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Mazalzadeh F, Hekmat K, Namjouyan F, Saki A. Effect of Trigonella foenum (fenugreek) vaginal cream on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:2714-2719. [PMID: 32984113 PMCID: PMC7491783 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1220_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Menopause forms one-third of women's lives. During this period, many women continue their sexual activities. One of the most prevalent postmenopausal complications is vaginal atrophy whose symptoms could have destructive effects on the life quality among postmenopausal women. Complications of using estrogen hormone to improve these symptoms are inevitable. One of the objectives of the present study is the assessment of the vaginal cream of Fenugreek on vaginal inflammation of atrophic vaginitis in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods For assessment of the effect of fenugreek vaginal cream among postmenopausal women who suffer from vaginal atrophy, the present study was carried out in the form of a double-blind clinical trial among sixty postmenopausal women, mainly who had been referred to Health Center 1 located in the east of Ahvaz in 2017. All participants of the present study who were diagnosed with vaginal atrophy were assigned into two groups of 30 randomly. One of these groups received placebo and the other one fenugreek 5% vaginal cream for a period of 8 weeks. Symptoms related to vaginal atrophy were investigated by means of a 4-degree scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe) and maturation vaginal index (MVI) through preparing the vaginal smears technique at baseline and a period of 8 weeks after cytology and intervention experiment. Finally, the process of analyzing statistical data, at a statistical significance level of 0.05, was carried out by means of SPSS Software. Results The results of the present study demonstrated that the fenugreek vaginal cream treatment group experienced a significant improvement in vaginal atrophy symptoms compared to the onset of the study (P < 0.001). Conclusion Fenugreek vaginal cream was effective in treating vaginal atrophy; therefore, postmenopausal women are recommended to use this cream instead of synthetic estrogen to reduce the complications of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriyeh Mazalzadeh
- Instructor, Department of Midwifery, Menopause Andropause Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Hekmat
- Instructor, Department of Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Foroogh Namjouyan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal Saki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Alipour MR, Karimi-Sales E. Molecular mechanisms of protective roles of isoflavones against chemicals-induced liver injuries. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 329:109213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zheng HX, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhu JJ, Fan YF, Lin N. Long-time qingyan formula extract treatment exerts estrogenic activities on reproductive tissues without side effects in ovariectomized rats and via active ER to ERE-independent gene regulation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4032-4049. [PMID: 31219800 PMCID: PMC6628985 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive tissues are negatively influenced by estrogens in hormone therapy. Qingyan formula ethanol extract (QYFE)’s estrogenic effects and safety on reproductive tissues after long-term administration and its mechanism via estrogen receptor (ER) pathway haven’t been studied. Here, we characterized its estrogenic effects using ovariectomized rats together with in vitro studies for further molecular characterization. Ovariectomized rats were treated with QYFE at doses of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.8g/kg for 12 weeks. The results showed QYFE has a potent estrogenic activity, as indicated by restoring the disappeared estrous cycle, antagonizing the atrophy of uterus, vagina and mammary gland, and the estrogen decline in circulation caused by ovariectomy. In addition, QYFE upregulated ERα and ERβ expressions and had a less stimulatory effect on PCNA and ki-67 antigen in reproductive tissues compared with estradiol valerate. QYFE components can bind to ERα and ERβ, significantly increased ERα/β-ERE luciferase reporter gene expression, upregulated the expressions of ERs, PR and pS2 in MCF-7 cells at protein and gene level. All these activities were significantly inhibited by the ER antagonist ICI182,780. QYFE’s estrogenic activity maybe mediated by stimulating biosynthesis of estrogen and increasing the quantity of ERs in target tissue and via active ER to ERE-independent gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Jia Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Fan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nemitz MC, von Poser GL, Teixeira HF. In vitro skin permeation/retention of daidzein, genistein and glycitein from a soybean isoflavone rich fraction-loaded nanoemulsions and derived hydrogels. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ha J, Kang YG, Lee T, Kim M, Yoon MY, Lee E, Yang X, Kim D, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Kim MY, Lee SH. Comprehensive RNA sequencing and co-expression network analysis to complete the biosynthetic pathway of coumestrol, a phytoestrogen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1934. [PMID: 30760815 PMCID: PMC6374408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumestrol (CMS), a coumestan isoflavone, plays key roles in nodulation through communication with rhizobia, and has been used as phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy in humans. Because CMS content is controlled by multiple genetic factors, the genetic basis of CMS biosynthesis has remained unclear. We identified soybean genotypes with consistently high (Daewonkong) or low (SS0903-2B-21-1-2) CMS content over 2 years. We performed RNA sequencing of leaf samples from both genotypes at developmental stage R7, when CMS levels are highest. Within the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, 41 genes were tightly connected in a functional co-expression gene network; seven of these genes were differentially expressed between two genotypes. We identified 14 candidate genes involved in CMS biosynthesis. Among them, seven were annotated as encoding oxidoreductases that may catalyze the transfer of electrons from daidzein, a precursor of CMS. Two of the other genes, annotated as encoding a MYB domain protein and a MLP-like protein, may increase CMS accumulation in response to stress conditions. Our results will help to complete our understanding of the CMS biosynthetic pathway, and should facilitate development of soybean cultivars with high CMS content that could be used to promote the fitness of plants and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Ha
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoyeon Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Watson CS, Koong L, Jeng YJ, Vinas R. Xenoestrogen interference with nongenomic signaling actions of physiological estrogens in endocrine cancer cells. Steroids 2019; 142:84-93. [PMID: 30012504 PMCID: PMC6339598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nongenomic signaling by estrogens (Es), initiated near the cell membrane, provides new explanations for the potent actions of environmental chemicals that imperfectly mimic physiological Es. These pathways can affect tumor growth, stabilization, or shrinkage via a number of signaling streams such as activation/inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspases, generation of second messengers, and phospho-triggering of cyclin instability. Though prostate cancers are better known for their responsiveness to androgen deprivation, ∼17% of late stage tumors regress in response to high dose natural or pharmaceutical Es; however, the mechanisms at the cellular level are not understood. More accurate recent measurements show that estradiol (E2) levels decline in aging men, leading to the hypothesis that maintaining young male levels of E2 may prevent the growth of prostate cancers. Major contributions to reducing prostate cancer cell numbers included low E2 concentrations producing sustained ERK phospho-activation correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species causing cancer cell death, and phospho-activation of cyclin D1 triggering its rapid degradation by interrupting cell cycle progression. These therapeutic actions were stronger in early stage tumor cells (with higher membrane estrogen receptor levels), and E2 was far more effective compared to diethylstilbestrol (the most frequently prescribed E treatment). Xenoestrogens (XEs) exacerbated the growth of prostate cancer cells, and as we know from previous studies in pituitary cancer cells, can interfere with the nongenomic signaling actions of endogenous Es. Therefore, nongenomic actions of physiological levels of E2 may be important deterrents to the growth of prostate cancers, which could be undermined by the actions of XEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Luke Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rene Vinas
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Huq AM, Wai LK, Rullah K, Mohd Aluwi MFF, Stanslas J, Jamal JA. Oestrogenic activity of mimosine on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line through the ERα-mediated pathway. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:222-231. [PMID: 30251480 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy has been a conventional treatment for postmenopausal symptoms in women. However, it has potential risks of breast and endometrial cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oestrogenicity of a plant-based compound, mimosine, in MCF-7 cells by in silico model. Cell viability and proliferation, ERα-SRC1 coactivator activity and expression of specific ERα-dependent marker TFF1 and PGR genes were evaluated. Binding modes of 17β-oestradiol and mimosine at the ERα ligand binding domain were compared using docking and molecular dynamics simulation experiments followed by binding interaction free energy calculation with molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area. Mimosine showed increased cellular viability (64,450 cells/ml) at 0.1 μM with significant cell proliferation (120.5%) compared to 17β-oestradiol (135.2%). ER antagonist tamoxifen significantly reduced proliferative activity mediated by mimosine (49.9%). Mimosine at 1 μM showed the highest ERα binding activity through increased SRC1 recruitment at 186.9%. It expressed TFF1 (11.1-fold at 0.1 μM) and PGR (13.9-fold at 0.01 μM) genes. ERα-mimosine binding energy was -49.9 kJ/mol, and it interacted with Thr347, Gly521 and His524 of ERα-LBD. The results suggested that mimosine has oestrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akm Moyeenul Huq
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lam Kok Wai
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Rullah
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamia Azdina Jamal
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Dias PH, Scopel M, Martiny S, Bianchi SE, Bassani VL, Zuanazzi JAS. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-containing hydrogel enhances skin formononetin permeation/retention. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:865-873. [PMID: 29635682 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro permeation potential of hydrogel formulations containing the isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A and cyclodextrins in different combinations. METHODS The permeation assay was performed using porcine skin discs on Franz diffusion cells model. The isoflavone contents of the formulations were quantified in the different layers of the skin using a validated HPLC-PDA method. KEY FINDINGS The isoflavones individually incorporated into the formulations showed high permeation potential, especially formononetin, after the incorporation of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin that enhanced its permeation in the epidermis and dermis. Biochanin A showed 2.7 times of permeation capacity in the epidermis and dermis mainly after incorporation of cyclodextrins in the formulations. Formononetin showed reduction in its permeation when incorporated in the formulations together to biochanin A, showing the absence of synergism. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated a noticeable skin permeation promoting effect of HPβCD in formononetin formulation. Furthermore, formononetin and biochanin A can permeate the skin being mostly retained in the epidermis and dermis, revealing its potential use in cosmetic preparations intended to prevent skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hollweg Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scopel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simony Martiny
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sara Elis Bianchi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valquiria Linck Bassani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Angelo Silveira Zuanazzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Multiclass analytical method for the determination of natural/synthetic steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, and mycoestrogens in milk and yogurt. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4467-4477. [PMID: 28585083 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, a new method enabling monitoring of various estrogenic substances potentially occurring in milk and dairy products was proposed. Groups of compounds fairly differing in physico-chemical properties and biological activity were analyzed: four natural estrogens, four synthetic estrogens, five mycoestrogens, and nine phytoestrogens. Since they may pass into milk mainly in glucuronated and sulfated forms, an enzymatic hydrolysis was involved prior to the extraction based on the QuEChERS methodology. For the purification of the organic extract, a dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) with sorbent C18 was applied. The final analysis was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Method recovery ranged from 70 to 120% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) value lower than 20% and limits of quantification (LOQs) in the range of 0.02-0.60 μg/L (0.2-6.0 μg/kg dry weight) and 0.02-0.90 μg/kg (0.2-6.0 μg/kg dry weight) for milk and yogurt, respectively. The new procedure was applied for the investigation of estrogenic compounds in 11 milk samples and 13 yogurt samples from a Czech retail market. Mainly phytoestrogens were found in the studied samples. The most abundant compounds were equol and enterolactone representing 40-90% of all estrogens. The total content of phytoestrogens (free and bound) was in the range of 149-3870 μg/kg dry weight. This amount is approximately 20 times higher compared to non-bound estrogens.
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Chu S, Wang J, Zhu Y, Liu S, Zhou X, Zhang H, Wang CE, Yang W, Tian Z, Cheng H, Yu D. An R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, GmMYB29, regulates isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006770. [PMID: 28489859 PMCID: PMC5443545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones comprise a group of secondary metabolites produced almost exclusively by plants in the legume family, including soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. They play vital roles in plant defense and have many beneficial effects on human health. Isoflavone content is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes, and the genetic mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Via a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with isoflavone concentrations in soybean. One of these 28 SNPs was located in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, GmMYB29, and this gene was thus selected as a candidate gene for further analyses. A subcellular localization study confirmed that GmMYB29 was located in the nucleus. Transient reporter gene assays demonstrated that GmMYB29 activated the IFS2 (isoflavone synthase 2) and CHS8 (chalcone synthase 8) gene promoters. Overexpression and RNAi-mediated silencing of GmMYB29 in soybean hairy roots resulted in increased and decreased isoflavone content, respectively. Moreover, a candidate-gene association analysis revealed that 11 natural GmMYB29 polymorphisms were significantly associated with isoflavone contents, and regulation of GmMYB29 expression could partially contribute to the observed phenotypic variation. Taken together, these results provide important genetic insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhou
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huairen Zhang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-e Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Nemitz MC, Argenta DF, Koester LS, Bassani VL, von Poser GL, Teixeira HF. The international scenario of patents concerning isoflavones. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Mirghafourvand M, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Ahmadpour P, Javadzadeh Y. Effects of Vitex agnus and Flaxseed on cyclic mastalgia: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2015; 24:90-5. [PMID: 26860808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence on the effect of Vitex agnus and Flaxseed on cyclical mastalgia is not enough. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of V. agnus and Flaxseed on cyclical mastalgia. DESIGN AND SETTING This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 159 women referred to health centers of Tabriz, Iran. Subjects were allocated into three groups (n=53 per group) using block randomization. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Group I received 25g daily Flaxseed powder and placebo of V. agnus; group II received daily 3.2-4.8mg V. agnus tablet and placebo of Flaxseed and control group received both placebo. Nominal day breast pain was applied at baseline, first, and second month after the intervention. Data was analyzed using general linear model. RESULTS There was no statistical significant difference between the three groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and baseline values. The breast pain improved significantly in both intervention groups during the first and second month after intervention. Mean NDBP score was significantly lower than that in the control group at the first month after the intervention in the Flaxseed [adjusted mean difference: -3.1 (95% CI: -4.2 to -2.0)] and V. agnus groups [-3.3 (-4.3 to -2.2)] and the second month after the intervention in Flaxseed [-7.0 (-8.1 to -5.9)] and V. agnus groups [-6.4 (-7.5 to -5.3)]. CONCLUSION Flaxseed and V. agnus are effective in short-term period in decreasing cyclical mastalgia. However, further studies are needed to examine the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of the effects after stopping the treatment in order to decide whether these alternative treatments are suitable to treat mastalgia or not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parivash Ahmadpour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Xu Y, Ma XP, An JN, Zhang ZJ, Ding J, Qu YK, Liu ZL, Lin N. Short-time QiBaoMeiRan Formula Treatment Exerts Estrogenic Activities without Side Effects on Reproductive Tissues in Immature Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17436. [PMID: 26644197 PMCID: PMC4672331 DOI: 10.1038/srep17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese herbal preparation QiBaoMeiRan formula (QBMR) displayed estrogenic effects in ovariectomized rats after long-term administration in a previous study. The uterus and vagina are negatively influenced by estrogens in hormone therapy. While QBMR is known to be a phytoestrogen, its estrogenic effects and safety on reproductive tissues after short-term administration and its mechanism via estrogen receptor (ER) pathway haven’t been studied. Here, we characterized its estrogenic effects using immature mice together with in vitro studies for further molecular characterization. Immature mice were treated with QBMR at doses of 1.125, 2.25, and 4.5 g/kg for 7 days. 1.125 and 2.25 g/kg QBMR promoted the growth and development of uterus and vagina, and upregulated ERα and ERβ expression in reproductive tissues. QBMR had a stimulatory effect on proliferating cell nuclear antigen in vagina but not in uterus, and was without any influence on ki-67 antigen in uterus and vagina. QBMR significantly induced luciferase expression from the ERα/β-estrogen response element (ERE) luciferase reporter and upregulated ERα and ERβ expressions in MCF-7 cells, which were significantly inhibited by estrogen antagonist ICI182,780. This study demonstrated QBMR exerts estrogenic effects on reproductive tissues without side effects and through ER-ERE-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao-ping Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jin-na An
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zi-jia Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Compound Chinese Medicine of Shanghai, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-kun Qu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhen-li Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District Dongzhimen Nanxiao Road 16, Beijing 100700, China
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14
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Nemitz MC, Yatsu FKJ, Bidone J, Koester LS, Bassani VL, Garcia CV, Mendez ASL, von Poser GL, Teixeira HF. A versatile, stability-indicating and high-throughput ultra-fast liquid chromatography method for the determination of isoflavone aglycones in soybeans, topical formulations, and permeation assays. Talanta 2015; 134:183-193. [PMID: 25618656 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the pharmaceutical field concerning isoflavones topical delivery systems, especially with regard to their skin care properties and antiherpetic activity. In this context, the present work describes an ultra-fast liquid chromatography method (UFLC) for determining daidzein, glycitein, and genistein in different matrices during the development of topical systems containing isoflavone aglycones (IA) obtained from soybeans. The method showed to be specific, precise, accurate, and linear (0.1 to 5 µg mL(-1)) for IA determination in soybean acid extract, IA-rich fraction obtained after the purification process, IA loaded-nanoemulsions, and topical hydrogel, as well as for permeation/retention assays in porcine skin and porcine esophageal mucosa. The matrix effect was determined for all complex matrices, demonstrating low effect during the analysis. The stability indicating UFLC method was verified by submitting IA to acidic, alkaline, oxidative, and thermal stress conditions, and no interference of degradation products was detected during analysis. Mass spectrometry was performed to show the main compounds produced after acid hydrolysis of soybeans, as well as suggest the main degradation products formed after stress conditions. Besides the IA, hydroxymethylfurfural and ethoxymethylfurfural were produced and identified after acid hydrolysis of the soybean extract and well separated by the UFLC method. The method's robustness was confirmed using the Plackett-Burman experimental design. Therefore, the new method affords fast IA analysis during routine processes, extract purification, products development, and bioanalytical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Nemitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francini K J Yatsu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bidone
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Koester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valquiria L Bassani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia V Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreas S L Mendez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), BR 472 Km 585 Prédio Administrativo CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilsane L von Poser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helder F Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, CEP 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Panizzon GP, Bueno FG, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Dias Filho BP. Preparation of Spray-Dried Soy Isoflavone-Loaded Gelatin Microspheres for Enhancement of Dissolution: Formulation, Characterization and in Vitro Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:599-615. [PMID: 25494200 PMCID: PMC4279135 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most bioactive soy isoflavones (SI), daidzein (DAI) and genistein (GEN) have poor water solubility, which reduces their bioavailability and health benefits and limits their use in industry. The goal of this study was to develop and characterize a new gelatin matrix to microencapsulate DAI and GEN from soy extract (SE) by spray drying, in order to obtain solid dispersions to overcome solubility problems and to allow controlled release. The influences of 1:2 (MP2) and 1:3 (MP3) SE/polymer ratios on the solid state, yield, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, release kinetics and cumulative release were evaluated. Analyses showed integral microparticles and high drug content. MP3 and MP2 yield were 43.6% and 55.9%, respectively, with similar mean size (p > 0.05), respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed the amorphous solid state of SE. In vitro release tests showed that dissolution was drastically increased. The results indicated that SE microencapsulation might offer a good system to control SI release, as an alternative to improve bioavailability and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gean Pier Panizzon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Giacomini Bueno
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Benedito Prado Dias Filho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
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16
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Chaudhary R, Oluyemisi AE, Shrestha AK, Adhikari BM. Effect of Germination on Biochemical and Nutritional Quality of K
wati. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Chaudhary
- National College of Food Science and Technology; Tribhuvan University; Kathmandu 44600 Nepal
| | | | - Ashok K. Shrestha
- School of Science and Health; University of Western Sydney; Richmond South Australia Australia
| | - Bhaskar M. Adhikari
- National College of Food Science and Technology; Tribhuvan University; Kathmandu 44600 Nepal
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17
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Segovia-Siapco G, Pribis P, Messina M, Oda K, Sabaté J. Is soy intake related to age at onset of menarche? A cross-sectional study among adolescents with a wide range of soy food consumption. Nutr J 2014; 13:54. [PMID: 24889551 PMCID: PMC4051381 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early onset of menarche may negatively influence the future health of adolescent girls. Several factors affect the timing of menarche but it is not clear if soy foods consumption around pubertal years plays a role; thus, we examined its relation to age at onset of menarche (AOM) in a high soy-consuming population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study on 339 girls ages 12–18 years attending middle and high schools near two Seventh-day Adventist universities in California and Michigan using a web-based dietary questionnaire and physical development tool. Soy consumption (categorized as total soy, meat alternatives, tofu/traditional soy, and soy beverages) was estimated from the questionnaire, while AOM was self-reported. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazards ratios, Kaplan-Meier curves and Poisson regression with adjustment for relevant confounders. Results Mean (SD) intakes were: total soy,12.9 (14.4) servings/week; meat alternatives, 7.0 (8.9) servings/week; tofu/traditional soy foods, 2.1 (3.8) servings/week; soy beverages, 3.8 (6.3) servings/week. Mean AOM was 12.5 (1.4) y for those who reached menarche. Consumption of total soy and the 3 types of soy foods was not significantly associated with AOM and with the odds for early- or late-AOM. Adjustment for demographic and dietary factors did not change the results. Conclusion Soy intake is not associated with AOM in a population of adolescent girls who have a wide range of, and relatively higher, soy intake than the general US population. Our finding suggests that the increasing popularity of soy in the US may not be associated with AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Segovia-Siapco
- Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Dr,, Nichol Hall 1105, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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18
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Mao H, Wang H, Ma S, Xu Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Niu Z, Fan G, Zhu Y, Gao XM. Bidirectional regulation of bakuchiol, an estrogenic-like compound, on catecholamine secretion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:180-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Mo H, Kariluoto S, Piironen V, Zhu Y, Sanders MG, Vincken JP, Wolkers-Rooijackers J, Nout MJR. Effect of soybean processing on content and bioaccessibility of folate, vitamin B12 and isoflavones in tofu and tempe. Food Chem 2013; 141:2418-25. [PMID: 23870976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the content of bioaccessible folate, vitamin B12, and isoflavones in tofu and tempe, as influenced by soybean variety and food processing, particularly fermentation. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Raw soybeans contained 2207-2671 μg/kg (dry matter) folate, cooked tempe 1493-4143, and cooked tofu 968-1273 μg/kg, the difference was attributed to the fermentation in tempe. Vitamin B12 was detected only in tempe (0.16-0.72 μg/kg). Isoflavone aglycones were formed during soaking of soybeans, with only minor differences between the contents in cooked tempe (average 1922-2968 μg/kg) or tofu (1667-2782 μg/kg) but strongly depending on bean variety. CONCLUSIONS Folate and vitamin B12 contents were mainly influenced by microbial activity during fermentation, whereas isoflavone aglycone content was determined by bean variety. Tofu had lower folate and vitamin B12, but equal isoflavone contents as tempe. Bioaccessibility of folate (80-100%) and isoflavone aglycones (100%) were high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Mo
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, 453003 Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
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20
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Jenkins G, Wainwright LJ, Holland R, Barrett KE, Casey J. Wrinkle reduction in post-menopausal women consuming a novel oral supplement: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 36:22-31. [PMID: 23927381 PMCID: PMC4265247 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective The maintenance of youthful skin appearance is strongly desired by a large proportion of the world's population. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the effect on skin wrinkling, of a combination of ingredients reported to influence key factors involved in skin ageing, namely inflammation, collagen synthesis and oxidative/UV stress. A supplemented drink was developed containing soy isoflavones, lycopene, vitamin C and vitamin E and given to post-menopausal women with a capsule containing fish oil. Method We have performed a double-blind randomized controlled human clinical study to assess whether this cocktail of dietary ingredients can significantly improve the appearance of facial wrinkles. Results We have shown that this unique combination of micronutrients can significantly reduce the depth of facial wrinkles and that this improvement is associated with increased deposition of new collagen fibres in the dermis. Conclusion This study demonstrates that consumption of a mixture of soy isoflavones, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E and fish oil is able to induce a clinically measureable improvement in the depth of facial wrinkles following long-term use. We have also shown, for the first time with an oral product, that the improvement is associated with increased deposition of new collagen fibres in the dermis. Résumé
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jenkins
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - L J Wainwright
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - R Holland
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - K E Barrett
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - J Casey
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
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21
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Hsu C, Ho HW, Chang CF, Wang ST, Fang TF, Lee MH, Su NW. Soy isoflavone-phosphate conjugates derived by cultivating Bacillus subtilis var. natto BCRC 80517 with isoflavone. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Correia-da-Silva M, Sousa E, Pinto MMM. Emerging sulfated flavonoids and other polyphenols as drugs: nature as an inspiration. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:223-79. [PMID: 23553315 DOI: 10.1002/med.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses sulfation of endogenous and exogenous molecules mainly to avoid potential toxicity. The growing importance of natural sulfated molecules, as modulators of a number of physiological and pathological processes, has inspired the synthesis of non-natural sulfated scaffolds. Until the 1990s, the synthesis of sulfated small molecules was almost restricted to derivatives of flavonoids and aimed mainly at structure elucidation and plant biosynthesis studies. Currently, the synthesis of this type of compounds concerns structurally diverse scaffolds and is aimed at the development of potential drugs and/or exploitation of the biological effects of sulfated metabolites. Some important hit compounds are emerging from sulfated flavonoids and other polyphenols mainly as anticoagulant and antiviral agents. When compared with polymeric macromolecules such as heparins, sulfated small molecules could be of value in therapeutics due to their hydrophobic nature that can contribute to improve the bioavailability. This review highlights the synthetic approaches that were applied to obtain monosulfated or polysulfated phenolic small molecules and compiles the diverse biological activities already reported for this type of derivatives. Toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters of this emerging class of derivatives will also be considered, emphasizing their value for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Centro de Química Medicinal da Universidade do Porto (CEQUIMED-UP), Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Kiss B, Popa DS, Paltinean R, Loghin F. A HIGH-THROUGHPUT UPLC-MS/MS FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF SIX PHYTOESTROGENS FROM GENISTA TINCTORIA EXTRACTS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.638410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kiss
- a Department of Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- a Department of Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Ramona Paltinean
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Botany , “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- a Department of Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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Al-Anazi AF, Qureshi VF, Javaid K, Qureshi S. Preventive effects of phytoestrogens against postmenopausal osteoporosis as compared to the available therapeutic choices: An overview. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 2:154-63. [PMID: 22346228 PMCID: PMC3276006 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.92322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency is a major risk factor for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been rampantly used to recompense for the bone loss, but the procedure is coupled with severe adverse effects. Hence, there is a boost in the production of newer synthetic products to ward off the effects of menopause-related osteoporosis. As of today, there are several prescription products available for the treatment of postmenopause osteoporosis; most of these are estrogenic agents and combination products. Nevertheless, in view of the lack of effect and/or toxicity of these products, majority of the postmenopausal women are now fascinated by highly publicized natural products. This is an offshoot of the generalized consensus that these products are more effective and free from any adverse effects. Recently, certain plant-derived natural products, mostly phytoestrogens (isoflavones, lignans, coumestanes, stilbenes, flavonoids) and many more novel estrogen-like compounds in plants have been immensely used to prevent menopause-related depletion in bone mineral density (BMD). Although, a number of papers are published on menopause-related general symptoms, sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, colon, and breast cancers, there is paucity of literature on the accompanying osteoporosis and its treatment. In view of the controversies on synthetic hormones and drugs and drift of a major population of patients toward natural drugs, it was found worthwhile to investigate if these drugs are suitable to be used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Preparation of this paper is an attempt to review the (a) epidemiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis, (b) treatment modalities of postmenopausal osteoporosis by hormones and synthetic drugs and the associated drawbacks and adverse effects, and (c) prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by phytoestrogens, their drawbacks and toxicity. It is apparent that both the categories of treatment are useful and both have adverse effects, but the plant products are nonscientific and hence are not advised to be used till more studies are undertaken to ensure that the benefits clearly outweigh the risk, in addition to recognition by Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Foraih Al-Anazi
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Kim EH, Ro HM, Kim SL, Kim HS, Chung IM. Analysis of isoflavone, phenolic, soyasapogenol, and tocopherol compounds in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] germplasms of different seed weights and origins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6045-55. [PMID: 22577842 DOI: 10.1021/jf300463f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the functional compounds, including isoflavones, phenolics, soyasapogenols, and tocopherols, that were detected in 204 soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] germplasms. The soybean samples were divided into three groups according to origin: America, China, and Korea. The soybean samples were also classified into three groups on the basis of 100-seed weight: small (<13 g), medium (13-24 g), and large (>24 g). Among the soybean germplasms, CSRV121 (Bosukkong) had the highest level of isoflavone content (4778.1 μg g(-1)), whereas CS01316 had the lowest isoflavone content (682.4 μg g(-1)). Of the soybeans from the three different countries of origin, those from Korea showed the highest average concentration of total isoflavones (2252.6 μg g(-1)). The small seeds had the highest average total isoflavone concentration (2520.0 μg g(-1)) of the three different seed sizes. Among the 204 soybean germplasms, CS01405 had the highest content of total phenolics (5219.6 μg g(-1)), and CSRV017 (Hwangkeumkong) had the lowest phenolic content (654.6 μg g(-1)). The mean concentrations of total phenolic compounds were 2729.1 μg g(-1) in American soybean seeds, 1680.4 μg g(-1) in Chinese soybean seeds, and 1977.6 μg g(-1) in Korean soybean seeds. Of the soybean seeds from the three different countries of origin, American soybean seeds had the highest average concentration of total phenolic compounds, and Korean varieties showed the second highest value. Small soybean seeds had the highest average content of total phenolic compounds (2241.7 μg g(-1)), whereas medium-sized (1926.8 μg g(-1)) and large (1949.9 μg g(-1)) soybeans had lower concentrations of phenolic compounds. In whole soybean germplasms, the level of total soyasapogenols was higher in CS01173 (1802.3 μg g(-1)) and CS01346 (1736.8 μg g(-1)) than in the other types of soybeans. The mean concentrations of total soyasapogenol were 1234.0 μg g(-1) in American, 1294.5 μg g(-1) in Chinese, and 1241.5 μg g(-1) in Korean soybean varieties. Chinese soybean varieties showed the highest mean concentration of total soyasapogenol, and Korean soybean seeds showed the second highest level. The medium-seed group had the highest soyasapogenol content (1269.3 μg g(-1)) of the seeds that were grouped by size. A larger amount of soyasapogenol B than soyasapogenol A was detected. In whole soybeans, CS01202 showed the highest level of total tocopherols (330.5 μg g(-1)), whereas CSRV056 (Pungsannamulkong) had the lowest content (153.3 μg g(-1)). Chinese soybeans had the highest average concentration of total tocopherols (255.1 μg g(-1)). By comparison, the medium-sized Chinese soybean group had the highest (256.1 μg g(-1)) average total tocopherol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Korea
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26
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Liu L, Ma H, Tang Y, Chen W, Lu Y, Guo J, Duan JA. Discovery of estrogen receptor α modulators from natural compounds in Si-Wu-Tang series decoctions using estrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:154-63. [PMID: 22137340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The binding between the estrogen receptor α (ER-α) and a variety of compounds in traditional Chinese formulae, Si-Wu-Tang (SWT) series decoctions, was studied using a stably-transfected human breast cancer cell line (MVLN). In 38 compounds tested from SWT series decoctions, the estrogen-like activity of 22 compounds was above 60% in 20 μg mL(-1). Furthermore, theoretical affinity of these compounds was certificated using the functional virtual screen of ER-α modulators by FlexX-Pharm. The accuracy of functional virtual screening of ER-α modulators could reach to 77.27%. The results showed that some compounds, such as organic acids and flavones in SWT series decoctions could be used as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and could be selected for further development as potential agents for estrogen related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Road 138(#), Nanjing 210046, China
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27
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Wang H, Li MC, Yang J, Yang D, Su YF, Fan GW, Zhu Y, Gao XM, Paoletti R. Estrogenic properties of six compounds derived from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and their differing biological activity through estrogen receptors α and β. Food Chem 2011; 129:408-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Bone-protective effects of bioactive fractions and ingredients in Sambucus williamsii HANCE. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1802-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that 60 % ethanol crude extract of Sambucus williamsii HANCE (SWH) improved bone mass, bone strength and bone micro-structure in both ovariectomised (OVX) rats and mice. The present study aims to identify the bioactive fractions and ingredients in SWH that account for its osteoprotective effects. Bilateral sham-operated mice acted as controls. OVX C57BL/6J mice, aged 12 weeks, were orally administrated daily with vehicle or 17β-oestradiol (3·2 mg/kg), SWH (60 % ethanol crude extract; 1·0 g/kg), SWA (water eluate; 0·570 g/kg), SWB (30 % ethanol eluate; 0·128 g/kg) or SWC (50 and 95 % ethanol eluates; 0·189 g/kg) for 12 weeks. The effects of the different fractions on bone properties in the OVX mice model were studied. In addition, their effects on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation were evaluated in UMR 106 cells. SWC significantly restored bone mineral density and improved bone size and bone content parameters in the femur and tibia as well as increased biomechanical strength at the tibia diaphysis in OVX mice. Similarly, SWC was the most potent fraction in stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation in UMR 106 cells. Also, SWC did not alter uterus weight in OVX mice. Nine major peaks, seven lignans and two phenolic acids, in the HPLC fingerprint of the SWC fraction were identified, isolated and characterised. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SWC was the most potent fraction in SWH that exerted anti-osteoporotic effects. Furthermore, lignans might be the potential bioactive components in SWC.
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The most abundant polyphenol of soy leaves, coumestrol, displays potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huang Y, Liu YH. Effects of phytoestrogens on genioglossus contractile properties in ovariectomized rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia may be independent of their estrogenicity. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:128-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Altun D, Uysal H, Aşkın H, Ayar A. Determination of the effects of genistein on the longevity of Drosophila melanogaster meigen (Diptera; Drosophilidae). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:120-123. [PMID: 21127834 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of genistein on the longevity of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. The effects of different concentrations of genistein (1, 3, 5 and 10 μM/100 mL medium) were separately administered one by one to female and male populations of D. melanogaster for application groups. In the control group, the maximum life span was determined to be 57 days for ♀♀, 46 for ♂♂. The maximum life span for the lowest (1.0 μL) and highest (10.0 μL) application groups among the adult populations of D. melanogaster subjected to genistein were observed to be 54, 50, 40 and 36 days for ♀♀ and 51, 48, 40 and 33 days for ♂♂. These values indicate a negative correlation (R = 0.513 for ♂♂ and R = 0.509 for ♀♀) between the maximum life span of the application groups and changing genistein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Altun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Erzincan University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
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Dennehy CE. The Use of Herbs and Dietary Supplements in Gynecology: An Evidence-Based Review. J Midwifery Womens Health 2010; 51:402-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim EY, Lee KO, Kim DI, Rhyu MR. Vasorelaxant Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Twenty Medicinal Plants Used in Oriental Medicines in Isolated Rat Aorta. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2010.15.3.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Phytoestrogens and post reproductive health. Maturitas 2010; 66:344-9. [PMID: 20409653 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of phytoestrogens for various perceived health benefits is widespread. Despite 20 years of research the evidence for any significant health benefits remains inconclusive. Pre clinical trials have demonstrated both non-genomic and genomic actions of constituents of phytoestrogens including selective, but weak, binding to estrogen receptors, with a preference for ER B over ER A. Evidence of clinically relevant biological effects from observational studies and randomized trials has, in general, been lacking. Despite many trials there remains little evidence that phytoestrogens, whether dietary or supplemented, significantly relieve menopausal vasomotor symptoms or cognition. Several potential mechanisms for a positive effect on bone and cardiovascular health have been demonstrated however no fracture prevention data or cardiovascular end point benefit has yet been demonstrated. In vitro effects of phytoestrogens on breast cells have been both stimulatory and inhibitory however net effects appear neutral with observational studies finding no change in breast cancer risk. No effect has been seen on endometrial or other cancers and side effect profiles have, in general, been mild.
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Xin D, Wang H, Yang J, Su YF, Fan GW, Wang YF, Zhu Y, Gao XM. Phytoestrogens from Psoralea corylifolia reveal estrogen receptor-subtype selectivity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:126-31. [PMID: 19577453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The seed of Psoralea corylifolia L. (PCL), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been applied as a tonic or an aphrodisiac agent and commonly used as a remedy for bone fracture, osteomalacia and osteoporosis in China. In our study, the estrogen receptor subtype-selective activities of the extracts and compounds derived from PCL were analyzed using the HeLa cell assay. The different fractions including petroleum ether, CH(2)Cl(2) and EtOAc fractions of the EtOH extract of PCL showed significant activity in activating either ERalpha or ERbeta whereas the n-BuOH fraction showed no estrogenic activity. Further chromatographic purification of the active fractions yielded seven compounds including the two coumarins isopsoralen and psoralen, the four flavonoids isobavachalcone, bavachin, corylifol A and neobavaisoflavone, and the meroterpene phenol, bakuchiol. In reporter gene assay, the two coumarins (10(-8)-10(-5)M) acted as ERalpha-selective agonists while the other compounds (10(-9)-10(-6)M) activated both ERalpha and ERbeta. The estrogenic activities of all compounds could be completely suppressed by the pure estrogen antagonist, ICI 182,780, suggesting that the compounds exert their activities through ER. Only psoralen and isopsoralen as ERalpha agonists promoted MCF-7 cell proliferation significantly. Although all the compounds have estrogenic activity, they may exert different biological effects. In conclusion, both ER subtype-selective and nonselective activities in compounds derived from PCL suggested that PCL could be a new source for selective estrogen-receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300193, PR China
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Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a standardized compound based on an extract of soy phytoestrogens, with high doses of isoflavones in the management of menopausal hot flushes. METHODS A total of 180 women aged 40-65 years with a minimum of five moderate-to-severe hot flushes in the last 7 days at baseline and absence of menstruation for at least 6 months participated in a 12-week prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. After a 2-week run-in period, women received one tablet a day of 80 mg isoflavones (corresponding to 60 mg of genistein) or a matching placebo. RESULTS The mean daily number of moderate-to-severe hot flushes decreased in both study groups, but the reduction was greater in the isoflavones arm at 6 (36.2%) and 12 weeks (41.2%) than in the placebo arm (24.0% at 6 weeks, 29.3% at 12 weeks), with a difference of 1.1 (95% CI [-2.0 to -0.06]) (P = 0.038) at 6 weeks and 1.1 (95% CI [-2.05 to -0.15]) (P = 0.023) at 12 weeks. Similar findings were obtained for hot flushes of any intensity. The Kupperman index decreased in both study groups. Relief of hot flushes was greater when time to menopause was >or=12 months and in cases of BMI >or=27 kg/m(2). CONCLUSION In daily practice conditions, high doses of isoflavones, particularly genistein, can be used for the management of hot flushes in postmenopausal women not treated with hormone replacement therapy due to their superior efficacy to placebo and very good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Ferrari
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Battaglia C, Cianciosi A, Mancini F, Fabbri R, Busacchi P, Nappi RE, Venturoli S. Genistein Supplements Might Not Induce Clitoral Modifications in Postmenopausal Women: A Prospective, Pilot Study. J Sex Med 2009; 6:3132-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Reinwald S, Mayer LP, Hoyer PB, Turner CH, Barnes S, Weaver CM. A longitudinal study of the effect of genistein on bone in two different murine models of diminished estrogen-producing capacity. J Osteoporos 2009; 2010:145170. [PMID: 20948578 PMCID: PMC2951124 DOI: 10.4061/2010/145170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was designed to assess the capacity of dietary genistein (GEN), to attenuate bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) and ovary-intact VCD-treated mice. Pretreatment of mice with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) gradually and selectively destroys ovarian follicles whilst leaving ovarian androgen-producing cells largely intact. VCD induces a perimenopause-like condition prior to the onset of reproductive acyclicity. Sixteen-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomized to five treatment groups: sham(SHM), OVX, SHM + VCD, OVX + GEN, and SHM + VCD + GEN. In vivo, blood samples were drawn for hormone and isoflavone analyses, estrous cycles were monitored, and X-ray imaging was performed to assess changes in bone parameters. Following sacrifice, ovaries were assessed histologically, bone microarchitecture was evaluated via microcomputed tomography, and bone mechanical properties were measured. Some effects of GEN were observed in OVX mice, but GEN effects were not able to be evaluated in VCD-treated mice due to the subtle diminution of bone during the 4 months of this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Reinwald
- Department of Foods & Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 5045B, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA,*Susan Reinwald:
| | - Loretta P. Mayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Patricia B. Hoyer
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Charles H. Turner
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202-3082, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Department of Foods & Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Side effects of phytoestrogens: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2009; 122:939-46.e9. [PMID: 19786161 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoestrogens are widely used by postmenopausal women for the treatment of the climacteric syndrome. The risk of adverse effects of this treatment, however, is unknown. METHODS Using a fixed-effects model, we performed a meta-analysis of side effects comparing phytoestrogen treatment with placebo or no treatment in randomized controlled trials. RESULTS We identified 174 randomized controlled trials. Side effects were reported in 92/174 randomized controlled trials with 9629 participants. The overall incidence of side effects in the phytoestrogen and control groups was 2019/5502 (36.7%) and 1824/4806 (38.0%), respectively (P=.2; incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.08). Comparing various side effect categories, we found significantly higher rates of gastrointestinal side effects among phytoestrogen users (P=.003; IRR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.08-1.50). Gynecological (IRR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.74-1.20), musculoskeletal (IRR 1.20; 95% CI, 0.94-1.53), neurological (IRR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.70-1.19), and unspecific side effects (IRR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.88-1.03) were not significantly different between groups. Within side effect categories, we found no significantly higher rates of side effects in women using phytoestrogens. Specifically, the rates of hormone-related side effects such as endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, and breast cancer were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence, phytoestrogen supplements have a safe side-effect profile with moderately elevated rates of gastrointestinal side effects. Rates of vaginal bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, and breast cancer were not significantly increased among phytoestrogen users in the investigated studies.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of 90 mg of daily genistein on markers of bone turnover and menopausal symptoms. DESIGN This was a cross-over, placebo-controlled study involving 100 postmenopausal women. Subjects were randomly assigned to daily genistein or placebo for 6 weeks and crossed over to the alternative preparation for the following 6 weeks. Pure genistein was processed and encapsulated in accordance with British Pharmacopoeia standards. Each capsule contained 90 mg of pure genistein while the placebo contained just the recipients. RESULTS In women with significant hot flushes (score (intensity x number) > or = 9), genistein reduced symptoms by 30% compared to baseline and the difference compared to placebo was statistically significant. No effect was observed on biochemical markers of bone turnover, possibly due to the short duration of each arm of the study. Genistein reduced osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, by 3.6% compared to baseline and 0.31% compared to placebo (p = 0.81 and 0.40, respectively). Genistein increased cross-link telopeptide, a marker of bone resorption, by 1.8% compared to baseline and 0.29% compared to placebo; both differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.078 and 0.88, respectively). CONCLUSION Pure genistein at a dose of 90 mg per day appears to reduce the number of hot flushes in postmenopausal women but the effect is mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Albertazzi
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Hull, UK
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Virgili F, Marino M. Regulation of cellular signals from nutritional molecules: a specific role for phytochemicals, beyond antioxidant activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1205-16. [PMID: 18762244 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals (PhC) are a ubiquitous class of plant secondary metabolites. A "recommended" human diet should warrant a high proportion of energy from fruits and vegetables, therefore providing, among other factors, a huge intake of PhC, in general considered "health promoting" by virtue of their antioxidant activity and positive modulation, either directly or indirectly, of the cellular and tissue redox balance. Diet acts through multiple pathways and the association between the consumption of specific food items and the risk of degenerative diseases is extremely complex. Recent literature suggests that molecules having a chemical structure compatible with a putative antioxidant capacity can actually "perform" activities and roles independent of such capacity, interacting with cellular functions at different levels, such as affecting enzyme activities, binding to membrane or nuclear receptors as either an elective ligand or a ligand mimic. Inductive or signaling effects may occur at concentrations much lower than that required for effective antioxidant activity. Therefore, the "antioxidant hypothesis" is to be considered in some cases an intellectual "shortcut" possibly biasing the real understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of various classes of food items. In the past few years, many exciting new indications elucidating the mechanisms of polyphenols have been published. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which specific molecules of nutritional interest, and in particular polyphenols, play a role in cellular response and in preventing pathologies. In particular, their direct interaction with nuclear receptors and their ability to modulate the activity of key enzymes involved in cell signaling and antioxidant responses are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Virgili
- National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Via Ardeatina, 546, I-00178 Roma, Italy.
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Kim IG, Kang SC, Kim KC, Choung ES, Zee OP. Screening of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities from medicinal plants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:75-82. [PMID: 21783839 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant extracts commercially used in Asia were screened for their estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in a recombinant yeast system featuring both a human estrogen receptor (ER) expression plasmid and a reporter plasmid. Pueraria lobata (flower) had the highest estrogenic relative potency (RP, 7.75×10(-3); RP of 17β-estradiol=1), followed by Amomum xanthioides (1.25×10(-3)). Next potent were a group consisting of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Zingiber officinale, Rheum undulatum, Curcuma aromatica, Eriobotrya japonica, Sophora flavescens, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Polygonum multiflorum, and Pueraria lobata (root) (ranging from 9.5×10(-4) to 1.0×10(-4)). Least potent were Prunus persica, Lycoppus lucidus, and Adenophora stricta (ranging from 9.0×10(-5) to 8.0×10(-5)). The extracts exerting antiestrogenic effects, Cinnamomum cassia and Prunus persica, had relative potencies of 1.14×10(-3) and 7.4×10(-4), respectively (RP of tamoxifen=1). The solvent fractions from selected estrogenic or antiestrogenic herbs had higher estrogenic relative potencies, with their RP ranging from 9.3×10(-1) to 2.7×10(-4) and from 8.2×10(-1) to 9.1×10(-3), respectively. These results support previous reports on the efficacy of Oriental medicinal plants used or not used as phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environment Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Kim YH, Yu HJ, Cho NS, Kim TH, Kim DC, Chung CB, Hwang YI, Kim KH. Enhanced bioavailability of soy isoflavones by complexation with beta-cyclodextrin in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:2927-33. [PMID: 18071265 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of a soy isoflavone extract (IFE), inclusion complexes (IFE-beta-CD) of the isoflavone extract with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) were prepared and studied for their solubility and bioavailability. The aqueous solubility of the complexes of IFE with beta-CD (2.0 mg/ml) was about 26 times that of IFE itself (0.076 mg/ml). The same dosages of IFE and IFE-beta-CD were orally administered to SD rats (Sprague-Dawley) on an isoflavone glycoside (IFG) basis (daidzin, genistin and glycitin), and the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein and glycitein were measured over time to estimate the average AUC (area under the plasma concentration versus time curve) of the isoflavones. After the oral administration, the AUC values for daidzein, genistein and glycitein were 340, 11 and 28 microg x min/ml, respectively. In contrast, the respective AUC values after the administration of IFE-beta-CD were 430, 20 and 48 microg x min/ml. The bioavailability of daidzein in IFE-beta-CD was increased to 126% by the formation of inclusion complexes with beta-CD, compared with that in IFE. Furthermore, the bioavailability of genistein and glycitein in IFE-beta-CD formulation was significantly higher by up to 180% and 170%, respectively, compared with that of IFE p=0.008 and p=0.028, respectively). These results show that the absorption of IFE could be improved by the complexation of IFE with beta-CD (IFE-beta-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Lee
- R&D Center, Bioland Ltd., Ansan, Kyunggi, Republic of Korea
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Sebastian KS, Thampan RV. Differential effects of soybean and fenugreek extracts on the growth of MCF-7 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 170:135-43. [PMID: 17850779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of soybean and fenugreek on the growth of MCF-7 cells, an estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell line, has been examined in this study. Soybean is well known for the presence of phytoestrogens and fenugreek is reported to have medicinal use including anticancer properties. In a dose dependent manner soybean aqueous and ethanol extract promoted the growth and DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells. On the contrary ethanol extract of fenugreek decreased the cell viability and induced early apoptotic changes such as flipping of phosphatidylserine and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. Degradation of cellular DNA into fragments comprising multiples of approximately 180-200 base pair was also observed. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed the presence of a subG1 apoptotic population which was more prominent at higher concentrations along with cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Our experiments show that while the soybean extract acts as a promoter of MCF-7 cell growth, the fenugreek extract induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sebastian
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Lin CC, Tsai YL, Ho CT, Teng SC. Determination of the differential estrogenicity of isoflavonoids by E2-ER-ERE-dependent gene expression in recombinant yeast and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Food Chem 2007; 108:719-26. [PMID: 26059153 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of phytoestrogens-containing natural sources as alternative hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been a subject of debate for decades. Development of assays to characterize these phytoestrogens is required. In this study, differential estrogenicities of five isoflavonoids found in red clover and soy, including biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, genistein and glycitein were examined in a yeast-based screen system with a classical palindromic estrogen response element (ERE)-ADE2 reporter and in a MCF-7 cell culture system with mRNA levels of ER-dependent genes compared. In a yeast-based assay, five isoflavonoids showed various extents of estrogenic potencies. A collection of primary estrogen receptor (ER)-regulated genes by estradiol (E2), including hTERT, c-MYC, BCL2 and Ha-ras (oncogenic) and quinone reductase (QR), human complement 3 (C3) and COX7RP (non-oncogenic) were selected as marker genes for a MCF-7 cell-based endogenous gene expression assay. The results indicated that the mRNA levels of these E2-ER-ERE-dependent marker genes were regulated differentially by five isoflavonoids, leading to distinct expression patterns, which are also significantly different from that of E2. Moreover, the anti-estrogenic effects of biochanin A and formononetin on E2-induced transcriptions of marker genes in MCF-7 cells were also displayed. Taken together, these results are significant for these naturally occurring isoflavonoids regarding the issues of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Lin
- Department of Food Science, China Institute of Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Luen Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Shu-Chun Teng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The majority (80%) of breast cancers are diagnosed in women over the age of 50; only 5% will be in their 20s and 30s. These women have specific needs that include genetic counselling, psychological support, advice with regard to fertility and pregnancy issues and information on coping with treatment-related morbidity. The primary purpose of follow-up is often regarded as the early detection of recurrence as well as the detection of second primary tumours. Rather than concentrating solely on detecting cancer recurrence, clinicians need to be more susceptive to symptoms related to treatment morbidity and to the information needs of their patients. This paper outlines the specific issues listed above that need to be addressed in follow-up clinics and highlights interventions that may help improve the value of follow-up appointments and quality of life for young women with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Roche
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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Tempfer CB, Bentz EK, Leodolter S, Tscherne G, Reuss F, Cross HS, Huber JC. Phytoestrogens in clinical practice: a review of the literature. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:1243-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A Descriptive Study of Departmental Policies Regarding Patients' Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Ontario Radiation Therapy Centres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0820-5930(09)60233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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