the success of analysis. While analysis of pharmaceutically important compounds in biological matrixes has driven forward the development of sample clean-up procedures in last 20 years, today's chemists face an additional challenge: sample preparation and analysis of complex biochemical samples for characterization of genotypic or phenotypic information contained in DNA and proteins. This review focuses on various sample pretreatment methods designed to meet the requirements for the analysis of biopolymers and small drugs in complex matrices. We discuss the advances in development of solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents, on-line SPE, membrane-based sample preparation, and sample clean-up of biopolymers prior to their analysis by mass spectrometry.