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Kavanagh ON, Wang C, Walker GM, Sun CC. Modulation of the powder properties of lamotrigine by crystal forms. Int J Pharm 2021; 595:120274. [PMID: 33486026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of powders determine the ease of manufacture and ultimately the quality of the oral solid dosage forms. Although poor mechanical properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be mitigated by using suitable excipients in a formulation, the effectiveness of that approach is limited for high dose drugs or multidrug tablets. In this context, improving the mechanical properties of the APIs through solid form optimisation is a good strategy to address such a challenge. This work explores the powder and tableting properties of various lamotrigine (LAM) solid forms with the aim to facilitate direct compression by overcoming the poor tabletability of LAM. The two drug-drug crystals of LAM with nicotinamide and valproic acid demonstrate superior flowability and tabletability over LAM. The improved powder properties are rationalised by structure analysis using energy framework, scanning electron microscopy, and Heckel analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín N Kavanagh
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin M Walker
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Du R, Xu J, Li J, Zhang L, Ning L, Li S. Pharmaceutical salt and salt hydrates of vortioxetine with sulfonic acid to ameliorate the solubility and hygroscopicity via the charge-assisted hydrogen bond assembly. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Salt forms of vortioxetine (VOT) with three sulfonic acids have been designed and prepared in 1 : 1 stoichiometry ratio, and their crystal structures and physicochemical properties have also been characterized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkai Du
- MOE International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- MOE International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Ning
- National Research Institute for Family Planning
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- P. R. China
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3
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Tanner T, Antikainen O, Pollet A, Räikkönen H, Ehlers H, Juppo A, Yliruusi J. Predicting tablet tensile strength with a model derived from the gravitation-based high-velocity compaction analysis data. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:194-202. [PMID: 31100384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a model was developed to estimate tablet tensile strength utilizing the gravitation-based high-velocity (G-HVC) method introduced earlier. Three different formulations consisting of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), theophylline and magnesium stearate were prepared. The formulations were granulated using fluid bed granulation and the granules were compacted with the G-HVC method and an eccentric tableting machine. Compaction energy values defined from G-HVC data predicted tensile strength of the tablets surprisingly well. It was also shown, that fluid bed granulation improved the compaction energy intake of the granules in comparison to respective physical mixtures. In addition, general mechanical properties and elastic recovery were also examined for all samples. In this study it was finally concluded, that the data obtained by the method was of practical relevance in pharmaceutical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Tanner
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arne Pollet
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Heikki Räikkönen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juppo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Kondo K, Kawamura M, Niwa T. Spheronization of micronized theophylline anhydrate and monohydrate using a mechanical powder processor. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Larsen AS, Olsen MA, Moustafa H, Larsen FH, Sauer SPA, Rantanen J, Madsen AØ. Determining short-lived solid forms during phase transformations using molecular dynamics. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that elusive high-energy metastable crystal structures can be determined from molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S. Larsen
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Mark A. Olsen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Hadeel Moustafa
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Flemming H. Larsen
- Department of Food Science
- University of Copenhagen
- DK/1958 Frederiksberg
- Denmark
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Anders Ø. Madsen
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
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6
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Chakravarty P, DiPasquale AG, Stumpf A, Lubach JW, Nagapudi K. Understanding Phase Behavior of Nearly Energetically Equivalent Polymorphs To Achieve Controlled Crystallization for a Nav1.7 Pain Inhibitor Compound. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5072-5080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Chakravarty
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antonio G. DiPasquale
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andreas Stumpf
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W. Lubach
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Chang
- Pharmaceutical Materials
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308
Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials
Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308
Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Paul S, Chang SY, Sun CC. The phenomenon of tablet flashing — Its impact on tableting data analysis and a method to eliminate it. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Palomäki E, Ehlers H, Antikainen O, Sandler N, Yliruusi J. Non-destructive assessment of mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose compacts. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:633-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Saffari M, Ebrahimi A, Langrish T. Highly-porous mannitol particle production using a new templating approach. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Al-khattawi A, Alyami H, Townsend B, Ma X, Mohammed AR. Evidence-based nanoscopic and molecular framework for excipient functionality in compressed orally disintegrating tablets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101369. [PMID: 25025427 PMCID: PMC4098910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The work investigates the adhesive/cohesive molecular and physical interactions together with nanoscopic features of commonly used orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) excipients microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and D-mannitol. This helps to elucidate the underlying physico-chemical and mechanical mechanisms responsible for powder densification and optimum product functionality. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) contact mode analysis was performed to measure nano-adhesion forces and surface energies between excipient-drug particles (6-10 different particles per each pair). Moreover, surface topography images (100 nm2-10 µm2) and roughness data were acquired from AFM tapping mode. AFM data were related to ODT macro/microscopic properties obtained from SEM, FTIR, XRD, thermal analysis using DSC and TGA, disintegration testing, Heckel and tabletability profiles. The study results showed a good association between the adhesive molecular and physical forces of paired particles and the resultant densification mechanisms responsible for mechanical strength of tablets. MCC micro roughness was 3 times that of D-mannitol which explains the high hardness of MCC ODTs due to mechanical interlocking. Hydrogen bonding between MCC particles could not be established from both AFM and FTIR solid state investigation. On the contrary, D-mannitol produced fragile ODTs due to fragmentation of surface crystallites during compression attained from its weak crystal structure. Furthermore, AFM analysis has shown the presence of extensive micro fibril structures inhabiting nano pores which further supports the use of MCC as a disintegrant. Overall, excipients (and model drugs) showed mechanistic behaviour on the nano/micro scale that could be related to the functionality of materials on the macro scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-khattawi
- Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hamad Alyami
- Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Townsend
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xianghong Ma
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Afzal R. Mohammed
- Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Koradia V, Tenho M, Lopez de Diego H, Ringkjøbing-Elema M, Møller-Sonnergaard J, Salonen J, Lehto VP, Rantanen J. Investigation of Solid Phase Composition on Tablet Surfaces by Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction. Pharm Res 2011; 29:134-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Chieng N, Rades T, Aaltonen J. An overview of recent studies on the analysis of pharmaceutical polymorphs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:618-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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15
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Patel S, Kaushal AM, Bansal AK. Mechanistic investigation on pressure dependency of Heckel parameter. Int J Pharm 2010; 389:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Jørgensen AC, Strachan CJ, Pöllänen KH, Koradia V, Tian F, Rantanen J. An insight into water of crystallization during processing using vibrational spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3903-32. [PMID: 19670461 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many organic molecules used as drugs can incorporate water into their crystal lattice. These compounds are also prone to processing-induced transformations (PITs) because processing often exposes the compounds to moisture, heat and mechanical stress. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the possibilities for following and understanding hydrate/anhydrate transformations using vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared, near-infrared, Raman and terahertz). The review begins with a general section on hydrates, followed by considerations on the impact of these on drug products and a description of transformation mechanisms of hydrates. Moreover, a general introduction is given for the spectroscopic techniques together with a discussion of critical issues for quantification models. Unit operations that may induce transformations in hydrate systems are discussed with focus on the published work on the use of spectroscopy to derive information from these processes. Finally, the effect of excipients on PITs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cecilia Jørgensen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Matvienko AA, Boldyrev VV, Sidel’nikov AA, Chizhik SA. The interaction of the theophylline metastable phase with water vapor. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024408070029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Determination of the crushing strength of intact tablets using Raman spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2008; 360:40-6. [PMID: 18513899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the Raman spectroscopy technique was used as a non-invasive, rapid analytical method for measuring the crushing strength of tablets. The compressed tablets were individually detected, using Raman spectroscopy, and the respective crushing strength values were measured, using a tablet hardness tester as a reference method. The tablets were compressed from a granule mass containing theophylline anhydrate as an active substance. For measuring the crushing strength of the tablets, Raman spectra were recorded from the tablets. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were constructed to obtain information from the spectra. The correlation between measured and predicted crushing strength values for the tablets was shown to be very favorable. With Raman spectroscopy, shifting of the baseline was observed as the crushing strengths of tablets (and the smoothness of the tablet surface) were increased. Consequently, correlation between the crushing strength data on the present tablets and Raman spectra was observed. Multiple scanning electron (SEM) and non-contact laser profilometry (LP) micrographs from the surfaces of the tablets were taken to describe the surfaces and applied as supportive information for the proposed spectroscopy approach. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy is a promising alternative for established off-line/at-line tablet-testing methods for some tablet formulations.
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Franceschi E, Kunita MH, Tres MV, Rubira AF, Muniz EC, Corazza ML, Dariva C, Ferreira SR, Oliveira JV. Phase behavior and process parameters effects on the characteristics of precipitated theophylline using carbon dioxide as antisolvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Nolasco MM, Amado AM, Ribeiro-Claro PJA. Computationally-assisted approach to the vibrational spectra of molecular crystals: study of hydrogen-bonding and pseudo-polymorphism. Chemphyschem 2007; 7:2150-61. [PMID: 16983716 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new computationally-assisted methodology (PiMM), which accounts for the effects of intermolecular interactions in the crystal, is applied to the complete assignment of the Raman and infrared vibrational spectra of room temperature forms of crystalline caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. The vibrational shifts due to crystal packing interactions are evaluated from ab initio calculations for a set of suitable molecular pairs, using the B3LYP/6-31G* approach. The proposed methodology provides an answer to the current demand for a reliable assignment of the vibrational spectra of these methyl-xanthines, and clarifies several misleading assignments. The most relevant intermolecular interactions in each system and their effect on the vibrational spectra are considered and discussed. Based on these results, significant insights are obtained for the structure of caffeine in the anhydrous form (stable at room temperature), for which no X-ray structure has been reported. A possible structure based on C((8))--H...N((9)) and C((1,3))--H...O intermolecular interactions is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela M Nolasco
- CICECO, Departamento de Química Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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21
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Amado AM, Nolasco MM, Ribeiro-Claro PJA. Probing pseudopolymorphic transitions in pharmaceutical solids using Raman spectroscopy: hydration and dehydration of theophylline. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1366-79. [PMID: 17455358 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Theophylline is known to undergo vapor phase induced hydrate-anhydrate pseudopolymorphic transformations, which can affect its bioavailability. In this work, the kinetics of the pseudopolymorphic transitions of theophylline crystals in different storage conditions is studied using a vibrational spectroscopic technique. While the hydration is a single-step process with a half-life time of ca. 5 h, the dehydration occurs through a two-step mechanism. In addition, the phase stability of hydrate-anhydrate systems in different relative humidity (RH) conditions was probed. The critical RH for anhydrous teophylline was found to be at ca. 79%, while the critical RH for dehydration is ca. 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Amado
- Química-Física Molecular, Departamento de Química, FCTUC, Universidade de Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Nunes C, Mahendrasingam A, Suryanarayanan R. Investigation of the multi-step dehydration reaction of theophylline monohydrate using 2-dimensional powder X-ray diffractometry. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2393-404. [PMID: 16947081 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (i) To study the dehydration kinetics of theophylline monohydrate using 2-dimensional (2D) powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and (ii) to investigate the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the dehydration pathway and kinetics. METHODS Theophylline monohydrate (C(7)H(8)N(4)O(2).H(2)O; M) was recrystallized from aqueous PVP solutions of different concentrations. Dehydration kinetics was studied isothermally, at several temperatures, from 35 to 130 degrees C. The experimental set-up comprised of a high intensity X-ray source (synchrotron radiation or 8 kW rotating anode), a heating chamber, and a 2D area detector. Diffraction patterns were collected continuously, with a time resolution ranging from 40 ms to 30 s, over the angular range of 3 to 27 degrees 2theta. RESULTS Dehydration of M resulted in either the stable (C(7)H(8)N(4)O(2); A), or the metastable anhydrate (A*), with the latter having a tendency to transform to A. The XRD technique allowed simultaneous quantification of M, A* and A during the dehydration reaction. The rate constants for individual reaction steps (M-->A*; M-->A and A*-->A) were determined by fitting the data to solid-state reaction models. In presence of PVP, there was a decrease in the magnitude of the rate constant associated with the M-->A transition, resulting in an increased build-up of A* in the product. The inhibitory effect of PVP on M-->A transition was more pronounced at lower dehydration temperatures, and was proportional to the concentration of PVP. CONCLUSIONS Two dimensional powder X-ray diffractometry, using a high intensity source, is a powerful technique to study kinetics of rapid solid-state reactions. The inhibitory effect of excipients can have profound effect on phases formed during pharmaceutical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus Nunes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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23
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Urabe M, Ito S, Itai S, Yuasa H. Assessment of tableting properties using infinitesimal quantities of powder medicine II. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(06)50065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Sandler N, Rantanen J, Heinämäki J, Römer M, Marvola M, Yliruusi J. Pellet manufacturing by extrusion-spheronization using process analytical technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005; 6:E174-83. [PMID: 16353975 PMCID: PMC2750529 DOI: 10.1208/pt060226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the phase transitions occurring in nitrofurantoin and theophylline formulations during pelletization by extrusion-spheronization. An at-line process analytical technology (PAT) approach was used to increase the understanding of the solid-state behavior of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during pelletization. Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used in the characterization of polymorphic changes during the process. Samples were collected at the end of each processing stage (blending, granulation, extrusion, spheronization, and drying). Batches were dried at 3 temperature levels (60 degrees C, 100 degrees C, and 135 degrees C). Water induced a hydrate formation in both model formulations during processing. NIR spectroscopy gave valuable real-time data about the state of water in the system, but it was not able to detect the hydrate formation in the theophylline and nitrofurantoin formulations during the granulation, extrusion, and spheronization stages because of the saturation of the water signal. Raman and XRPD measurement results confirmed the expected pseudopolymorphic changes of the APIs in the wet process stages. The relatively low level of Raman signal with the theophylline formulation complicated the interpretation. The drying temperature had a significant effect on dehydration. For a channel hydrate (theophylline), dehydration occurred at lower drying temperatures. In the case of isolated site hydrate (nitrofurantoin), dehydration was observed at higher temperatures. To reach an understanding of the process and to find the critical process parameters, the use of complementary analytical techniques are absolutely necessary when signals from APIs and different excipients overlap each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sandler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Kiekens F, Debunne A, Vervaet C, Baert L, Vanhoutte F, Van Assche I, Menard F, Remon JP. Influence of the punch diameter and curvature on the yield pressure of MCC-compacts during Heckel analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 22:117-26. [PMID: 15158897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The volume reduction behaviour of powders has been quantified by means of the 'in-die' yield pressure (YP) using Heckel analysis. However, because different YPs are reported for the same material, the experimental conditions influencing this material-constant were investigated. Silicified microcrystalline cellulose was compressed into flat-faced and convex tablets using a compaction simulator instrumented with load and displacement transducers. During compression, upper and lower punch force and displacement data were recorded and corrected for punch deformation. A symmetrical triangle wave compression profile was used and the instantaneous punch velocity was kept constant (5mm/s). Individual tablet height and weight were used for Heckel analysis. The influence of the 'effective compression pressure' (P(EFF)) (ranging from 10 to 350 MPa), punch diameter (PD) (4, 9.5 and 12 mm) and filling depth (FD) (4.5, 7.5 and 10.5mm) on YP was statistically evaluated using Response Surface Modelling software. A quadratic surface response equation, describing the relationship between P(EFF), PD, FD and YP, was proposed for concave (Adj R(2): 0.8424; S.D.: 14.60 MPa) and flat-faced (Adj R(2): 0.8409; S.D.: 4.49 MPa) punches. YP and tensile strength were mainly determined by P(EFF), irrespective of punch curvature. FD and PD had only a minor influence on the YP, although more pronounced for the concave punches. The method used resulted in reproducible P(EFF) and tensile strength values and the flat-faced tablets showed less weight variation. Flat-faced punches are preferred over punches with a concave surface when investigating the volume reduction behaviour of a powder by means of Heckel analysis and the experimental parameters should be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kiekens
- Pharmaceutical Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Influence of processing-induced phase transformations on the dissolution of theophylline tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02830576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Debnath S, Suryanarayanan R. Influence of processing-induced phase transformations on the dissolution of theophylline tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2004; 5:E8. [PMID: 15198529 PMCID: PMC2784859 DOI: 10.1208/pt050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of (1) processing-induced decrease in drug crystallinity and (2) phase transformations during dissolution, on the performance of theophylline tablet formulations. Anhydrous theophylline underwent multiple transformations (anhydrate --> hydrate --> anhydrate) during processing. Although the crystallinity of the anhydrate obtained finally was lower than that of the unprocessed drug, it dissolved at a slower rate. This decrease in dissolution rate was attributed to the accelerated anhydrate to hydrate transformation during the dissolution run. Water vapor sorption studies proved to be a good predictor of powder dissolution behavior. While a decrease in crystallinity was brought about either by milling or by granulation, the effect on tablet dissolution was pronounced only in the latter. Tablet formulations prepared from the granules exhibited higher hardness, longer disintegration time, and slower dissolution than those containing the milled drug. The granules underwent plastic deformation during compression resulting in harder tablets, with delayed disintegration. The high hardness coupled with rapid anhydrate --> hydrate transformation during dissolution resulted in the formation of a hydrate layer on the tablet surface, which further delayed tablet disintegration and, consequently, dissolution. Phase transformations during processing and, more importantly, during dissolution influenced the observed dissolution rates. Product performance was a complex function of the physical state of the active and the processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Debnath
- />College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, 55455 Minneapolis, MN
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- />College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, 55455 Minneapolis, MN
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