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Huang T, Song C, Chen Y, Gan Y, Hu S, Hai A, Liu W, Kang T, Zhao Y, Miao Z, Wang X, Fu Y, Ke B. Molecular Transformers: Adaptive Multitarget Ligands for Esterase-Induced Transition from Analgesics to Anesthetics. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12349-12365. [PMID: 39013072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Multitarget strategies are essential in addressing complex diseases, yet developing multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) is particularly challenging when aiming to engage multiple therapeutic targets across different tissues. Here, we present a molecular transformer strategy, enhancing traditional MTDLs. By utilizing esterase-driven hydrolysis, this approach mimics the adaptive nature of transformers for enabling molecules to modify their pharmacological effects in response to the biological milieu. By virtual screening and biological evaluation, we identified KGP-25, a novel compound initially targeting the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav1.8) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) for analgesia, and later the γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor (GABAA) in the central nervous system (CNS) for general anesthesia. Our findings confirm KGP-25's dual efficacy in cellular and animal models, effectively reducing opioid-related side effects. This study validates the molecular transformer approach in drug design and highlights its potential to overcome the limitations of conventional MTDLs, paving new avenues in innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianguang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chi Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuhao Chen
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shilong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ao Hai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wencheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xing Wang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yihang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Liu LQ, Hong PX, Song XH, Zhou CC, Ling R, Kang Y, Qi QR, Yang J. Design, Synthesis, and Activity Study of Water-Soluble, Rapid-Release Propofol Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7857-7866. [PMID: 32588620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of water-soluble propofol prodrugs were synthesized, and their propofol release rate and pharmacodynamic characteristics were measured. We found that inserting glycolic acid as a linker between propofol and the cyclic amino acid accelerated the release of propofol from prodrugs into the plasma while preserving its safety. In animal experiments, prodrugs (3e, 3g, and 3j) were significantly better than fospropofol (the only water-soluble propofol prodrug that has been used clinically) in terms of safety, onset, and duration time of anesthesia. Their molar dose, onset time, and anesthesia duration time were comparable to those of propofol, helping to maintain the clinical benefits of propofol. The experimental results showed the potential of such compounds as water-soluble prodrugs of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Quan Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Sichuan Research Center of Precision Engineering Technology for Small Molecule Drugs, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pei-Xi Hong
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xing-Hai Song
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chang-Cui Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Ling
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing-Rong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Sichuan Research Center of Precision Engineering Technology for Small Molecule Drugs, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Vale N, Ferreira A, Matos J, Fresco P, Gouveia MJ. Amino Acids in the Development of Prodrugs. Molecules 2018; 23:E2318. [PMID: 30208629 PMCID: PMC6225300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although drugs currently used for the various types of diseases (e.g., antiparasitic, antiviral, antibacterial, etc.) are effective, they present several undesirable pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties. Most of the drugs have low bioavailability, lack of sensitivity, and do not target only the damaged cells, thus also affecting normal cells. Moreover, there is the risk of developing resistance against drugs upon chronic treatment. Consequently, their potential clinical applications might be limited and therefore, it is mandatory to find strategies that improve those properties of therapeutic agents. The development of prodrugs using amino acids as moieties has resulted in improvements in several properties, namely increased bioavailability, decreased toxicity of the parent drug, accurate delivery to target tissues or organs, and prevention of fast metabolism. Herein, we provide an overview of models currently in use of prodrug design with amino acids. Furthermore, we review the challenges related to the permeability of poorly absorbed drugs and transport and deliver on target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Abigail Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- LAQV&REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Matos
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental Area, WRO-1074-3, Mattenstrasse 24, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paula Fresco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Sarfraz RM, Ahmad M, Mahmood A, Minhas MU, Yaqoob A. Development and Evaluation of Rosuvastatin Calcium Based Microparticles for Solubility Enhancement: An In Vitro Study. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rai Muhammad Sarfraz
- Faculty of Pharmacy; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; 63100 Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; 63100 Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan
| | - Asif Mahmood
- Faculty of Pharmacy; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; 63100 Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Minhas
- Faculty of Pharmacy; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; 63100 Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Yaqoob
- Faculty of Pharmacy; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; 63100 Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan
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Mohammadi G, Hemati V, Nikbakht MR, Mirzaee S, Fattahi A, Ghanbari K, Adibkia K. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of clarithromycin–urea solid dispersions prepared by solvent evaporation, electrospraying and freeze drying methods. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Al-Hamidi H, Obeidat WM, Nokhodchi A. The dissolution enhancement of piroxicam in its physical mixtures and solid dispersion formulations using gluconolactone and glucosamine hydrochloride as potential carriers. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:74-83. [PMID: 24392858 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.871029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The solid dispersion technique is one of the most effective methods for improving the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs; however this is reliant on a suitable carrier and solvent being selected. The work presented explores amino sugars (d-glucosamine HCl and d-gluconolactone) as potential hydrophilic carriers to improve dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug, piroxicam, from physical mixtures and solid dispersion formulations. Solid dispersions of the drug and carrier were prepared using different ratios by the conventional solvent evaporation method. Acetone was used as solvent in the preparation of solid dispersions. Physical mixtures of piroxicam and carrier were also prepared for comparison. The properties of all solid dispersions and physical mixtures were studied using a dissolution tester, Fourier transform infrared, XRD, SEM and differential scanning calorimetry. These results showed that the presence of glucosamine or gluconolactone can increase dissolution rate of piroxicam compared to pure piroxicam. Glucosamine or Gluconolactone could be used as carrier in solid dispersion formulations and physical mixtures to enhance the dissolution rate. Solid state studies showed that no significant changes occurred for piroxicam in physical mixtures and solid dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Al-Hamidi
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent , Kent , UK
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Luo Y, Xu L, Tao X, Xu M, Feng J, Tang X. Preparation, characterization, stability andin vitro-in vivoevaluation of pellet-layered Simvastatin nanosuspensions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:936-46. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.699067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Luo Y, Xu L, Xu M, Tao X, Ai R, Tang X. Improvement of dissolution and bioavailability of Ginsenosides by hot melt extrusion and cogrinding. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:109-16. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.659189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Badawi AA, El-Nabaraw MA, El-Setouhy DA, Alsammit SA. Characterization and Stability Testing of Itraconazole Solid Dispersions Containing Crystallization Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajdd.2011.144.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Barzegar-Jalali M, Valizadeh H, Shadbad MRS, Adibkia K, Mohammadi G, Farahani A, Arash Z, Nokhodchi A. Cogrinding as an approach to enhance dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug (gliclazide). POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Javadzadeh Y, Shariati H, Movahhed-Danesh E, Nokhodchi A. Effect of Some Commercial Grades of Microcrystalline Cellulose on Flowability, Compressibility, and Dissolution Profile of Piroxicam Liquisolid Compacts. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:243-51. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802277672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Altomare C, Trapani G, Latrofa A, Serra M, Sanna E, Biggio G, Liso G. Highly water-soluble derivatives of the anesthetic agent propofol: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of cyclic amino acid esters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 20:17-26. [PMID: 13678789 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amino acid esters of propofol were synthesized in an attempt to develop new water-soluble anesthetic agents. Their solubility and stability in aqueous solution, and their ability to release propofol in vitro under physiological conditions were determined. L-Proline (6a) and racemic nipecotic acid (6c) esters were found to be highly soluble in water. Sufficiently stable at physiological pH (half-lives >6 h), the alpha-amino acid esters, 6a and 6b, were found to be quantitatively hydrolyzed in plasma and liver esterase solutions within a few minutes, showing prodrug behavior. The in vitro activity of the esters, determined either by the [(35)S]tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([(35)S]TBPS) binding assay or electrophysiological measurements of the action at cloned human receptors, proved to be a mechanism involving allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors. Indeed, L-proline (6a), and racemic pipecolinate (6b) and nipecotate (6c), like propofol, reduced [(35)S]TBPS binding, whereas isonipecotate (6d) showed bicuculline-like behavior, increasing [(35)S]TBPS binding. A nonlinear relation between GABA(A) receptor binding affinity and lipophilicity, as assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, emerged as a trend. The in vivo anticonvulsant and anesthetic activities of prolinate 6a, intraperitoneally administered in water solution, showed that is a water-soluble propofol prodrug candidate for developing formulations useful for parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Altomare
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy,
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Bebbington D, Dawson CE, Gaur S, Spencer J. Prodrug and covalent linker strategies for the solubilization of dual-action antioxidants/iron chelators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3297-300. [PMID: 12392736 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Water soluble prodrugs of hybrid free radical scavenger/iron chelating molecules, based on 3,5-disubstituted-4-hydroxyphenyl derivatives and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4(1H)-pyridinone (deferiprone), have been prepared. Related hybrid molecules containing a covalent poly(ethylene)glycol or an amine linker were also synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bebbington
- Department of Chemistry, Vernalis Research Limited, Oakdene Court, 613 Reading Road, Winnersh, Wokingham, UK
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Banaszczyk MG, Carlo AT, Millan V, Lindsey A, Moss R, Carlo DJ, Hendler SS. Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble propofol prodrug: in vivo evaluation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1285-92, table of contents. [PMID: 12401612 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200211000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED After a single IV injection of the water-soluble propofol prodrug propofol phosphate (PP) in mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs, propofol was produced rapidly (1-15 min), inducing dose-dependent sedative effects. In mice, the hypnotic dose (HD(50)), lethal dose (LD(50)), and safety index (defined as a ratio: LD(50)/HD(50)) were 165.4 mg/kg, 600.6 mg/kg, and 3.6, respectively. Propofol was produced with half-lives of 5.3 +/- 0.6 min in rats, 2.1 +/- 0.6 min in rabbits, and 4.4 +/- 2.4 min in pigs. The maximal concentration was dose and species dependent. The elimination half-life was 24 +/- 12 min in rats, 21 +/- 16 min in rabbits, and 225 +/- 56 min in pigs. Propofol generated from PP produced pharmacological effects similar to those described in the literature. We found a correlation between PP dose and duration of sedation with propofol concentrations larger than 1.0 microg/mL, which produced somnolence and sedation in rats and pigs. Adequate sedation and, at large enough doses, anesthetic-level sedation were produced after the administration of PP. Overall, PP, the water-soluble prodrug of propofol, seems to be a viable development candidate for sedative and anesthetic applications. IMPLICATIONS Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble prodrug of the widely used IV anesthetic propofol, was developed and evaluated in mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs after IV injection. The results of the study clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the prodrug approach to achieve sedative and anesthetic levels of propofol in laboratory animals; this warrants further evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz G Banaszczyk
- Chemistry Department, The Immune Response Corporation, 5935 Darwin Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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Kapsi SG, Ayres JW. Processing factors in development of solid solution formulation of itraconazole for enhancement of drug dissolution and bioavailability. Int J Pharm 2001; 229:193-203. [PMID: 11604272 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated solid solutions of itraconazole, a water insoluble antifungal, for improved dissolution and improved bioavailability. Influence of processing factors on drug and carrier properties in solid solution and subsequently on drug dissolution behavior was also studied. An optimized solid solution formulation was compared with marketed product in healthy human subjects under fasted and fed conditions for bioequivalency. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and drug were made into a solid solution at 120 degrees C. The cooled, solid solution was then ground into granules of different sizes. Solid solutions of lower drug concentration dissolved at a faster rate, and drug dissolution improved considerably with increasing molecular weight of PEG. Initial treatment of itraconazole with the wetting agent/cosolvent glycerol prior to making itraconazole into a solid solution improved drug dissolution, and also reduced the PEG amount required to dissolve drug to form solid solution. Addition of a polymer such as HPMC to the solid solution eliminated precipitation of drug following dissolution. As the granule size of the solid solution was reduced, precipitation of drug during dissolution became prominent. Equivalence of two formulations could not be shown for pharmacokinetic parameters C(max) and AUC, under both fasting and fed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kapsi
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709, Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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