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Islam Y, Ehtezazi P, Cashmore A, Marinsalda E, Leach AG, Coxon CR, Fatokun AA, Sexton DW, Khan I, Zouganelis G, Downing J, Pluchino S, Sivakumaran M, Teixido M, Ehtezazi T. The Inclusion of a Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Responsive Sequence in Self-assembled Peptide-based Brain-Targeting Nanoparticles Improves the Efficiency of Nanoparticles Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier at Elevated MMP-9 Levels. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1349-1364. [PMID: 33333144 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the inclusion of a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) responsive sequence in self-assembled peptide-based brain-targeting nanoparticles (NPs) would enhance the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration when MMP-9 levels are elevated both in the brain and blood circulation. Brain-targeting peptides were conjugated at the N-terminus to MMP-9-responsive peptides, and these were conjugated at the N-terminus to lipid moiety (cholesteryl chloroformate or palmitic acid). Two constructs did not have MMP-9-responsive peptides. NPs were characterised for size, charge, critical micelle concentration, toxicity, blood compatibility, neural cell uptake, release profiles, and in vitro BBB permeability simulating normal or elevated MMP-9 levels. The inclusion of MMP-9-sensitive sequences did not improve the release of a model drug in the presence of active MMP-9 from NPs compared to distilled water. 19F NMR studies suggested the burial of MMP-9-sensitive sequences inside the NPs making them inaccessible to MMP-9. Only cholesterol-GGGCKAPETALC (responsive to MMP-9) NPs showed <5% haemolysis, <1 pg/mL release of IL-1β at 500 μg/mL from THP1 cells, with 70.75 ± 5.78% of NPs crossing the BBB at 24 h in presence of active MMP-9. In conclusion, brain-targeting NPs showed higher transport across the BBB model when MMP-9 levels were elevated and the brain-targeting ligand was responsive to MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamir Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Parinaz Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Andrew Cashmore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Elena Marinsalda
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Amos A Fatokun
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Darren W Sexton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Iftikhar Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Georgios Zouganelis
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - James Downing
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building - Cambridge Biosciences Campus and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- Department of Haematology, Peterborough City Hospital, Edith Cavell Campus, Bretton Gate Peterborough, PE3 9GZ, Peterborough, UK
| | - Meritxell Teixido
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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2
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Kirtane AR, Langer R, Traverso G. Past, Present, and Future Drug Delivery Systems for Antiretrovirals. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3471-3482. [PMID: 27771050 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus has infected millions of people and the epidemic continues to grow rapidly in some parts of the world. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has provided improved treatment and prolonged the life expectancy of patients. Moreover, there is growing interest in using ARVs to protect against new infections. Hence, ARVs have emerged as our primary strategy in combating the virus. Unfortunately, several challenges limit the optimal performance of these drugs. First, ARVs often require life-long use and complex dosing regimens. This results in low patient adherence and periods of lapsed treatment manifesting in drug resistance. This has prompted the development of alternate dosage forms such as vaginal rings and long-acting injectables that stand to improve patient adherence. Another problem central to therapeutic failure is the inadequate penetration of drugs into infected tissues. This can lead to incomplete treatment, development of resistance, and viral rebound. Several strategies have been developed to improve drug penetration into these drug-free sanctuaries. These include encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticles, use of pharmacokinetic enhancers, and cell-based drug delivery platforms. In this review, we discuss issues surrounding ARV therapy and their impact on drug efficacy. We also describe various drug delivery-based approaches developed to overcome these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya R Kirtane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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Yellapu NK, Atluri N, Kandlapalli K, Kilaru RB, Vangavaragu JR, Osuru H, Chamarthi N, Sarma PVGK, Matcha B. Design, synthesis, in silico, and in vitro evaluation of novel pyrimidine phosphonates with cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Valasani KR, Hu G, Chaney MO, Yan SS. Structure-based design and synthesis of benzothiazole phosphonate analogues with inhibitors of human ABAD-Aβ for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:238-49. [PMID: 23039767 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial protein, is a cofactor facilitating amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) induced cell stress. Antagonizing Aβ-ABAD interaction protects against aberrant mitochondrial and neuronal function and improves learning memory in the Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Therefore, it offers a potential target for Alzheimer's drug design, by identifying potential inhibitors of Aβ-ABAD interaction. 2D QSAR methods were applied to novel compounds with known IC(50) values, which formed a training set. A correlation analysis was carried out comparing the statistics of the measured IC(50) with predicted values. These selectivity-determining descriptors were interpreted graphically in terms of principle component analyses, which are highly informative for the lead optimization process with respect to activity enhancement. A 3D pharmacophore model also was created. The 2D QSAR and 3D pharmacophore models will assist in high-throughput screening. In addition, ADME descriptors were also determined to study their pharmacokinetic properties. Finally, amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase molecular docking study of these novel molecules was undertaken to determine whether these compounds exhibit significant binding affinity with the binding site. We have synthesized only the compounds that have shown the best drug-like properties as candidates for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara R Valasani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Bates RC, Stith BJ, Stevens KE. Chronic central administration of valproic acid: Increased pro-survival phospho-proteins and growth cone associated proteins with no behavioral pathology. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:237-44. [PMID: 22960225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drug due to its ability to treat a broad spectrum of seizure types. However, potential complications of this drug include anticonvulsant polytherapy metabolism, organ toxicity and teratogenicity which limit its use in a variety of epilepsy patients. Direct delivery of VPA intracerebroventricularly (ICV) could circumvent the toxic effects normally seen with the oral route of administration. An additional potential benefit would be significantly reduced dosing while achieving high brain concentrations. Epileptogenic tissue from patients with intractable seizures has shown significant cell death which may be mitigated by maximizing cerebral VPA exposure. Here we show ICV administration of VPA localized to the periventricular zone increased pro-survival phospho-proteins (pAkt(Ser473), pAkt(Thr308), pGSK3β(Ser9), pErk1/2(Thr202/Tyr204)) and growth cone associated proteins (2G13p, GAP43) in a whole animal system. No significant changes in DCX, NeuN, synaptotagmin, and synaptophysin were detected. Assessment of possible behavioral alterations in rats receiving chronic central infusions of VPA was performed with the open field and elevated plus mazes. Neither paradigm revealed any detrimental effects of the drug infusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Bates
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont Street, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
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Jin Y, Xing L, Tian Y, Li M, Gao C, Du L, Dong J, Chen H. Self-assembled drug delivery systems. Part 4. In vitro/in vivo studies of the self-assemblies of cholesteryl-phosphonyl zidovudine. Int J Pharm 2009; 381:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Patel MM, Goyal BR, Bhadada SV, Bhatt JS, Amin AF. Getting into the brain: approaches to enhance brain drug delivery. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:35-58. [PMID: 19062774 DOI: 10.2165/0023210-200923010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Being the most delicate organ of the body, the brain is protected against potentially toxic substances by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the entry of most pharmaceuticals into the brain. The developmental process for new drugs for the treatment of CNS disorders has not kept pace with progress in molecular neurosciences because most of the new drugs discovered are unable to cross the BBB. The clinical failure of CNS drug delivery may be attributed largely to a lack of appropriate drug delivery systems. Localized and controlled delivery of drugs at their desired site of action is preferred because it reduces toxicity and increases treatment efficiency. The present review provides an insight into some of the recent advances made in the field of brain drug delivery.The various strategies that have been explored to increase drug delivery into the brain include (i) chemical delivery systems, such as lipid-mediated transport, the prodrug approach and the lock-in system; (ii) biological delivery systems, in which pharmaceuticals are re-engineered to cross the BBB via specific endogenous transporters localized within the brain capillary endothelium; (iii) disruption of the BBB, for example by modification of tight junctions, which causes a controlled and transient increase in the permeability of brain capillaries; (iv) the use of molecular Trojan horses, such as peptidomimetic monoclonal antibodies to transport large molecules (e.g. antibodies, recombinant proteins, nonviral gene medicines or RNA interference drugs) across the BBB; and (v) particulate drug carrier systems. Receptor-mediated transport systems exist for certain endogenous peptides, such as insulin and transferrin, enabling these molecules to cross the BBB in vivo.The use of polymers for local drug delivery has greatly expanded the spectrum of drugs available for the treatment of brain diseases, such as malignant tumours and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, various drug delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanogels and bionanocapsules) have been used to enhance drug delivery to the brain. Recently, microchips and biodegradable polymers have become important in brain tumour therapy.The intense search for alternative routes of drug delivery (e.g. intranasal drug delivery, convection-enhanced diffusion and intrathecal/intraventricular drug delivery systems) has been driven by the need to overcome the physiological barriers of the brain and to achieve high drug concentrations within the brain. For more than 30 years, considerable efforts have been made to enhance the delivery of therapeutic molecules across the vascular barriers of the CNS. The current challenge is to develop drug delivery strategies that will allow the passage of drug molecules through the BBB in a safe and effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad, India
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Rautio J, Laine K, Gynther M, Savolainen J. Prodrug approaches for CNS delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:92-102. [PMID: 18446509 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery remains a major challenge, despite extensive efforts that have been made to develop novel strategies to overcome obstacles. Prodrugs are bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules that must undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which subsequently exerts the desired pharmacological effect. In both drug discovery and drug development, prodrugs have become an established tool for improving physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically active agents that overcome barriers to a drug's usefulness. This review provides insight into various prodrug strategies explored to date for CNS drug delivery, including lipophilic prodrugs, carrier- and receptor-mediated prodrug delivery systems, and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Rautio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Magadala P, van Vlerken LE, Shahiwala A, Amiji MM. Multifunctional Polymeric Nanosystems for Tumor-Targeted Delivery. MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL NANOCARRIERS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76554-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Vyas TK, Shah L, Amiji MM. Nanoparticulate drug carriers for delivery of HIV/AIDS therapy to viral reservoir sites. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:613-28. [PMID: 16948557 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.5.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Providing the optimum treatment of AIDS is a major challenge in the 21st Century. HIV is localised and harboured in certain inaccessible compartments of the body, such as the CNS, the cerebrospinal fluid, the lymphatic system and in the macrophages, where it cannot be reached by the majority of therapeutic agents in adequate concentrations or in which the therapeutic agents cannot reside for the necessary duration. Progression in HIV/AIDS treatment suggests that available therapy can lower the systemic viral load below the detection limit. However, on discontinuation of treatment, there is relapse of the infection from the reservoir sites and a potential for resistance development. This review discusses the aetiology and pathology of HIV, with emphasis on the viral reservoirs, current therapy of AIDS, and the opportunity for nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems to facilitate complete eradication of viral load from the reservoir sites. Literature-cited examples of drug delivery systems that are under investigation for the treatment of AIDS are discussed. The article also focuses on the future outlook and strategies for investigational drug formulations that use nanotherapeutic strategy for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bodor N, Buchwald P. Drug targeting by retrometabolic design: soft drugs and chemical delivery systems. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2001; 21:287-310. [PMID: 11757686 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-100107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Bodor
- University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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12
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Bodor N, Buchwald P. Recent advances in the brain targeting of neuropharmaceuticals by chemical delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 36:229-254. [PMID: 10837718 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain-targeted chemical delivery systems represent a general and systematic method that can provide localized and sustained release for a variety of therapeutic agents including neuropeptides. By using a sequential metabolism approach, they exploit the specific trafficking properties of the blood-brain barrier and provide site-specific or site-enhanced delivery. After a brief description of the design principles, the present article reviews a number of specific delivery examples (zidovudine, ganciclovir, lomustine benzylpenicillin, estradiol, enkephalin, TRH, kyotorphin), together with representative synthetic routes, physicochemical properties, metabolic pathways, and pharmacological data. A reevaluated correlation for more than 60 drugs between previously published in vivo cerebrovascular permeability data and octanol/water partition coefficients is also included since it may be useful in characterizing the properties of the blood-brain barrier, including active transport by P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bodor
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Florida, Health Science Center, PO Box 100497, Gainesville, FL 32610-0497, USA
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13
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The Role of Computational Techniques in Retrometabolic Drug Design Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(99)80090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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