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Tan BMJ, Chan LW, Heng PWS. Characterizing the Surface Roughness Length Scales of Lactose Carrier Particles in Dry Powder Inhalers. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1635-1642. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Mei Jin Tan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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Kou X, Chan LW, Steckel H, Heng PW. Physico-chemical aspects of lactose for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:220-32. [PMID: 22123598 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form that consists of a powder formulation in a device which is designed to deliver an active ingredient to the respiratory tract. It has been extensively investigated over the past years and several aspects relating to device and particulate delivery mechanisms have been the focal points for debate. DPI formulations may or may not contain carrier particles but whenever a carrier is included in a commercial formulation, it is almost invariably lactose monohydrate. Many physicochemical properties of the lactose carrier particles have been reported to affect the efficiency of a DPI. A number of preparation methods have been developed which have been claimed to produce lactose carriers with characteristics which lead to improved deposition. Alongside these developments, a number of characterization methods have been developed which have been reported to be useful in the measurement of key properties of the particulate ingredients. This review describes the various physicochemical characteristics of lactose, methods of manufacturing lactose particulates and their characterization.
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Effect of carrier particle shape on dry powder inhaler performance. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:12-23. [PMID: 21945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the aerosolisation properties of salbutamol sulphate (SS) from dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations containing different carrier products. The difference in the elongation ratio (ER) of the different carriers was highlighted. Different set of carriers, namely commercial mannitol (CM), commercial lactose (CL), cooling crystallised mannitol (CCM), acetone crystallised mannitol (ACM) and ethanol crystallised mannitol (ECM) were used and inspected in terms of size, shape, density, crystal form, flowability, and in vitro aerosolisation performance using Multi Stage Liquid Impinger (MSLI) and Aerolizer inhaler device. Solid-state and morphological characterization showed that CM product was in pure β-form having particles with smaller ER (CM: ER=1.62 ± 0.04) whereas ACM and ECM mannitol particles were in pure α form with higher ER (ACM: ER=4.83 ± 0.18, ECM: ER=5.89 ± 0.19). CCM product crystallised as mixtures of β-form and δ-form and showed the largest variability in terms of particle shape, size, and DPI performance. Linear relationships were established showing that carrier products with higher ER have smaller bulk density (D(b)), smaller tap density (D(t)), higher porosity (P), and poorer flow properties. In vitro aerosolisation assessments showed that the higher the ER of the carrier particles the greater the amounts of SS delivered to lower airway regions indicating enhanced DPI performance. Yet, DPI performance enhancement by increasing carrier ER reached a "limit" as increasing carrier ER from 4.83±0.18 (ACM) to 5.89±0.19 (ECM) did not significantly alter fine particle fraction (FPF) of SS. Also, carrier particles with higher ER were disadvantageous in terms of higher amounts of SS remained in inhaler device (drug loss) and deposited on throat. Linear relationship was established (r(2)=0.87) showing that the higher the carrier ER the lower the drug emission (EM) upon inhalation. Moreover, poorer flowability for carrier products with higher ER is disadvantageous in terms of DPI formulation dose metering and processing on handling scale. In conclusion, despite that using carrier particles with higher ER can considerably increase the amounts of drug delivered to lower airway regions; this enhancement is restricted to certain point. Also, other limitations should be taken into account including higher drug loss and poorer flowability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
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Kaialy W, Martin GP, Larhrib H, Ticehurst MD, Kolosionek E, Nokhodchi A. The influence of physical properties and morphology of crystallised lactose on delivery of salbutamol sulphate from dry powder inhalers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 89:29-39. [PMID: 21962946 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanistic evaluation of physicochemical properties of new engineered lactose on aerosolisation performance of salbutamol sulphate (SS) delivered from dry powder inhaler (DPI). Different crystallised lactose particles were obtained from binary mixtures of butanol:acetone. The sieved fractions (63-90 μm) of crystallised lactose were characterised in terms of size, shape, flowability, true density and aerosolisation performance (using multiple twin stage impinger (MSLI), Aerolizer(®) inhaler device, and salbutamol sulphate as a model drug). Compared to commercial lactose, crystallised lactose particles were less elongated, covered with fine lactose particles, and had a rougher surface morphology. The crystallised lactose powders had a considerably lower bulk and tap density and poorer flow when compared to commercial lactose. Engineered carrier with better flow showed improved drug content homogeneity, reduced amounts of drug "deposited" on the inhaler device and throat, and a smaller drug aerodynamic diameter upon inhalation. Aerodynamic diameter of salbutamol sulphate increased as lactose aerodynamic diameter decreased (linear, R(2)=0.9191) and/or as fine particle lactose content increased (linear, R(2)=0.8653). Improved drug aerosolisation performance in the case of crystallised lactose particles was attributed to lower drug-carrier adhesion forces due to a rougher surface and higher fine particle content. In conclusion, this work proved that using binary combinations of solvents in crystallisation medium is vital in modification of the physicochemical and micromeritic properties of carriers to achieve a desirable aerosolisation performance from DPI formulations. Among all lactose samples, lactose particles crystallised from pure butanol generated the highest overall DPI formulations desirability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK
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5
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XU J, LIU X, CHEN J. Preparation of Ultra-fine Salbutamol Sulfate Particles by Reactive Precipitation and Characterization of Dry Powder Inhalant. Chin J Chem Eng 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Nakate T, Yoshida H, Ohike A, Tokunaga Y, Ibuki R, Kawashima Y. Formulation development of inhalation powders for FK888 with carrier lactose using Spinhaler and its absorption in healthy volunteers. J Control Release 2005; 97:19-29. [PMID: 15147801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
(4R)-4-Hydroxy-l-[(l-methyl-lH-indol-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-prolyl-N-benzyl-N-methyl-3-(2-naphthyl)-L-alaninamide (FK888) is a candidate selective NK1 receptor antagonist, and it exhibits poor absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in healthy volunteers. The objective of this study was to develop an optimized DPI formulation with carrier lactose using a Spinhaler, and thereby improve the systemic absorption of FK888. The fine particles of FK888 were blended with various carrier lactoses, and in vitro deposition properties were investigated using a twin impinger. The mixture using 100 M and 325 M lactoses [Sieved lactoses (SLs)] exhibited a higher emitted dose (Em) than 200 M, 450 M and micronized lactoses [Milled lactoses (MLs)]. The flowability of carrier lactose had an influence on the Em. On the other hand, the respirable particle (RP) fraction in the formulations with MLs was much higher than that of SLs, in spite of the blended ratios of lactose. It was also observed that the mixture of 325 M with the micronized lactose particles had the same RP as 200 M, although the 325 M alone had a low RP. Considering the Em and RP obtained, we chose 200 M for FK888 dry powder inhaler (DPI). The proportional absorption was found up to the 12.5% of the FK888 ratio (5 mg as unit dose) for the Cmax and AUC in healthy volunteers. In conclusion, 200 M, which has fine lactose particles and a better flowability than other MLs, is an extremely suitable carrier for maximizing the fine particle dose as far as FK888 is concerned. Furthermore, an improvement in the systemic absorption of FK888 was achieved using the dry powder formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiomi Nakate
- Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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Abstract
The purpose of our study was to prepare and optimize liposomal Amphotericin B (AMB) dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation for treatment of invasive lung fungal infection. Liposomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation technique using ethyl acetate and ethanol (1:1) as organic solvents to avoid a possible risk for human health and to impart adequate stability of the vesicles. Drug lipid ratio was 1:10 with membrane composition of hydrogenated soyaphosphatidylcholine; cholesterol and either saturated soyaphosphatidylglycerol (7:3:0.5) or stearylamine (1:1:0.1) was used to prepare negatively (AMB1) and positively (AMB2) charged liposomes, respectively. Liposomes were extruded through 2 microm polycarbonate membrane, separated from unentrapped drug and subjected to lyophilization using Tris buffer containing cryoprotectants in various mass ratios. Sucrose was found to be the best cryoprotectant for liposomal AMB in a mass ratio of lipid: sucrose at 1:5 for AMB1 and AMB2, respectively. Sorbolac 400 and sieved Pharmatose 325 M (500#) in varying mass ratios were used as carriers to prepare the liposomal DPI formulations and subjected to determination of angle of repose, compressibility index, dispersiblity index, water content, scanning electron microscopy, and fine particle fraction (FPF). Carrier blend of Sorbolac 400 and 10% sieved Pharmatose 325 M (liposome: carrier ratio to be 1:6) resulted in 22.6 +/- 2.2% and 16.8 +/- 2.2% FPF for AMB1 and AMB2, respectively with significantly different (p >.05) device fraction. Percent dug retention studies were conducted at different storage conditions and demonstrated a shelf life over 1 year at refrigerated storage condition (2-8 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Shah
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Kalabhavan, M. S. University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
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Effect of physical properties of carrier particles on drug emission from a dry powder inhaler device. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(05)50036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shah SP, Misra A. Liposomal amikacin dry powder inhaler: effect of fines on in vitro performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2004; 5:e65. [PMID: 15760062 PMCID: PMC2750490 DOI: 10.1208/pt050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to prepare and evaluate the influence of adding fines on the in vitro performance of liposomal amikacin dry powder inhaler (AMK LDPI) formulations. Liposomes composed of hydrogenated soyaphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and saturated soyaphosphatidylglycerol (AMK 1), or stearylamine (AMK 2) were prepared by a reverse phase evaporation technique, extruded to reduce size and separated from unentrapped drug. Purified liposomal dispersion was subjected to lyophilization using optimized cryoprotectant to achieve maximum percentage drug retention (PDR). Lactose carrier in varying mass ratios with or without addition of fines in different mixing sequences was used to formulate AMK LDPI formulations. AMK LDPI formulations were characterized for angle of repose, compressibility index, dispersibility index, scanning electron microscopy, and fine particle fraction (FPF). PDR was found to be 97.6% +/- 2.2% for AMK1 and 98.5% +/- 1.9% for AMK2 using sucrose as optimized cryoprotectant in lipid:sucrose ratio of 1:4. Lactose carrier containing 10% fines (wt/wt) was found to be the optimum blend at 1:5 mass ratio of liposome:lactose. The addition of fines and the order of mixing of fines were found to influence the FPF with significantly different device fractions. FPF of AMK LDPI formulations using Rotahaler as the delivery device at 30, 60, and 90 L/min were found to be 21.85% +/- 2.2% and 24.6% +/- 2.4%, 25.9% +/- 1.8% and 29.2% +/- 2.1%, and 29.5% +/- 2.6% and 34.2% +/- 2.0% for AMK1 and AMK2, respectively. From the studies performed in this investigation, it was observed that liposomal charge, addition of fines and order of mixing fines, has a significant effect (P < .05) on in vitro deposition of drug from LDPI formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrenik P. Shah
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M.S. University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, P.O. Box No. 51, 390001 Vadodara, Gujarat India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M.S. University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, P.O. Box No. 51, 390001 Vadodara, Gujarat India
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Watanabe M, Ozeki T, Shibata T, Murakoshi H, Takashima Y, Yuasa H, Okada H. Effect of shape of sodium salicylate particles on physical property and in vitro aerosol performance of granules prepared by pressure swing granulation method. AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4:E64. [PMID: 15198559 PMCID: PMC2750657 DOI: 10.1208/pt040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the shape of sodium salicylate (SS) particles on the physical properties as well as the in vitro aerosol performance of the granules granulated by the pressure swing granulation method. SS was pulverized with a jet mill (JM) to prepare the distorted particles, and SS aqueous solution was spray dried (SD) to prepare the nearly spherical particles. The particle size distribution, crushing strength, and pore size distribution of the granules were measured. The adhesive force of the primary particles in the granules was calculated according to Rumpf's equation. The in vitro aerosol performance of the granules was evaluated using a cascade impactor. Both JM and SD particles can be spherically granulated by the pressure swing granulation method without the use of a binder. The size of SD granules was smaller than that of JM granules. Although the crushing strength of the JM and SD granules is almost the same, the internal structures of JM granules and SD granules were found to differ, and the SD particles appear to have been condensed uniformly, resulting in a nearly spherical shape. In the inhalation investigation, the percentage of SS particles of appropriate size delivered to the region for treatment was noticeably higher for SD granules than for JM granules. This finding might be because the adhesive force of the SD primary particles was smaller than that of the JM primary particles in the granules and because the SD granules could be easily separated by air current to obtain the primary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ozeki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shibata
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hayato Murakoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yuuki Takashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yuasa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, 192-0392 Hachioji, Japan
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Ikegami K, Kawashima Y, Takeuchi H, Yamamoto H, Mimura K, Momose DI, Ouchi K. A new spherically agglomerated drug composite system with lactose for dry powder inhalation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1163/156855203763593994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Iida K, Hayakawa Y, Okamoto H, Danjo K, Leuenberger H. Preparation of dry powder inhalation by surface treatment of lactose carrier particles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51:1-5. [PMID: 12520118 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.51.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An attempt was made to produce carrier particles for dry powder inhalations by the surface treatment of lactose particles with aqueous ethanol solution. Drug/carrier powder mixtures were prepared consisting of lactose carriers with different particle surface properties and micronized salbutamol sulfate. These powder mixtures were aerosolized by Spinhaler, and in vitro deposition properties of salbutamol sulfate were evaluated by twin impinger. The degree of adhesion between drug particles and carrier particles was determined by the ultracentrifuge separation method. In addition, the air jet sieve method was used to evaluate characteristics of the separation of drug particles from carrier particles in airflow. The average adhesion force (F50) between the surface-treated lactose carrier and drug particles was significantly lower than that of powder mixed with the untreated lactose carrier, indicating that the degree of separation (T50) of drug particles from carrier particles was improved when surface-treated lactose carrier was used. This resulted in an improvement of in vitro inhalation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Iida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Lizio R, Damm M, Sarlikiotis AW, Bauer HH, Lehr CM. Liposomal budesonide for dry powder inhaler: preparation and stabilization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2001; 2:25. [PMID: 14727862 PMCID: PMC2750577 DOI: 10.1208/pt020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to prepare stable liposomally entrapped budesonide (BUD) for a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation. BUD liposomes composed of egg phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol were prepared by lipid film hydration technique and sonicated to have the desired size (< 5 micro m). A rapid method was used for separation of free drug by centrifugation at a lower centrifugal force (G value). Liposomal dispersion was subjected to lyophilization after blending BUD with cryoprotectant in varying bulk and mass ratios, and percent drug remaining entrapped after lyophilization was optimized. Comparative drug retention studies on storage of DPI formulations were carried out in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Critical relative humidity of the formulations was determined and reported as one of the manufacturing controls. Sucrose was found to be the most effective cryoprotectant when present on both sides of the lamellae of liposomes in a bulk strength of 500 mM and mass ratio of lipid:sugar; 1:10. Blending of sorbolac before lyophilization showed better retention of encapsulated drug (95.59%). The respirable fraction of the product (20.69 +/- 1.50%) was comparable with that of the control (26.49 +/- 1.52%), suggesting that the liposomal BUD can be successfully delivered throughout the broncho-pulmonary tree. The findings demonstrate that liposome of BUD can be prepared with a high entrapment value, stabilized by lyophilization, and delivered as an aerosolized DPI. The stability studies of lyophilized product suggests a shelf-life of one year when stored under refrigeration (2 degrees C-8 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Lizio
- />Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Damm
- />Corporate Research, ASTA Medica AG, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Horst H. Bauer
- />Corporate Research, ASTA Medica AG, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- />Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Iida K, Hayakawa Y, Okamoto H, Danjo K, Leuenberger H. Evaluation of flow properties of dry powder inhalation of salbutamol sulfate with lactose carrier. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1326-30. [PMID: 11605663 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the flow and packing properties of a drug/carrier powder mixture on emission of drug adhering to the carrier from capsules and inhalation devices were investigated. Model powder mixtures were designed consisting of lactose carriers with different particle shapes were prepared by surface treatment and micronized salbutamol sulfate. These powder mixtures were aerosolized by a Spinhaler, and in vitro deposition properties of salbutamol sulfate were evaluated by a twin impinger. The flow properties of the mixed powders were evaluated by the Carr's flowability index (FI) and Hausner's ratio (HR). The packing properties of the mixed powders were determined employing the tapping method. Compared with the powder mixed with the untreated lactose carrier, the FI, HR, and the constant K in Kawakita's equation of the powder mixture prepared using the surface-treated lactose carrier were significantly different, showing that the flow and packing properties of the drug/carrier powder mixture were improved. Using this surface-treated system, the handling of the powder mixture when packing into capsules is improved, which is desirable for handling dry powder inhalants. The fraction (%) of drug emitted from capsules and devices (EM) and the FI of the powder mixture were correlated. As the flow properties improved, the outflow of the powder mixture from capsules and devices became easier, and emission of drug adhering on the carrier from capsules and devices improved. Improvement of the inhalation process, such as the drug particles emitted from the inhalation system, is valuable for increasing inhalation properties of dry powder inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Kawashima Y, Serigano T, Hino T, Yamamoto H, Takeuchi H. Effect of surface morphology of carrier lactose on dry powder inhalation property of pranlukast hydrate. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Kawashima Y, Serigano T, Hino T, Yamamoto H, Takeuchi H. Design of inhalation dry powder of pranlukast hydrate to improve dispersibility by the surface modification with light anhydrous silicic acid (AEROSIL 200). Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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