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Foley L, Ziaee A, Walker G, O’Reilly E. Pulmonary Inhalation of Biotherapeutics: A Systematic Approach to Understanding the Effects of Atomisation Gas Flow Rate on Particle Physiochemical Properties and Retained Bioactivity. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1020. [PMID: 39204365 PMCID: PMC11359500 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of spray-drying processing parameters capable of producing particles suitable for pulmonary inhalation with retained bioactivity underpins the development of inhalable biotherapeutics. Effective delivery of biopharmaceuticals via pulmonary delivery routes such as dry powder inhalation (DPI) requires developing techniques that engineer particles to well-defined target profiles while simultaneously minimising protein denaturation. This study examines the simultaneous effects of atomisation gas flow rate on particle properties and retained bioactivity for the model biopharmaceutical lysozyme. The results show that optimising the interplay between atomisation gas flow rate and excipient concentration enables the production of free-flowing powder with retained bioactivity approaching 100%, moisture content below 4%, and D50 < 4 µm, at yields exceeding 50%. The developed methodologies inform the future design of protein-specific spray-drying parameters for inhalable biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmet O’Reilly
- SSPC the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (L.F.); (A.Z.); (G.W.)
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2
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Dauer K, Werner C, Lindenblatt D, Wagner KG. Impact of process stress on protein stability in highly-loaded solid protein/PEG formulations from small-scale melt extrusion. Int J Pharm X 2022; 5:100154. [PMID: 36632069 PMCID: PMC9826855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As protein-based therapeutics often exhibit a limited stability in liquid formulations, there is a growing interest in the development of solid protein formulations due to improved protein stability in the solid state. We used small-scale (<3 g) ram and twin-screw extrusion for the solid stabilization of proteins (Lysozyme, BSA, and human insulin) in PEG-matrices. Protein stability after extrusion was systematically investigated using ss-DSC, ss-FTIR, CD spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, SEC, RP-HPLC, and in case of Lysozyme an activity assay. The applied analytical methods offered an accurate assessment of protein stability in extrudates, enabling the comparison of different melt extrusion formulations and process parameters (e.g., shear stress levels, screw configurations, residence times). Lysozyme was implemented as a model protein and was completely recovered in its active form after extrusion. Differences seen between Lysozyme- and BSA- or human insulin-loaded extrudates indicated that melt extrusion could have an impact on the conformational stability. In particular, BSA and human insulin were more susceptible to heat exposure and shear stress compared to Lysozyme, where shear stress was the dominant parameter. Consequently, ram extrusion led to less conformational changes compared to TSE. Ram extrusion showed good protein particle distribution resulting in the preferred method to prepare highly-loaded solid protein formulations.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BSE, backscattered electron
- CD, circular dichroism
- DSC, Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- EDX, energy-dispersive X-ray detector
- EVA, Ethylene-vinyl acetate
- FTIR, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HMWS, high molecular weight species
- Hot-melt extrusion
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEO, polyethylene oxide
- PLGA, Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid
- Protein stability
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- Small-scale
- Solid-state characterization
- TSE, twin-screw extrusion
- ss, solid-state
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dauer
- University of Bonn, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Lindenblatt
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl Gerhard Wagner
- University of Bonn, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author at: University of Bonn, Department of Pharmaceutics, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-loaded cream against MRSA and promotion of scalded wound healing. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122200. [PMID: 36155893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection, especially its drug-resistant bacterial infection, is a great challenge often faced by clinicians and patients, and it is also one of the most important threats to public health. Finding a safe and effective antibacterial agent is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infection. Lysozyme is known to have antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus. Here, high-quality lysozyme with a purity of more than 99% and an activity of more than 60, 000 U/mg was prepared from egg white, which showed excellent antibacterial activity against three strains of S. aureus, especially against MRSA. Furthermore, an antibacterial cream loaded with lysozyme was prepared and tested in scald wound healing. The lysozyme-loaded cream exhibited the effect of preventing wound infection and promoting wound healing on scalds, and no toxicity was found in animal organs. Overall, lysozyme showed great application potential in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by S. aureus and scalded wound healing. The most remarkable discovery in this work is the unexpectedly powerful inhibitory effect of lysozyme on the drug-resistant bacterial, especially MRSA, which is usually very difficult to deal with using normal antibacterial drugs.
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4
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Cerón AA, Nascife L, Norte S, Costa SA, Oliveira do Nascimento JH, Morisso FDP, Baruque-Ramos J, Oliveira RC, Costa SM. Synthesis of chitosan-lysozyme microspheres, physicochemical characterization, enzymatic and antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:572-581. [PMID: 34216659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan microspheres (CMS) by the emulsion-chemical cross-linking method with and without lysozyme immobilization were synthesized and characterized. The technique conditions were adjusted, and spherical particles with approximate diameters of 3.74 ± 1.08 μm and 0. 29 ± 0.029 μm to CMS and chitosan-lysozyme microspheres (C-LMS), respectively, were obtained. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential. Particle size was identified by laser light scattering (DLS) and the thermal properties by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry (TGA) were determined. By the lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, the activity of the microspheres was determined, and the results correlated with the amount of lysozyme used in the immobilization process and the enzyme loading efficiency was 67%. Finally, release tests pointed out the amount of enzyme immobilized on the microsphere surface. These results showed that chitosan microspheres could be used as material for lysozyme immobilization by cross-linking technique. The antimicrobial activity was tested by inhibition percent determination, and it evidenced both chitosan microspheres (CMS) and chitosan-lysozyme microspheres (C-LMS) positive antimicrobial activity to Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie A Cerón
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Textile and Fashion Course, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil.
| | - Lorrane Nascife
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Textile and Fashion Course, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Samuel Norte
- Center of Agricultural Sciences, University Federal of São Carlos, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, Araras, SP 13600-97, Brazil
| | - Silgia A Costa
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Textile and Fashion Course, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlia Baruque-Ramos
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Textile and Fashion Course, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Oliveira
- Departament of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, Bauru, SP 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Sirlene M Costa
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Textile and Fashion Course, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
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Brunaugh AD, Seo H, Warnken Z, Ding L, Seo SH, Smyth HDC. Development and evaluation of inhalable composite niclosamide-lysozyme particles: A broad-spectrum, patient-adaptable treatment for coronavirus infections and sequalae. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246803. [PMID: 33571320 PMCID: PMC7877651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC) has demonstrated promising in vitro antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Though NIC is already FDA-approved, administration of the currently available oral formulation results in systemic drug levels that are too low for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesized that the co-formulation of NIC with an endogenous protein, human lysozyme (hLYS), could enable the direct aerosol delivery of the drug to the respiratory tract as an alternative to oral delivery, thereby effectively treating COVID-19 by targeting the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and spread. To test this hypothesis, we engineered and optimized composite particles containing NIC and hLYS suitable for delivery to the upper and lower airways via dry powder inhaler, nebulizer, and nasal spray. The novel formulation demonstrates potent in vitro and in vivo activity against two coronavirus strains, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and may offer protection against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and inflammatory lung damage occurring secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infections. The suitability of the formulation for all stages of the disease and low-cost development approach will ensure rapid clinical development and wide-spread utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee D. Brunaugh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hyojong Seo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zachary Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sang Heui Seo
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yoseong Gu, Dajeon, Korea
| | - Hugh D. C. Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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6
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Omer HK, Hussein NR, Ferraz A, Najlah M, Ahmed W, Taylor KMG, Elhissi AMA. Spray-Dried Proliposome Microparticles for High-Performance Aerosol Delivery Using a Monodose Powder Inhaler. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2434-2448. [PMID: 29872976 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliposome formulations containing salbutamol sulphate (SS) were developed using spray drying, and the effects of carrier type (lactose monohydrate (LMH) or mannitol) and lipid to carrier ratio were evaluated. The lipid phase comprised soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol (1:1), and the ratios of lipid to carrier were 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 or 1:10 w/w. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) revealed an interaction between the components of the proliposome particles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that mannitol-based proliposomes were uniformly sized and spherical, whilst LMH-based proliposomes were irregular and relatively large. Using a two-stage impinger (TSI), fine particle fraction (FPF) values of the proliposomes were higher for mannitol-based formulations, reaching 52.6%, which was attributed to the better flow properties when mannitol was used as carrier. Following hydration of proliposomes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that vesicles generated from mannitol-based formulations were oligolamellar, whilst LMH-based proliposomes generated 'worm-like' structures and vesicle clusters. Vesicle size decreased upon increasing carrier to lipid ratio, and the zeta potential values were negative. Drug entrapment efficiency (EE) was higher for liposomes generated from LMH-based proliposomes, reaching 37.76% when 1:2 lipid to carrier ratio was used. The in vitro drug release profile was similar for both carriers when 1:6 lipid to carrier ratio was used. This study showed that spray drying can produce inhalable proliposome microparticles that can generate liposomes upon contact with an aqueous phase, and the FPF of proliposomes and the EE offered by liposomes were formulation-dependent.
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7
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Mukhametzyanov TA, Sedov IA, Solomonov BN, Schick C. Fast scanning calorimetry of lysozyme unfolding at scanning rates from 5 K/min to 500,000 K/min. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2024-2030. [PMID: 29964144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein denaturation is often studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, conventional instruments are limited in the temperature scanning rate available. Fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) provides an ability to study processes at much higher rates while using extremely small sample masses [ng]. This makes it a very interesting technique for protein investigation. METHODS A combination of conventional DSC and fast scanning calorimeters was used to study denaturation of lysozyme dissolved in glycerol. Glycerol was chosen as a solvent to prevent evaporation from the micro-sized samples of the fast scanning calorimeter. RESULTS The lysozyme denaturation temperatures in the range of scanning rates from 5 K/min to ca. 500,000 K/min follow the Arrhenius law. The experimental results for FSC and conventional DSC fall into two distinct clusters in a Kissinger plot, which are well approximated by two parallel straight lines. CONCLUSIONS The transition temperatures for the unfolding process measured on fast scanning calorimetry sensor are significantly lower than what could be expected from the results of conventional DSC using extrapolation to high scanning rates. Evidence for the influence of the relative surface area on the unfolding temperature was found. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, fast scanning calorimetry was employed to study protein denaturation with a range of temperature scanning rates of 5 orders of magnitude. Decreased thermal stability of the micro-sized samples on the fast scanning calorimeter raise caution over using bulk solution thermal stability data of proteins for applications where micro-sized dispersed protein solutions are used, e.g., spray drying.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor A Sedov
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Boris N Solomonov
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Christoph Schick
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation; University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Chen YC, Smith T, Hicks RH, Doekhie A, Koumanov F, Wells SA, Edler KJ, van den Elsen J, Holman GD, Marchbank KJ, Sartbaeva A. Thermal stability, storage and release of proteins with tailored fit in silica. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46568. [PMID: 28436442 PMCID: PMC5402271 DOI: 10.1038/srep46568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological substances based on proteins, including vaccines, antibodies, and enzymes, typically degrade at room temperature over time due to denaturation, as proteins unfold with loss of secondary and tertiary structure. Their storage and distribution therefore relies on a "cold chain" of continuous refrigeration; this is costly and not always effective, as any break in the chain leads to rapid loss of effectiveness and potency. Efforts have been made to make vaccines thermally stable using treatments including freeze-drying (lyophilisation), biomineralisation, and encapsulation in sugar glass and organic polymers. Here for the first time we show that proteins can be enclosed in a deposited silica "cage", rendering them stable against denaturing thermal treatment and long-term ambient-temperature storage, and subsequently released into solution with their structure and function intact. This "ensilication" method produces a storable solid protein-loaded material without the need for desiccation or freeze-drying. Ensilication offers the prospect of a solution to the "cold chain" problem for biological materials, in particular for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tristan Smith
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Robert H. Hicks
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Aswin Doekhie
- Department of Chemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Stephen A. Wells
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department of Chemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jean van den Elsen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Geoffrey D. Holman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Asel Sartbaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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9
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Development of polyphenol-protein-polysaccharide ternary complexes as emulsifiers for nutraceutical emulsions: Impact on formation, stability, and bioaccessibility of β-carotene emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Haj-Ahmad RR, Mamayusupov M, Elkordy EA, Elkordy AA. Influences of copolymers (Copovidone, Eudragit RL PO and Kollicoat MAE 30 DP) on stability and bioactivity of spray-dried and freeze-dried lysozyme. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:2086-2096. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rochdi Haj-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, Sunderland Pharmacy School, Sunderland, UK
| | - Mahmud Mamayusupov
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman Ali Elkordy
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amal Ali Elkordy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, Sunderland Pharmacy School, Sunderland, UK
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Mohammad MA, Grimsey IM, Forbes RT. Mapping the solid-state properties of crystalline lysozyme during pharmaceutical unit-operations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Incorporating small molecules or biologics into nanofibers for optimized drug release: A review. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:516-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Puhl S, Li L, Meinel L, Germershaus O. Controlled Protein Delivery from Electrospun Non-Wovens: Novel Combination of Protein Crystals and a Biodegradable Release Matrix. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2372-80. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Puhl
- Institute
for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Linhao Li
- Institute
for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Key
Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,
College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute
for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Germershaus
- Institute
for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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14
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Haj-Ahmad RR, Elkordy AA, Chaw CS, Moore A. Compare and contrast the effects of surfactants (Pluronic®F-127 and Cremophor®EL) and sugars (β-cyclodextrin and inulin) on properties of spray dried and crystallised lysozyme. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:519-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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15
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Hebel D, Huber S, Stanislawski B, Hekmat D. Stirred batch crystallization of a therapeutic antibody fragment. J Biotechnol 2013; 166:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Smejkal B, Helk B, Rondeau JM, Anton S, Wilke A, Scheyerer P, Fries J, Hekmat D, Weuster-Botz D. Protein crystallization in stirred systems--scale-up via the maximum local energy dissipation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1956-63. [PMID: 23335375 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular bioproducts like therapeutic proteins have usually been crystallized with µL-scale vapor diffusion experiments for structure determination by X-ray diffraction. Little systematic know-how exists for technical-scale protein crystallization in stirred vessels. In this study, the Fab-fragment of the therapeutic antibody Canakinumab was successfully crystallized in a stirred-tank reactor on a 6 mL-scale. A four times faster onset of crystallization of the Fab-fragment was observed compared to the non-agitated 10 µL-scale. Further studies on a liter-scale with lysozyme confirmed this effect. A 10 times faster onset of crystallization was observed in this case at an optimum stirrer speed. Commonly suggested scale-up criteria (i.e., minimum stirrer speed to keep the protein crystals in suspension or constant impeller tip speed) were shown not to be successful. Therefore, the criterion of constant maximum local energy dissipation was applied for scale-up of the stirred crystallization process for the first time. The maximum local energy dissipation was estimated by measuring the drop size distribution of an oil/surfactant/water emulsion in stirred-tank reactors on a 6 mL-, 100 mL-, and 1 L-scale. A comparable crystallization behavior was achieved in all stirred-tank reactors when the maximum local energy dissipation was kept constant for scale-up. A maximum local energy dissipation of 2.2 W kg(-1) was identified to be the optimum for lysozyme crystallization at all scales under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Smejkal
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
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17
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NíÓgáin O, Tajber L, Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Spray drying from organic solvents to prepare nanoporous/nanoparticulate microparticles of protein: excipient composites designed for oral inhalation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1275-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine if spray-drying could successfully produce microparticles containing the model protein trypsin in a form suitable for inhalation.
Methods
Trypsin was spray-dried with raffinose from a methanol : n-butyl acetate solvent system (MeOH : BA). The solvent system was then adjusted to include water, and trypsin was co-spray-dried with raffinose, trehalose or hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The spray-dried products were characterised by SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA and FTIR. Protein biological activity and in-vitro deposition of trypsin : excipient nanoporous/nanoparticulate microparticles (NPMPs) was also assessed.
Key findings
The inclusion of water in a MeOH : BA solvent system allowed for the successful production of NPMPs of trypsin : excipient by spray-drying. Trypsin formulated as trypsin : excipient NPMPs retained biological activity on processing and showed no deterioration in activity or morphological characteristics when stored with desiccant at either 4 or 25°C. Hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin showed advantages over the sugars in terms of producing powders with appropriate density and with greater physical stability under high-humidity conditions. Fine particle fractions of between 41 and 45% were determined for trypsin : excipient NPMPs.
Conclusions
NPMPs of trypsin : excipient systems can be produced by spray-drying by adjustment of the solvent system to allow for adequate solubility of trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla NíÓgáin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Owen I Corrigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Charnvanich D, Vardhanabhuti N, Kulvanich P. Effect of cholesterol on the properties of spray-dried lysozyme-loaded liposomal powders. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:832-42. [PMID: 20464536 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cholesterol (Chol) in the liposomal bilayer on the properties of inhalable protein-loaded liposomal powders prepared by spray-drying technique was investigated. Lysozyme (LSZ) was used as a model protein. Feed solution for spray drying was prepared by direct mixing of aqueous solution of LSZ with mannitol solution and empty liposome dispersions composed of hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine and Chol at various molar ratios. The spray-dried powders were characterized with respect to morphology, thermal property, and crystallinity using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Most formulations gave slightly aggregated, spherical particles, and percentage yields of the spray-dried powders decreased with increasing Chol content. Degree of particle aggregation depended on the powder composition. The powders spontaneously formed liposomes which efficiently entrapped LSZ after reconstitution with HEPES buffered saline (HBS) at 37 degrees C. Lysozyme entrapment efficiency and size distribution of the reconstituted liposomes were evaluated after the powders were reconstituted with HBS. Increasing Chol content resulted in a decrease in size of the reconstituted liposomes and an increase in entrapment efficiency of LSZ. These results correlated with thermal behaviors of the reconstituted liposomes. Biological activity of LSZ was not affected by the spray-drying process. It was also demonstrated that LSZ-loaded liposomal powders could be produced without the need to preload the LSZ into liposomes prior to spray-drying process.
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Ghalanbor Z, Körber M, Bodmeier R. Improved lysozyme stability and release properties of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) implants prepared by hot-melt extrusion. Pharm Res 2009; 27:371-9. [PMID: 20033474 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of hot-melt extrusion (HME) for preparing implants based on protein/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) formulations with special emphasis on protein stability, burst release and release completeness. METHOD Model protein (lysozyme)-loaded PLGA implants were prepared with a screw extruder and a self-built syringe-die device as a rapid screening tool for HME formulation optimization. Lysozyme stability was determined using DSC, FTIR, HPLC and biological activity. The simultaneous effect of lysozyme and PEG loadings was investigated to obtain optimized formulations with high drug loading but low initial release. RESULTS Lysozyme was recovered from implants with full biological activity after HME. The release from all implants reached the 100% value in 60-80 days with nearly complete enzymatic activity of the last fraction of released lysozyme. Pure PLGA implants with up to 20% lysozyme loading could be formulated without initial burst. The incorporation of PEG 400 reduced the initial burst at drug loadings in excess of 20%. CONCLUSION A complete lysozyme recovery in active form with a burst-free and complete release from PLGA implants prepared by hot-melt extrusion was obtained. This is in contrast to many reported microparticulate lysozyme-PLGA systems and suggests the great potential of hot-melt extrusion for the preparation of protein-PLGA implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghalanbor
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
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Hulse WL, Forbes RT, Bonner MC, Getrost M. Influence of protein on mannitol polymorphic form produced during co-spray drying. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Ragab DM, Rohani S. Particle Engineering Strategies via Crystallization for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M. Ragab
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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22
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23
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Formation of Stable Submicron Protein Particles by Thin Film Freezing. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1334-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Study of protein conformational stability and integrity using calorimetry and FT-Raman spectroscopy correlated with enzymatic activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 33:177-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Maltesen MJ, van de Weert M. Drying methods for protein pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e81-e88. [PMID: 24981095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Removal of water is a common method to prolong the storage stability of protein formulations. Traditionally, freeze-drying has been the method of choice, but spray drying and supercritical drying have gained increased interest in the past decade. The proper choice of drying technology has a significant impact on the final pharmaceutical product and on the overall economy of the process.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Jonas Maltesen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marco van de Weert
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Wu Y, Liu S, Zuo Y, Li J, Wang J. Photodegradation of Some Dyes Over Ce/FSM-16 Catalyst Under Solar Light. Catal Letters 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-007-9224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Forbes RT, Barry BW, Elkordy AA. Preparation and characterisation of spray-dried and crystallised trypsin: FT-Raman study to detect protein denaturation after thermal stress. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 30:315-23. [PMID: 17236751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The production of stable protein formulations is difficult due to unique properties of proteins. Accordingly, spray drying and crystallisation techniques were assessed for their effects on trypsin, a model protein. Samples were investigated using polarising microscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-Raman spectroscopy and enzymatic assay. Unprocessed, spray-dried and crystallised trypsin were evaluated in solution for secondary structure in low and high protein concentrations using aqueous state FT-Raman spectroscopy and for folding reversibility employing high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Spray-dried trypsin showed FT-Raman spectral changes and less biological activity, after rehydration, compared with unprocessed and crystallised trypsin. Crystals maintained activity better than did the spray-dried form and retained a higher folding reversibility compared to unprocessed and spray-dried protein. Proteins may denature with structural changes under thermal stress and lose their activities. Thus, this research studied the effect of heating solid unprocessed, spray-dried and crystallised trypsin samples on their secondary structures, using FT-Raman spectroscopy, to identify the influence of the initial solid form on its propensity for thermal denaturation and whether this can be correlated with catalytic activity. DSC heated protein samples to two temperatures, one before the apparent denaturation temperature (T(m)) and the other after the T(m). Samples heated below their T(m) showed some perturbations of the secondary structure and some activity, whilst materials rose to the higher temperature were insoluble with complete loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Forbes
- Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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28
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Shoyele SA, Cawthorne S. Particle engineering techniques for inhaled biopharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1009-29. [PMID: 17005293 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of biopharmaceuticals for pulmonary delivery is faced with the challenge of producing particles with the optimal properties for deep lung deposition without altering the native conformation of these molecules. Traditional techniques such as milling are continuously being improved while newer and more advanced techniques such as spray drying, spray freeze drying and supercritical fluid technology are being developed so as to optimize pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals. While some of these techniques are quite promising, some are harsh and impracticable. Method scale up, cost-effectiveness and safety issues are important factors to be considered in the choice of a technique. This paper reviews the presently developed techniques for particle engineering biopharmaceuticals.
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29
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Polymeric hydrophobic membranes as a tool to control polymorphism and protein–ligand interactions. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Engstrom JD, Simpson DT, Lai ES, Williams RO, Johnston KP. Morphology of protein particles produced by spray freezing of concentrated solutions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 65:149-62. [PMID: 17010582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the formation of high surface area lysozyme particles in spray freezing processes are described as a function of spray geometry and atomization, solute concentration and the calculated cooling rate. In the spray freeze-drying (SFD) process, droplets are atomized into a gas and then freeze upon contact with a liquid cryogen. In the spray freezing into liquid (SFL) process, a solution is sprayed directly into the liquid cryogen below the gas-liquid meniscus. A wide range of feed concentrations is examined for two cryogens, liquid nitrogen (LN2) and isopentane (i-C5). The particle morphologies are characterized by SEM micrographs and BET measurements of specific surface area. As a result of boiling of the cryogen (Leidenfrost effect), the cooling rate for SFL into LN2 is several orders of magnitude slower than for SFL into i-C5 and for SFD in the case of either LN2 or i-C5. For 50 mg/mL concentrated feed solutions, the slower cooling of SFL into LN2 leads to a surface area of 34 m(2)/g. For the other three cases with more rapid cooling rates, surface areas were greater than 100 m(2)/g. The ability to adjust the cooling rate to vary the final particle surface area is beneficial for designing particles for controlled release applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D Engstrom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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31
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Elkordy AA, Forbes RT, Barry BW. Stability of crystallised and spray-dried lysozyme. Int J Pharm 2004; 278:209-19. [PMID: 15196626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Moisture and temperature promote protein degradation. The stabilities of commercial, crystallised and spray-dried lysozyme, a model protein, were assessed under these stresses to explore whether a crystalline protein had better storage stability than a conventionally produced one. Samples were maintained at different relative humidities (RH) and temperatures for 20 weeks and stabilities estimated in solid and aqueous states. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA) characterised solid samples. Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy analysed solid material and aqueous solutions. High sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) and enzymatic assays were used to monitor solutions. DSC and HSDSC data revealed that crystals maintained thermal stability at high RH; spray drying appreciably changed melting characteristics. These results correlated with enzymatic assays that demonstrated good activity retention for crystals but less so for spray-dried material (e.g. 95 and 87% relative to fresh samples after 20 weeks at 40 degrees C/75% RH). FT-Raman analysis showed that crystallised lysozyme better-maintained protein conformational integrity compared to spray-dried samples in accelerated stability studies. Based on TGA data, spray-dried protein absorbed water on storage under humid conditions, which induced instability. Thus, crystallisation enhanced storage stability of lysozyme with negligible loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Elkordy
- Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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32
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Martin RW, Zilm KW. Preparation of protein nanocrystals and their characterization by solid state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2003; 165:162-74. [PMID: 14568526 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-7807(03)00253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of proteins in their crystalline state has been found to be important in producing stable therapeutic protein formulations, cross-linked enzyme crystals for application in industrial processes, generating novel porous media for separations, and of course in structure elucidation. Of these applications only X-ray crystallography requires large crystals, defined here as being crystals 100s of microns or greater in size. Smaller crystals have attractive attributes in many instances, and are just as useful in structure determination by solid state NMR (ssNMR) as are large crystals. In this paper we outline a simple set of procedures for preparing nanocrystalline protein samples for ssNMR or other applications and describe the characterization of their crystallinity by ssNMR and X-ray powder diffraction. The approach is demonstrated in application to five different proteins: ubiquitin, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, streptavidin, and cytochrome c. In all instances the nanocrystals produced are found to be highly crystalline as judged by natural abundance 13C ssNMR and optical and electron microscopy. We show for ubiquitin that nanocrystals prepared by rapid batch crystallization yield equivalent 13C ssNMR spectra to those of larger X-ray diffraction quality crystals. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction measurements are made to compare the degree of order present in polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, and lyophilized ubiquitin. Solid state 13C NMR is also used to show that ubiquitin nanocrystals are thermally robust, giving no indication of loss of local order after repeated temperature cycling between liquid nitrogen and room temperature. The methods developed are rapid and should scale well from the tenths of milligram to multi-gram scales, and as such should find wide utility in the preparation of protein nanocrystals for applications in catalysis, separations, and especially in sample preparation for structural studies using ssNMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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