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Cashmore A, Miller R, Jolliffe H, Brown CJ, Lee M, Haw MD, Sefcik J. Rapid Assessment of Crystal Nucleation and Growth Kinetics: Comparison of Seeded and Unseeded Experiments. Cryst Growth Des 2023; 23:4779-4790. [PMID: 37426549 PMCID: PMC10326855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we outlined an experimental workflow enabling the rapid assessment of primary and secondary nucleation and crystal growth kinetics. We used small-scale experiments in agitated vials with in situ imaging for crystal counting and sizing to quantify nucleation and growth kinetics of α-glycine in aqueous solutions as a function of supersaturation at isothermal conditions. Seeded experiments were required to assess crystallization kinetics when primary nucleation is too slow, especially at lower supersaturations often encountered in continuous crystallization processes. At higher supersaturations, we compared results from seeded and unseeded experiments and carefully analyzed interdependencies of primary and secondary nucleation and growth kinetics. This approach allows for the rapid estimation of absolute values of primary and secondary nucleation and growth rates without relying on any specific assumptions about functional forms of corresponding rate expressions used for estimation approaches based on fitting population balance models. Quantitative relationships between nucleation and growth rates at given conditions provide useful insights into crystallization behavior and can be explored to rationally manipulate crystallization conditions for achieving desirable outcomes in batch or continuous crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cashmore
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Russell Miller
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Hikaru Jolliffe
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Cameron J. Brown
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Mei Lee
- GlaxoSmithKline,
Product Development and Supply, Gunnellswood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Mark D. Haw
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Jan Sefcik
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
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Hoffmann J, Flannigan J, Cashmore A, Lucia Briuglia M, Steendam RRE, Gerard C, Haw M, Sefcik J, ter Horst J. The Unexpected Dominance of Secondary over Primary Nucleation. Faraday Discuss 2022; 235:109-131. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is still a challenge to control the formation of particles in industrial crystallization processes. In such a process, new crystals can be generated either by primary or secondary nucleation....
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Islam Y, Ehtezazi P, Cashmore A, Marinsalda E, Leach AG, Coxon CR, Fatokun AA, Sexton DW, Khan I, Zouganelis G, Downing J, Pluchino S, Sivakumaran M, Teixido M, Ehtezazi T. The Inclusion of a Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Responsive Sequence in Self-assembled Peptide-based Brain-Targeting Nanoparticles Improves the Efficiency of Nanoparticles Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier at Elevated MMP-9 Levels. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1349-1364. [PMID: 33333144 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the inclusion of a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) responsive sequence in self-assembled peptide-based brain-targeting nanoparticles (NPs) would enhance the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration when MMP-9 levels are elevated both in the brain and blood circulation. Brain-targeting peptides were conjugated at the N-terminus to MMP-9-responsive peptides, and these were conjugated at the N-terminus to lipid moiety (cholesteryl chloroformate or palmitic acid). Two constructs did not have MMP-9-responsive peptides. NPs were characterised for size, charge, critical micelle concentration, toxicity, blood compatibility, neural cell uptake, release profiles, and in vitro BBB permeability simulating normal or elevated MMP-9 levels. The inclusion of MMP-9-sensitive sequences did not improve the release of a model drug in the presence of active MMP-9 from NPs compared to distilled water. 19F NMR studies suggested the burial of MMP-9-sensitive sequences inside the NPs making them inaccessible to MMP-9. Only cholesterol-GGGCKAPETALC (responsive to MMP-9) NPs showed <5% haemolysis, <1 pg/mL release of IL-1β at 500 μg/mL from THP1 cells, with 70.75 ± 5.78% of NPs crossing the BBB at 24 h in presence of active MMP-9. In conclusion, brain-targeting NPs showed higher transport across the BBB model when MMP-9 levels were elevated and the brain-targeting ligand was responsive to MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamir Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Parinaz Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Andrew Cashmore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Elena Marinsalda
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Amos A Fatokun
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Darren W Sexton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Iftikhar Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Georgios Zouganelis
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - James Downing
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building - Cambridge Biosciences Campus and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- Department of Haematology, Peterborough City Hospital, Edith Cavell Campus, Bretton Gate Peterborough, PE3 9GZ, Peterborough, UK
| | - Meritxell Teixido
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Jones GE, Singletary JH, Cashmore A, Jain V, Abhulimhen J, Chauhan J, Musson HV, Barwell JG. Developing and assessing the utility of a You-Tube based clinical genetics video channel for families affected by inherited tumours. Fam Cancer 2016; 15:351-5. [PMID: 26753801 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-016-9866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and implemented the first worldwide You Tube channel with 22 videos covering common questions asked in familial cancer susceptibility clinics. We discuss the use of the videos including demographics of registered You Tube users, and what lessons have been learnt about how the general public uses medical information online. The most popular video on inheritance patterns has been watched on average 84 times per month. The mostly highly viewed videos include inheritance patterns, breast cancer screening and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Registered viewers were more commonly male and the average age of the registered user was 45-54 years; similar to that seen in Genetics Clinics suggesting that age may not be a major barrier to access to this type of information for patients. The videos have been viewed in more than 140 countries confirming that there is clearly an audience for this type of information. Patient feedback questionnaires indicate that these videos provide a useful aide memoir for the clinic appointment, and most people would recommend them to others. In summary, You Tube videos are easy and cost effective to make. They have the ability to disseminate genetics education to a worldwide audience and may be a useful adjunct to clinical appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Jones
- Leicester Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK.
| | - J H Singletary
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - A Cashmore
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - V Jain
- Leicester Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - J Abhulimhen
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J Chauhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - H V Musson
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J G Barwell
- Leicester Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
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Sugita M, Manzara T, Pichersky E, Cashmore A, Gruissem W. Genomic organization, sequence analysis and expression of all five genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from tomato. Mol Gen Genet 1987; 209:247-56. [PMID: 3478552 DOI: 10.1007/bf00329650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced all five members of the gene family for the small subunit (rbcS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT LA 1221 cherry line. Two of the five genes, designated Rbcs-1 and Rbcs-2, are present as single genes at individual loci. Three genes, designated Rbcs-3A, Rbcs-3B and Rbcs-3C, are organized in a tandem array within 10 kb at a third independent locus. The Rbcs-2 gene contains three introns; all the other members of the tomato gene family contain two introns. The coding sequence of Rbcs-1 differs by 14.0% from that of Rbcs-2 and by 13.3% from that of Rbcs-3 genes. Rbcs-2 shows 10.4% divergence from Rbcs-3. The exon and intron sequences of Rbcs-3A are identical to those of Rbcs-3C, and differ by 1.9% from those of Rbcs-3B. Nucleotide sequence analysis suggests that the five rbcS genes encode four different precursors, and three different mature polypeptides. S1 nuclease mapping of the 5' end of rbcS mRNAs revealed that the mRNA leader sequences vary in length from 8 to 75 nucleotides. Northern analysis using gene-specific oligonucleotide probes from the 3' non-coding region of each gene reveals a four to five-fold difference among the five genes in maximal steady-state mRNA levels in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugita
- Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Cashmore A, Szabo L, Timko M, Kausch A, Van den Broeck G, Schreier P, Bohnert H, Herrera-Estrella L, Van Montagu M, Schell J. Import of Polypeptides into Chloroplasts. Nat Biotechnol 1985. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0985-803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herrera-Estrella L, Van den Broeck G, Maenhaut R, Van Montagu M, Schell J, Timko M, Cashmore A. Light-inducible and chloroplast-associated expression of a chimaeric gene introduced into Nicotiana tabacum using a Ti plasmid vector. Nature 1984; 310:115-20. [PMID: 6330570 DOI: 10.1038/310115a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A chimaeric gene, consisting of the 5'-flanking region of a member of the Pisum sativum gene family encoding ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase linked to the coding region of a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, has been introduced into the genome of the plant Nicotiana tabacum using a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The expression of the chimaeric gene is light-inducible in chloroplast-containing transformed tissue.
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Kamen BA, Eibl B, Cashmore A, Bertino J. Uptake and efficacy of trimetrexate (TMQ, 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)methyl] quinazoline), a non-classical antifolate in methotrexate-resistant leukemia cells in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33:1697-9. [PMID: 6233981 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(84)90298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bertino JR, Carman MD, Weiner HL, Cashmore A, Moroson BA, Srimatkandada S, Schornagel JH, Medina WD, Dube SK. Gene amplification and altered enzymes as mechanisms for the development of drug resistance. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67:901-4. [PMID: 6354438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two known mechanisms by which neoplastic cells may become resistant to chemotherapeutic agents are reviewed, using methotrexate (MTX) resistance as a model. These mechanisms are an increased level of target enzyme, found in several instances to be a consequence of gene amplification, or an altered target enzyme or receptor, less capable of binding the drug. An example of MTX resistance due to low-level gene amplification in leukemia cells from an MTX-resistant patient is described. Strategies for selectively eradicating these resistant cell populations may be formulated based on the mechanism by which these cells became drug-resistant.
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Coruzzi G, Broglie R, Cashmore A, Chua NH. Nucleotide sequences of two pea cDNA clones encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the major chlorophyll a/b-binding thylakoid polypeptide. J Biol Chem 1983; 258:1399-402. [PMID: 6296093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two major chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized on free cytoplasmic ribosomes: the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the apoprotein components of the chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complex. We have recently reported the isolation of two cDNA clones from pea which encode both the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (pSS15) and the polypeptide 15 (pAB96), the major chlorophyll a/b binding protein (Broglie, R., Bellemare, G., Bartlett, S., Chua, N.-H., and Cashmore, A. R. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 7304-7308). To further characterize these clones, we determined their nucleotide sequence. Clone pSS15 contains a 691-base pair cDNA insert which encodes the entire 123 amino acids of the mature small subunit protein. In addition, this clone also encodes 33 amino acids of the NH2-terminal transit peptide extension and 148 nucleotides of the 3' noncoding region preceding the poly(A)tail. A second cDNA clone (pAB96) contains an 833-nucleotide insert which encodes most of polypeptide 15. The DNA sequence of this cloned cDNA was used to deduce the previously undetermined amino acid sequence of this integral thylakoid membrane protein. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA clone, pSS15, should provide information concerning the role of the transit sequence in the transport of cytoplasmically synthesized chloroplast proteins. Similarly, the deduced amino acid sequence of polypeptide 15 will provide information for predicting its orientation in thylakoid membranes as well as its role in binding chlorophyll.
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Coruzzi G, Broglie R, Cashmore A, Chua NH. Nucleotide sequences of two pea cDNA clones encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the major chlorophyll a/b-binding thylakoid polypeptide. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bertino JR, Coward JK, Cashmore A, Chello P, Panichajakul S, Horvath CG, Stout RW. Polyglutamate forms of folate: natural occurrence and role as substrates in mammalian cells. Biochem Soc Trans 1976; 4:853-6. [PMID: 1069685 DOI: 10.1042/bst0040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bertino JR, Cashmore A, Fink M, Calabresi P, Lefkowitz E. The "induction" of leukocyte and erythrocyte dihydrofolate reductase by methotrexate. II. Clinical and pharmacologic studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1965; 6:763-70. [PMID: 5846409 DOI: 10.1002/cpt196566763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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