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Srivastava K, Khan E, Shimpi MR, Tandon P, Sinha K, Velaga SP. Molecular structure and hydrogen bond interactions of a paracetamol–4,4′-bipyridine cocrystal studied using a vibrational spectroscopic and quantum chemical approach. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol–4,4′-bipyridine cocrystal studied using vibrational spectroscopic and quantum chemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eram Khan
- Physics Department
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow 226 007
- India
| | | | - Poonam Tandon
- Physics Department
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow 226 007
- India
| | - Kirti Sinha
- Physics Department
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow 226 007
- India
| | - Sitaram P. Velaga
- Department of Health Sciences
- Luleå University of Technology
- Luleå
- Sweden
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Velaga SP, Nikjoo D, Vuddanda PR. Experimental Studies and Modeling of the Drying Kinetics of Multicomponent Polymer Films. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:425-435. [PMID: 28762212 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of drying thin polymer films is an important operation that influences the film structure and solid state, and the stability of the product. The purpose of this work was to study and model the drying kinetics of multicomponent films based on two polymers: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, amorphous) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, semicrystalline). The isothermal drying kinetics of the films at different temperatures (40, 60, and 80°C) were studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and convection oven methods. Solid-state characterization tools used in the study included polarization and hot-stage microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drying kinetics of HPMC and PVA films in the TGA apparatus and convection oven were comparable. The three-parameter (W max, τ, n) Hill equation successfully modeled the experimental drying kinetics. The time factor τ in the Hill equation nicely explained two drying phases in the films. Solid-state phase changes occurring in the films during dehydration had a bearing on the drying kinetics and mechanisms. TGA can be used as a simple tool to determine the end points in drying processes using ovens or tunnels. The three-parameter Hill equation explained the drying kinetics and diffusion mechanisms of the solvent through the polymer films for the first time. This study advances our understanding of film drying, in particular for pharmaceutically relevant thin films.
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Malamatari M, Ross SA, Douroumis D, Velaga SP. Experimental cocrystal screening and solution based scale-up cocrystallization methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:162-177. [PMID: 28811184 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals are crystalline single phase materials composed of two or more different molecular and/or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts. If one of the components is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the term pharmaceutical cocrystal is often used. There is a growing interest among drug development scientists in exploring cocrystals, as means to address physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and mechanical properties and expand solid form diversity of the API. Conventionally, coformers are selected based on crystal engineering principles, and the equimolar mixtures of API and coformers are subjected to solution-based crystallization that are commonly employed in polymorph and salt screening. However, the availability of new knowledge on cocrystal phase behaviour in solid state and solutions has spurred the development and implementation of more rational experimental cocrystal screening as well as scale-up methods. This review aims to provide overview of commonly employed solid form screening techniques in drug development with an emphasis on cocrystal screening methodologies. The latest developments in understanding and the use of cocrystal phase diagrams in both screening and solution based scale-up methods are also presented. Final section is devoted to reviewing the state of the art research covering solution based scale-up cocrystallization process for different cocrystals besides more recent continuous crystallization methods.
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Prajapati P, Pandey J, Shimpi MR, Srivastava A, Tandon P, Velaga SP, Sinha K. Combined spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies of ezetimibe. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Objectives were to study mechanical properties of various solid forms of paracetamol and relate to their crystal structures. Paracetamol form I (PRA), its cocrystals with oxalic acid (PRA-OXA) and 4,4-bipyridine (PRA-BPY) and hydrochloride salt (PRA-HCL) were selected. Cocrystals and salt were scaled-up using rational crystallization methods. The resulting materials were subjected to different solid-state characterizations. The powders were sieved and 90-360 µm sieve fraction was considered. These powders were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and densities were determined. Tablets were made at applied pressures of 35-180 MPa under controlled conditions and the tablet height, diameter and hardness were measured. Tensile strength and porosity of the tablets were estimated using well known models. Crystal structures of these systems were visualized and slip planes were identified. Cocrystal and salt of PRA were physically pure. Sieved powders had comparable morphologies and particle size. The apparent and theoretical densities of powders were similar, but no clear trends were observed. The tensile strengths of these compacts were increased with increasing pressure whereas tabletability decreased in the order oxalic acid > PRA-HCL ≈ PRA-OXA > BPY > PRA-BPY. Tablet tensile strength decreases exponentially with increasing porosity with the exception of PRY-BPY and BPY. Slip plane prediction based on attachment energies may not be independently considered. However, it was possible to explain the improved mechanical properties of powders based on the crystal structure. Cocrystallization and salt formation have introduced structural features that are responsible for improved tableting properties of PRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Ahmed
- a Pharmaceutical Research, Department of Health Sciences , Luleå University of Technology , Luleå , Sweden
| | - Manishkumar R Shimpi
- a Pharmaceutical Research, Department of Health Sciences , Luleå University of Technology , Luleå , Sweden
| | - Sitaram P Velaga
- a Pharmaceutical Research, Department of Health Sciences , Luleå University of Technology , Luleå , Sweden
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Srivastava K, Shimpi MR, Srivastava A, Tandon P, Sinha K, Velaga SP. Vibrational analysis and chemical activity of paracetamol–oxalic acid cocrystal based on monomer and dimer calculations: DFT and AIM approach. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding network present in monomer and dimer + 2OXA models of cocrystal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Poonam Tandon
- Physics Department
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow 226 007
- India
| | - Kirti Sinha
- Physics Department
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow 226 007
- India
| | - Sitaram P. Velaga
- Department of Health Sciences Luleå University of Technology
- Luleå
- Sweden
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Pandey J, Prajapati P, Shimpi MR, Tandon P, Velaga SP, Srivastava A, Sinha K. Studies of molecular structure, hydrogen bonding and chemical activity of a nitrofurantoin-l-proline cocrystal: a combined spectroscopic and quantum chemical approach. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrofurantoin (NTF) as an API and l-proline (LP) as a co-former being used as components to form a model of cocrystal NTF-LP to predict its crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Pandey
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow – 226007
- India
| | | | | | - Poonam Tandon
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow – 226007
- India
| | | | | | - Kirti Sinha
- Department of Physics
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow – 226007
- India
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Cho W, Kim MS, Jung MS, Park J, Cha KH, Kim JS, Park HJ, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Hwang SJ. Design of salmon calcitonin particles for nasal delivery using spray-drying and novel supercritical fluid-assisted spray-drying processes. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:288-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Padrela L, Rodrigues MA, Tiago J, Velaga SP, Matos HA, Azevedo EGD. Tuning physicochemical properties of theophylline by cocrystallization using the supercritical fluid enhanced atomization technique. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Two new cocrystals of ezetimibe were identified and scale-up. Ezetimibe–proline cocrystal showed improved apparent solubility and physical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Boström
- Thermal Energy Conversion Laboratory
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics
- Umeå University
- Umeå S-90187, Sweden
| | - Sitaram P. Velaga
- Department of Health Sciences Luleå University of Technology
- Luleå, Sweden
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Dudenko D, Williams PA, Hughes CE, Antzutkin ON, Velaga SP, Brown SP, Harris KDM. Exploiting the synergy of powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy in a powerful strategy for structure determination of organic materials. Acta Crystallogr A 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767313095251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Alhalaweh A, Kaialy W, Buckton G, Gill H, Nokhodchi A, Velaga SP. Theophylline cocrystals prepared by spray drying: physicochemical properties and aerosolization performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:265-76. [PMID: 23297166 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to characterize theophylline (THF) cocrystals prepared by spray drying in terms of the physicochemical properties and inhalation performance when aerosolized from a dry powder inhaler. Cocrystals of theophylline with urea (THF-URE), saccharin (THF-SAC) and nicotinamide (THF-NIC) were prepared by spray drying. Milled THF and THF-SAC cocrystals were also used for comparison. The physical purity, particle size, particle morphology and surface energy of the materials were determined. The in vitro aerosol performance of the spray-dried cocrystals, drug-alone and a drug-carrier aerosol, was assessed. The spray-dried particles had different size distributions, morphologies and surface energies. The milled samples had higher surface energy than those prepared by spray drying. Good agreement was observed between multi-stage liquid impinger and next-generation impactor in terms of assessing spray-dried THF particles. The fine particle fractions of both formulations were similar for THF, but drug-alone formulations outperformed drug-carrier formulations for the THF cocrystals. The aerosolization performance of different THF cocrystals was within the following rank order as obtained from both drug-alone and drug-carrier formulations: THF-NIC>THF-URE>THF-SAC. It was proposed that micromeritic properties dominate over particle surface energy in terms of determining the aerosol performance of THF cocrystals. Spray drying could be a potential technique for preparing cocrystals with modified physical properties.
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Influence of lactose carrier particle size on the aerosol performance of budesonide from a dry powder inhaler. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alhalaweh A, Roy L, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Velaga SP. pH-dependent solubility of indomethacin-saccharin and carbamazepine-saccharin cocrystals in aqueous media. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2605-12. [PMID: 22867056 DOI: 10.1021/mp300189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals constitute an important class of pharmaceutical solids for their remarkable ability to modulate solubility and pH dependence of water insoluble drugs. Here we show how cocrystals of indomethacin-saccharin (IND-SAC) and carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) enhance solubility and impart a pH-sensitivity different from that of the drugs. IND-SAC exhibited solubilities 13 to 65 times higher than IND at pH values of 1 to 3, whereas CBZ-SAC exhibited a 2 to 10 times higher solubility than CBZ dihydrate. Cocrystal solubility dependence on pH predicted from mathematical models using cocrystal K(sp), and cocrystal component K(a) values, was in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. The cocrystal solubility increase relative to drug was predicted to reach a limiting value for a cocrystal with two acidic components. This limiting value is determined by the ionization constants of cocrystal components. Eutectic constants are shown to be meaningful indicators of cocrystal solubility and its pH dependence. The two contributions to solubility, cocrystal lattice and solvation, were evaluated by thermal and solubility determinations. The results show that solvation is the main barrier for the aqueous solubility of these drugs and their cocrystals, which are orders of magnitude higher than their lattice barriers. Cocrystal increase in solubility is thus a result of decreasing the solvation barrier compared to that of the drug. This work demonstrates the favorable properties of cocrystals and strategies that facilitate their meaningful characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, S-971 87, Sweden
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Alhalaweh A, George S, Basavoju S, Childs SL, Rizvi SAA, Velaga SP. Pharmaceutical cocrystals of nitrofurantoin: screening, characterization and crystal structure analysis. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maruyoshi K, Iuga D, Antzutkin ON, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Brown SP. Identifying the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding supramolecular synthons in an indomethacin–nicotinamide cocrystal by solid-state NMR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10844-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ali HRH, Alhalaweh A, Mendes NF, Ribeiro-Claro P, Velaga SP. Solid-state vibrational spectroscopic investigation of cocrystals and salt of indomethacin. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Alhalaweh A, Vilinska A, Gavini E, Rassu G, Velaga SP. Surface thermodynamics of mucoadhesive dry powder formulation of zolmitriptan. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:1186-92. [PMID: 21918918 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticle powders for nasal delivery were formulated to contain the model drug, zolmitriptan, and varying proportions of different polymers. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of these formulative parameters on the surface chemistry of the spray-dried microparticles and their potential for adhesion to the tested substrates, porcine mucin, and nasal tissue. The polymers used were chitosans of varying ionization states and molecular weights and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The surface energies of the surfaces of the microparticles were determined using contact angle measurements and the van Oss model. The theory of surface thermodynamics was applied to determine the theoretical potential for the different materials to adhere to the substrates. It was found that the drug or polymers alone, as well as the various formulations, were more likely to adhere to mucin than to nasal tissue. Further, there was a trend for higher molecular weight chitosans to adhere better to the substrates than lower molecular weight chitosans. Similarly, adhesion was improved for formulations with a higher content of polymers. These theoretical predictions may be compared with further experimental results and be of use in making informed decisions on the choice of formulations for future expensive bio-studies.
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Padrela L, de Azevedo EG, Velaga SP. Powder X-ray diffraction method for the quantification of cocrystals in the crystallization mixture. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:923-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.633263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Effect of carrier particle shape on dry powder inhaler performance. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:12-23. [PMID: 21945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the aerosolisation properties of salbutamol sulphate (SS) from dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations containing different carrier products. The difference in the elongation ratio (ER) of the different carriers was highlighted. Different set of carriers, namely commercial mannitol (CM), commercial lactose (CL), cooling crystallised mannitol (CCM), acetone crystallised mannitol (ACM) and ethanol crystallised mannitol (ECM) were used and inspected in terms of size, shape, density, crystal form, flowability, and in vitro aerosolisation performance using Multi Stage Liquid Impinger (MSLI) and Aerolizer inhaler device. Solid-state and morphological characterization showed that CM product was in pure β-form having particles with smaller ER (CM: ER=1.62 ± 0.04) whereas ACM and ECM mannitol particles were in pure α form with higher ER (ACM: ER=4.83 ± 0.18, ECM: ER=5.89 ± 0.19). CCM product crystallised as mixtures of β-form and δ-form and showed the largest variability in terms of particle shape, size, and DPI performance. Linear relationships were established showing that carrier products with higher ER have smaller bulk density (D(b)), smaller tap density (D(t)), higher porosity (P), and poorer flow properties. In vitro aerosolisation assessments showed that the higher the ER of the carrier particles the greater the amounts of SS delivered to lower airway regions indicating enhanced DPI performance. Yet, DPI performance enhancement by increasing carrier ER reached a "limit" as increasing carrier ER from 4.83±0.18 (ACM) to 5.89±0.19 (ECM) did not significantly alter fine particle fraction (FPF) of SS. Also, carrier particles with higher ER were disadvantageous in terms of higher amounts of SS remained in inhaler device (drug loss) and deposited on throat. Linear relationship was established (r(2)=0.87) showing that the higher the carrier ER the lower the drug emission (EM) upon inhalation. Moreover, poorer flowability for carrier products with higher ER is disadvantageous in terms of DPI formulation dose metering and processing on handling scale. In conclusion, despite that using carrier particles with higher ER can considerably increase the amounts of drug delivered to lower airway regions; this enhancement is restricted to certain point. Also, other limitations should be taken into account including higher drug loss and poorer flowability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pharmaceutical cocrystals are new solid forms with physicochemical properties that appear promising for drug product development. However, the in-vivo bioavailability of cocrystals has rarely been addressed. The cocrystal of indomethacin (IND), a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II drug, with saccharin (SAC) has been shown to have higher solubility than IND at all pH. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo bioavailability of IND-SAC cocrystals in comparison with IND in a physical mixture and the marketed product Indomee. METHODS Scale-up of the cocrystals was undertaken using cooling batch crystallisation without seeding. The chemical and physical purity of the up-scaled material was verified using high-performance liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. The IND-SAC cocrystals and IND plus SAC were mixed with lactose and the formulations were placed into gelatin capsules. In-vitro dissolution studies were then performed using the rotating basket dissolution method. The intrinsic dissolution rate of IND and IND-SAC cocrystals was also determined. Finally, a bioavailability study for the formulations was conducted in beagle dogs. The plasma samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography and the pharmacokinetic data were analysed using standard methodologies. KEY FINDINGS The bulk cocrystals (i.e. scaled-up material) were chemically and physically pure. The in-vitro dissolution rate of the cocrystals was higher than that of IND and similar to that of Indomee at pH 7.4 and pH 1.2. The in-vivo bioavailability of the IND-SAC cocrystals in dogs was significantly higher (ANOVA, P<0.05) than that of IND but not significantly different from Indomee (ANOVA, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that the improved aqueous solubility of the cocrystals leads to improved bioavailability of IND. Thus, the cocrystals are a viable alternative solid form that can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Mohammad MA, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP. Hansen solubility parameter as a tool to predict cocrystal formation. Int J Pharm 2011; 407:63-71. [PMID: 21256944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the miscibility of a drug and coformer, as predicted by Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), can indicate cocrystal formation and guide cocrystal screening. It was also our aim to evaluate various HSPs-based approaches in miscibility prediction. HSPs for indomethacin (the model drug) and over thirty coformers were calculated according to the group contribution method. Differences in the HSPs between indomethacin and each coformer were then calculated using three established approaches, and the miscibility was predicted. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the experimental miscibility and cocrystal formation. The formation of cocrystals was also verified using liquid-assisted grinding. All except one of the drug-coformers that were predicted to be miscible were confirmed experimentally as miscible. All tested theoretical approaches were in agreement in predicting miscibility. All systems that formed cocrystals were miscible. Remarkably, two new cocrystals of indomethacin were discovered in this study. Though it may be necessary to test this approach in a wide range of different coformer and drug compound types for accurate generalizations, the trends with tested systems were clear and suggest that the drug and coformer should be miscible for cocrystal formation. Thus, predicting the miscibility of cocrystal components using solubility parameters can guide the selection of potential coformers prior to exhaustive cocrystal screening work.
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Padrela L, Rodrigues MA, Velaga SP, Fernandes AC, Matos HA, de Azevedo EG. Screening for pharmaceutical cocrystals using the supercritical fluid enhanced atomization process. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Velaga SP, Vangala VR, Basavoju S, Boström D. Polymorphism in acesulfame sweetener: structure–property and stability relationships of bending and brittle crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3562-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alhalaweh A, Andersson S, Velaga SP. Preparation of zolmitriptan-chitosan microparticles by spray drying for nasal delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:206-14. [PMID: 19616094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use spray drying to prepare mucoadhesive dry powders of the antimigraine drug, zolmitriptan, in combination with the natural polymer, chitosan, for nasal administration. The effect of type, molecular weight, and proportion of chitosan on the powder and particle characteristics was also studied. Solutions containing different proportions of chitosans were prepared and spray dried. The chemical stability and content of the drug were determined by HPLC. The morphology and size range of the microparticles were also determined. Solid-state analysis was undertaken using thermal methods (DSC/MDSC and TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The drug release profiles were investigated and the time required to reach maximum solution concentrations (T(max)) was used for comparison. The drug was chemically stable, with a 93-105% loading in the microparticles. The microparticles were spherical with a narrow size distribution, irrespective of the formulation. Phase separation was observed for formulations containing less than 90% (w/w) chitosan, irrespective of the type. In contrast, in the formulation containing 90% (w/w) chitosan, the drug was molecularly dispersed. FT-IR studies showed that the bands corresponding to intermolecular hydrogen bonding were broader and more diffuse when zolmitriptan was amorphous. The formation of a hydrogen bond between drug and chitosans was also observed. T(max) increased as the proportion of chitosan decreased, and was proportional to the molecular weight of the chitosan in the formulation containing 90% (w/w) chitosan. Spray drying is a suitable technique for making mucoadhesive dry powders of zolmitriptan and chitosan for nasal application. The dispersion and release of the drug was affected by the properties and composition of the chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alhalaweh
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Padrela L, Rodrigues MA, Velaga SP, Matos HA, de Azevedo EG. Formation of indomethacin-saccharin cocrystals using supercritical fluid technology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:9-17. [PMID: 19477273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present work is to check the feasibility of supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies in the screening and design of cocrystals (novel crystalline solids). The cocrystal formation tendencies in three different SCF techniques, focusing on distinct supercritical fluid properties - solvent, anti-solvent and atomization enhancer - were investigated. The effect of processing parameters on the cocrystal formation behaviour and particle properties in these techniques was also studied. A recently reported indomethacin-saccharin (IND-SAC) cocrystalline system was our model system. A 1:1 molar ratio of indomethacin (gamma-form) and saccharin was used as a starting material. The SCF techniques employed in the study include the CSS technique (cocrystallization with supercritical solvent), the SAS technique (supercritical anti-solvent), and the AAS technique (atomization and anti-solvent). The resulting cocrystalline phase was identified using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform-Raman (FT-Raman). The particle morphologies and size distributions were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and aerosizer, respectively. The pure IND-SAC cocrystals were obtained from SAS and AAS processes, whilst partial to no cocrystal formation occurred in the CSS process. However, no remarkable differences were observed in terms of cocrystal formation at different processing conditions in SAS and AAS processes. Particles from CSS processes were agglomerated and large, whilst needle-to-block-shaped and spherical particles were obtained from SAS and AAS processes, respectively. The particle size distribution of these particles was 0.2-5microm. Particulate IND-SAC cocrystals with different morphologies and sizes (nano-to-micron) were produced using supercritical fluid techniques. This work demonstrates the potential of SCF technologies as screening methods for cocrystals with possibilities for particle engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Padrela
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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Velaga SP, Basavoju S, Boström D. Norfloxacin saccharinate–saccharin dihydrate cocrystal – A new pharmaceutical cocrystal with an organic counter ion. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lou B, Boström D, Velaga SP. Monohydrous dihydrogen phosphate salts of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Acta Crystallogr C 2007; 63:o731-3. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270107053218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lou B, Boström D, Velaga SP. Hydrogen-bonding interactions in the 4-aminobenzoic acid salt of atenolol monohydrate. Acta Crystallogr C 2007; 63:o714-6. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270107051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Basavoju S, Boström D, Velaga SP. Indomethacin-saccharin cocrystal: design, synthesis and preliminary pharmaceutical characterization. Pharm Res 2007; 25:530-41. [PMID: 17703346 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To design and prepare cocrystals of indomethacin using crystal engineering approaches, with the ultimate objective of improving the physical properties of indomethacin, especially solubility and dissolution rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various cocrystal formers, including saccharin, were used in endeavours to obtain indomethacin cocrystals by slow evaporation from a series of solvents. The melting point of crystalline phases was determined. The potential cocrystalline phase was characterized by DSC, IR, Raman and PXRD techniques. The indomethacin-saccharin cocrystal (hereafter IND-SAC cocrystal) structure was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Pharmaceutically relevant properties such as the dissolution rate and dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) of the IND-SAC cocrystal were evaluated. Solid state and liquid-assisted (solvent-drop) cogrinding methods were also applied to indomethacin and saccharin. RESULTS The IND-SAC cocrystals were obtained from ethyl acetate. Physical characterization showed that the IND-SAC cocrystal is unique vis-à-vis thermal, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction properties. The cocrystals were obtained in a 1:1 ratio with a carboxylic acid and imide dimer synthons. The dissolution rate of IND-SAC cocrystal system was considerably faster than that of the stable indomethacin gamma-form. DVS studies indicated that the cocrystals gained less than 0.05% in weight at 98%RH. IND-SAC cocrystal was also obtained by solid state and liquid-assisted cogrinding methods. CONCLUSIONS The IND-SAC cocrystal was formed with a unique and interesting carboxylic acid and imide dimer synthons interconnected by weak N-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO hydrogen bonds. The cocrystals were non-hygroscopic and were associated with a significantly faster dissolution rate than indomethacin (gamma-form).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Basavoju
- Department of Health Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, S-971 87, Sweden
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Velaga SP, Bergh S, Carlfors J. Stability and aerodynamic behaviour of glucocorticoid particles prepared by a supercritical fluids process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 21:501-9. [PMID: 14998581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Particle processing techniques using supercritical fluids (SF) are potential alternative technologies to design particles for inhalation. Powders of budesonide and flunisolide were prepared using solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) process. The aim was to determine thermodynamic stability of different polymorphs of flunisolide including new forms from SEDS technology and to characterise micronised and SEDS produced powders of budesonide and flunisolide for their suitability as inhalation powders. Acetone and methanol solutions of budesonide and flunisolide, with a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, were used for the particle preparation. The pressure was 100 bar and temperatures were 60 degrees C or 80 degrees C. The flow rates of CO(2) and drug solution were 9 ml/min and 0.3 ml/min, respectively. Chemical purity of different polymorphs of flunisolide was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thermal behaviour was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Particle morphology and surface examination were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The particle size distribution and density of the powders were determined with the help of Coulter Counter and helium pycnometer respectively. The in vitro deposition of the powders was studied using multistage liquid impinger (MLI). From the stability study, it was found that the two forms of flunisolide, polymorphs II and hemihydrate, were the most stable. Flunisolide form III was transformed to hemihydrate during the stability study. The chemical purity of the material was increased after SEDS processing. SEDS produced powders of budesonide and flunisolide form III from acetone showed narrow volumetric particle size distributions with 90% of the particles below 4 microm and geometric mean size around 3 microm. However, in the MLI study, budesonide powder obtained from SEDS with acetone showed favorable deposition in the lower stages with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of around 3 microm whilst the flunisolide form III was preferentially deposited in the higher stages of the MLI with MMAD of over 5 microm, due to aggregation of the particles. Particles of budesonide and flunisolide, in the size range, suitable for inhalation, were reproducibly produced using SEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram P Velaga
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Budesonide and flunisolide anhydrate were crystallized using the solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) technique. The aim was to investigate the possibility of preparing different pure polymorphs. METHODS 0.25% w/v solutions of each drug were prepared from acetone and methanol. Operating conditions were 40-80 degrees C and 80-200 bars. The flow rate of drug solution was 0.3 mL/min and that of CO2 was 9-25 mL/min. Sample characterizations included differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, variable temperature X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and solubility studies. RESULTS The particle morphology of budesonide was dependent on the nature of the solvent. SEDS processing of flunisolide with acetone at 100 bars resulted in the formation of polymorphic mixtures at 80 degrees C and a new polymorph III at 60 C and 40 degrees C. With methanol at 100 bars another new polymorph IV was formed with different particle morphology at 80 degrees C and a polymorphic mixture at 60 degrees C. CONCLUSION Using the SEDS, microparticles of crystalline budesonide were prepared and new polymorphs of flunisolide were produced. Particle characteristics were controlled by the temperature, pressure and relative flow rates of drug solution and CO2.
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Abstract
Crystallisation and subsequent milling of pharmaceutical powders by traditional methods often cause variations in physicochemical properties thereby influencing bioavailability of the formulation. Crystallisation of drug substances using supercritical fluids (SFs) offers some advantages over existing traditional methods in controlling particle characteristics. The novel particle formation method, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical (SEDS) fluids was used for the preparation of hydrocortisone (HC) particles. The influence of processing conditions on the solid-state properties of the particles was studied. HC, an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, particles were prepared from acetone and methanol solutions using the SEDS process. The solutions were dispersed with supercritical CO(2), acting as an anti-solvent, through a specially designed co-axial nozzle into a pressured vessel maintained at a specific constant temperature and pressure. The temperatures and pressures studied were 40-90 degrees C and 90-180 bar, respectively. The relative flow rates of drug solution to CO(2) were varied between 0.002 and 0.03. Solid-state characterisation of particles included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), solubility studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. The aerodynamic properties of SEDS prepared particles were determined by a multistage liquid impinger (MLI). Particles produced from acetone solutions were crystalline needles, melting at 221+/-2 degrees C. Their morphology was independent of processing conditions. With methanol solutions, particles were flakes or needles depending on the processing temperature and pressure. This material melted at 216+/-1 degrees C, indicating a different crystal structure from the original material, in agreement with observed differences in the position and intensity of the XRPD peaks. The simulated lung deposition, using the MLI, for HC powder was improved after SEDS processing. It was possible to produce and control the crystallinity, morphology, and aerodynamic properties of HC particles with the SEDS technique. This method may be useful for the processing of inhalation powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram P Velaga
- Department of Pharmacy, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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