1
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Thalberg K. New theory to explain the effect of lactose fines on the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2024; 663:124549. [PMID: 39128621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A new theory for the dispersibility enhancing effect of excipient fines for adhesive mixtures for inhalation is presented in this paper, while at the same time the shortcomings of current hypotheses are discussed. The proposed mechanism, denoted the 'viscoelastic damping effect', states that the presence of fines particles acts to dampen the collisions between carrier particles during mixing. As a consequence, fewer fine particles are 'irreversibly' pressed into the carriers, which in turn entails a higher fine particle fraction. The mechanism was demonstrated experimentally at different levels of added lactose fines by studying the influence of processing on fine particle fraction. This approach furthermore enabled quantification of the effect. All fine particles present in the blend (APIs and excipient fines) act together to exert the damping effect. The proposed mechanism is able to explain the main body of published data, including the effect of added excipient fines, the effect of an increased drug load, and the effect of removal of carrier fines. The viscoelastic damping mechanism is general in nature and conveys a broader and more general understanding of the behavior of adhesive mixtures for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Food and Pharma Division, Department of Process and Life Science Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Emmace Consulting AB, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Salústio PJ, Amaral MH, Costa PC. Different Carriers for Use in Dry Powder Inhalers: Characteristics of Their Particles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024. [PMID: 39120712 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In contemporary times, there has been a rise in the utilization of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in the management of pulmonary and systemic diseases. These devices underwent a swift advancement in terms of both the equipment utilized and the formulation process. In this review, the carrier physicochemical characteristics that influence DPI performance are discussed, focusing its shape, morphology, size distribution, texture, aerodynamic diameter, density, moisture, adhesive and detachment forces between particles, fine carrier particles, and dry powder aerosolization. To promote the deposition of the active principal ingredient deep within the pulmonary system, advancements have been made in enhancing these factors and surface properties through the application of novel technologies that encompass particle engineering. So far, the most used carrier is lactose showing some advantages and disadvantages, but other substances and systems are being studied with the intention of replacing it. The final objective of this review is to analyze the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of the different carriers or new delivery systems used in DPI formulations, whether already on the market or still under investigation. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Salústio
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M H Amaral
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P C Costa
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Pasero L, Susa F, Limongi T, Pisano R. A Review on Micro and Nanoengineering in Powder-Based Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124248. [PMID: 38782150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of drugs has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of both lung and systemic diseases. Compared to other drug delivery routes, inhalation offers numerous advantages including high targeting, fewer side effects, and a huge surface area for drug absorption. However, the deposition of drugs in the lungs can be limited by lung defence mechanisms such as mucociliary and macrophages' clearance. Among the delivery devices, dry powder inhalers represent the optimal choice due to their stability, ease of use, and absence of propellants. In the last decades, several bottom-up techniques have emerged over traditional milling to produce inhalable powders. Among these techniques, the most employed ones are spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, spray freeze-drying, and thin film freezing. Inhalable dry powders can be constituted by micronized drugs attached to a coarse carrier (e.g., lactose) or drugs embedded into a micro- or nanoparticle. Particulate-based formulations are commonly composed of polymeric micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, extracellular vesicles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, engineered formulations including large porous particles, swellable microparticles, nano-in-microparticles, and effervescent nanoparticles have been developed. Particle engineering has also a crucial role in tuning the physical-chemical properties of both carrier-based and carrier-free inhalable powders. This approach can increase powder flowability, deposition, and targeting by customising particle surface features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pasero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Susa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy; Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 9 P. Giuria Street, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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4
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Morton DAV, Barling D. Developing Dry Powder Inhaler Formulations. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:90-99. [PMID: 38640447 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2024.29109.davm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This section aims to provide a concise and contemporary technical perspective and reference resource covering dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. While DPI products are currently the leading inhaled products in terms of sales value, a number of confounding perspectives are presented to illustrate why they are considered surprisingly, and often frustratingly, poorly understood on a fundamental scientific level, and most challenging to design from first principles. At the core of this issue is the immense complexity of fine cohesive powder systems. This review emphasizes that the difficulty of successful DPI product development should not be underestimated and is best achieved with a well-coordinated team who respect the challenges and who work in parallel on device and formulation and with an appreciation of the handling environment faced by the patient. The general different DPI formulation types, which have evolved to address the challenges of aerosolizing fine cohesive drug-containing particles to create consistent and effective DPI products, are described. This section reviews the range of particle engineering processes that may produce micron-sized drug-containing particles and their subsequent assembly as either carrier-based or carrier-free compositions. The creation of such formulations is then discussed in the context of the material, bulk, interfacial and ultimately drug-delivery properties that are considered to affect formulation performance. A brief conclusion then considers the future DPI product choices, notably the issue of technology versus affordability in the evolving inhaler market.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A V Morton
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - David Barling
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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5
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Magramane S, Vlahović K, Gordon P, Kállai-Szabó N, Zelkó R, Antal I, Farkas D. Inhalation Dosage Forms: A Focus on Dry Powder Inhalers and Their Advancements. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1658. [PMID: 38139785 PMCID: PMC10747137 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, an extensive analysis of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is offered, focusing on their characteristics, formulation, stability, and manufacturing. The advantages of pulmonary delivery were investigated, as well as the significance of the particle size in drug deposition. The preparation of DPI formulations was also comprehensively explored, including physico-chemical characterization of powders, powder processing techniques, and formulation considerations. In addition to manufacturing procedures, testing methods were also discussed, providing insights into the development and evaluation of DPI formulations. This review also explores the design basics and critical attributes specific to DPIs, highlighting the significance of their optimization to achieve an effective inhalation therapy. Additionally, the morphology and stability of 3 DPI capsules (Spiriva, Braltus, and Onbrez) were investigated, offering valuable insights into the properties of these formulations. Altogether, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of DPIs and their development, performance, and optimization of inhalation dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Magramane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Kristina Vlahović
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Péter Gordon
- Department of Electronics Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry J. Str. 18, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7–9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
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6
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Liu T, Tong S, Liao Q, Pan L, Cheng M, Rantanen J, Cun D, Yang M. Role of dispersion enhancer selection in the development of novel tratinterol hydrochloride dry powder inhalation formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122702. [PMID: 36773729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tratinterol hydrochloride (TH) is a new long-acting bronchodilator with strong β2 adrenoceptor stimulation activity. The aim of this study was to design a new carrier-based dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulation for TH and to investigate the effect of dispersion enhancers on the aerosol performance of TH in vitro. To this end, coarse lactose was used as a carrier. TH was micronized by using a jet mill and blended with the carrier to obtain a reference DPI formulation. Commercial magnesium stearate (MgSt) as received, micronized MgSt (MgSt-M), and fine lactose (FL) were used as the dispersion enhancers and formulated with the micronized TH (TH-M) and the carrier as DPI formulations. The obtained DPI formulations were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermal analysis, powder rheometer, and Raman microscopy. A next generation pharmaceutical impactor (NGI) was used to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of the dry powders. The results showed that TH-M was in an inhalable particle size range, and based on the XRPD and thermal analysis, the solid form of TH-M did not change compared to the starting materials. The NGI results showed that the fine particle fraction (FPF) of TH could be increased with the addition of MgSt and FL as dispersion enhancers in the reference formulation. In addition, the FPF of TH could be increased with a decrease in the particle size of MgSt or an increase in the amount of FL. A combination of MgSt-M and FL could further improve the aerosol performance of TH. Raman spectroscopic imaging confirmed the spatial location of MgSt and TH at the surface of the carrier. This study demonstrates that TH could be formulated into carrier-based dry powder formulation for inhalation using coarse lactose as the carrier. The dual strategy based on using both MgSt and FL as dispersion enhancers improved the aerosol performance of a novel TH dry powder formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Shiqing Tong
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Qianqian Liao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Abiona O, Wyatt D, Koner J, Mohammed A. The Optimisation of Carrier Selection in Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation and the Role of Surface Energetics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2707. [PMID: 36359226 PMCID: PMC9687551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the effects of particle properties on drug-carrier interactions in the preparation of a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation, including appropriate mixing technology. The interactive effects of carrier properties on DPI formulation performance make it difficult to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between any one carrier property and its effect on the performance of a DPI formulation. Alpha lactose monohydrate remains the most widely used carrier for DPI formulations. The physicochemical properties of α-lactose monohydrate particles, such as particle size, shape and solid form, are profoundly influenced by the method of production. Therefore, wide variations in these properties are inevitable. In this review, the role of surface energetics in the optimisation of dry powder inhaler formulations is considered in lactose carrier selection. Several useful lactose particle modification methods are discussed as well as the use of fine lactose and force control agents in formulation development. It is concluded that where these have been investigated, the empirical nature of the studies does not permit early formulation prediction of product performance, rather they only allow the evaluation of final formulation quality. The potential to leverage particle interaction dynamics through the use of an experimental design utilising quantifiable lactose particle properties and critical quality attributes, e.g., surface energetics, is explored, particularly with respect to when a Quality-by-Design approach has been used in optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Abiona
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - David Wyatt
- Aston Particle Technologies Ltd., Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Jasdip Koner
- Aston Particle Technologies Ltd., Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Afzal Mohammed
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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8
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Spahn JE, Zhang F, Smyth HDC. Mixing of dry powders for inhalation: A review. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121736. [PMID: 35405281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The process of solids mixing is applied across a considerable range of industries. Pharmaceutical science is one of those industries that utilizes solids mixing extensively. Specifically, solids mixing as a key factor in the preparation of dry powder inhalers using the ordered mixing process will be discussed here. This review opens with a history of dry powder mixing theory, continues to ordered mixing in the preparation for dry powder inhalers, details key interparticulate interactions, explains formulation components for dry powder blends, and finally discusses different types of mixers used in the production of dry powder blends for inhalation. Lastly, the authors offer some suggestions for future work on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Spahn
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA.
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9
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Farizhandi AAK, Alishiri M, Lau R. Machine learning approach for carrier surface design in carrier-based dry powder inhalation. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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A triple combination 'nano' dry powder inhaler for tuberculosis: in vitro and in vivo pulmonary characterization. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:1520-1531. [PMID: 34041715 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation route of drug delivery is the most favorable for pulmonary infections wherein direct drug delivery is desired to the lungs. Tuberculosis is one such infection suffering from poor therapeutic efficacy because of low patient compliance due to high drug dosing and lengthy treatment protocols. The current research work was undertaken to develop a dry powder inhaler (DPI) for administration of three first-line antitubercular antibiotics directly to the lungs to improve the treatment rates. Nanoformulations of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin were prepared, spray-dried to obtain a dry powder system, and blended with inhalation grade lactose to develop the DPI. The DPI was evaluated for its flow properties, pulmonary deposition, dissolution profile, and stability. The DPI possessed excellent flow properties with a fine particle fraction of 45% and a mass median aerodynamic diameter of approximately 5 µm indicating satisfactory lung deposition. In vitro drug release exhibited a sustained release of the formulations. In vivo studies showed a prolonged deposition in the lung at elevated concentrations compared to oral therapy. Stability studies proved that the formulation remained stable at accelerated and long-term stability conditions. The DPI could complement the existing oral therapy in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy in patients.
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11
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Zhang Y, MacKenzie B, Koleng JJ, Maier E, Warnken ZN, Williams RO. Development of an Excipient-Free Peptide Dry Powder Inhalation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:632-644. [PMID: 31913640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The caveolin scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) is being developed for the therapeutic intervention of a lethal lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While direct respiratory delivery of CSP7 (a 7-mer fragment of CSP) is considered an effective route, proper formulation and processing of the peptide are required. First, air-jet milling technology was performed in order to micronize the neat peptide powder. Next, the fine particles were subjected to a stability study with physical and chemical characterizations. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of processed CSP7 powder was evaluated in an animal model of lung fibrosis. The results revealed that, with jet milling, the particle size of CSP7 was reduced to a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.58 ± 0.1 μm and 93.3 ± 3.3% fine particle fraction, optimal for deep lung delivery. A statistically significant reduction of collagen was observed in diseased lung tissues of mice that received CSP7 powder for inhalation. The particles remained chemically and physically stable after micronization and during storage. This work demonstrated that jet milling is effective in the manufacturing of a stable, excipient-free CSP7 inhalation powder for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Lung Therapeutics Inc. , 2600 Via Fortuna, Suite 360 , Austin , Texas 78746 , United States
| | - John J Koleng
- Lung Therapeutics Inc. , 2600 Via Fortuna, Suite 360 , Austin , Texas 78746 , United States
| | - Esther Maier
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Zachary N Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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12
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Micron-size lactose manufactured under high shear and its dispersion efficiency as carrier for Salbutamol Sulphate. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Della Bella A, Müller M, Danani A, Soldati L, Bettini R. Effect of Lactose Pseudopolymorphic Transition on the Aerosolization Performance of Drug/Carrier Mixtures. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110576. [PMID: 31689975 PMCID: PMC6920796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of lactose are key factors in adhesive mixtures used as dry powder inhaler (DPI). Despite the abundant literature on this topic, the effect of the polymorphism and pseudo-polymorphism of lactose has been seldom investigated and discussed although often lactose used in DPI is subjected to unit operations, which may alter its solid-state properties. Here, we studied the aerosolization performance of salbutamol sulphate (SS) or budesonide (BUD) formulations by investigating the effect of lactose pseudopolymorphism in ternary (coarse lactose/fine lactose/drug) and binary (coarse lactose/drug) mixtures. An improvement of the aerosolization performance of SS formulations with the increase of the amount of fine micronized lactose up to 30% (fine particle fraction (FPF) = 57%) was observed. Micronized lactose contained hygroscopic anhydrous α-lactose, which converted to α-lactose monohydrate at ambient conditions. This implied that the positive effect of fines on the aerosolization performance decreased and eventually disappeared with the formulation aging. Positive effect on SS deposition was observed also with binary mixtures with anhydrous lactose, whereas the opposite occurred with budesonide-containing formulations. The collected data demonstrated the crucial role of the carrier crystal form on the positive effect of fines on the deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Müller
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Danani
- Istituto Delle Molle di Studi Sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano Soldati
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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14
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Evaluation of carrier size and surface morphology in carrier-based dry powder inhalation by surrogate modeling. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Yeung S, Traini D, Tweedie A, Lewis D, Church T, Young PM. Limitations of high dose carrier based formulations. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Jetzer MW, Schneider M, Morrical BD, Imanidis G. Investigations on the Mechanism of Magnesium Stearate to Modify Aerosol Performance in Dry Powder Inhaled Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:984-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Rawal T, Kremer L, Halloum I, Butani S. Dry-Powder Inhaler Formulation of Rifampicin: An Improved Targeted Delivery System for Alveolar Tuberculosis. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30:388-398. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2017.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Rawal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centred'étude des Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Iman Halloum
- Centred'étude des Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Shital Butani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Gujarat, Ahmedabad, India
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18
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Lau M, Young PM, Traini D. Investigation into the Manufacture and Properties of Inhalable High-Dose Dry Powders Produced by Comilling API and Lactose with Magnesium Stearate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2248-2259. [PMID: 28070849 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to understand the impact of different concentrations of the additive material, magnesium stearate (MGST), and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), respectively, on the physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of comilled formulations for high-dose delivery. Initially, blends of API/lactose with different concentrations of MGST (1-7.5% w/w) were prepared and comilled by the jet-mill apparatus. The optimal concentration of MGST in comilled formulations was investigated, specifically for agglomerate structure and strength, particle size, uniformity of content, surface coverage, and aerosol performance. Secondly, comilled formulations with different API (1-40% w/w) concentrations were prepared and similarly analyzed. Comilled 5% MGST (w/w) formulation resulted in a significant improvement in in vitro aerosol performance due to the reduction in agglomerate size and strength compared to the formulation comilled without MGST. Higher concentrations of MGST (7.5% w/w) led to reduction in aerosol performance likely due to excessive surface coverage of the micronized particles by MGST, which led to failure in uniformity of content and an increase in agglomerate strength and size. Generally, comilled formulations with higher concentrations of API increased the agglomerate strength and size, which subsequently caused a reduction in aerosol performance. High-dose delivery was achieved at API concentration of >20% (w/w). The study provided a platform for the investigation of aerosol performance and physicochemical properties of other API and additive materials in comilled formulations for the emerging field of high-dose delivery by dry powder inhalation.
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Kim KS, Kim JH, Jin SG, Kim DW, Kim JO, Yong CS, Youn YS, Oh KT, Woo JS, Choi HG. Formulation of novel dry powder inhalation for fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate with capsule-based device. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:158-166. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1342656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Woo
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Dry powder inhaler performance of spray dried mannitol with tailored surface morphologies as carrier and salbutamol sulphate. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:351-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
In 1956, Riker Laboratories, Inc., (now 3 M Drug Delivery Systems) introduced the first pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI). In many respects, the introduction of the MDI marked the beginning of the modern pharmaceutical aerosol industry. The MDI was the first truly portable and convenient inhaler that effectively delivered drug to the lung and quickly gained widespread acceptance. Since 1956, the pharmaceutical aerosol industry has experienced dramatic growth. The signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 led to a surge in innovation that resulted in the diversification of inhaler technologies with significantly enhanced delivery efficiency, including modern MDIs, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizer systems. The innovative inhalers and drugs discovered by the pharmaceutical aerosol industry, particularly since 1956, have improved the quality of life of literally hundreds of millions of people. Yet, the delivery of therapeutic aerosols has a surprisingly rich history dating back more than 3500 years to ancient Egypt. The delivery of atropine and related compounds has been a crucial inhalation therapy throughout this period and the delivery of associated structural analogs remains an important therapy today. Over the centuries, discoveries from many cultures have advanced the delivery of therapeutic aerosols. For thousands of years, therapeutic aerosols were prepared by the patient or a physician with direct oversight of the patient using custom-made delivery systems. However, starting with the Industrial Revolution, advancements in manufacturing resulted in the bulk production of therapeutic aerosol delivery systems produced by people completely disconnected from contact with the patient. This trend continued and accelerated in the 20th century with the mass commercialization of modern pharmaceutical inhaler products. In this article, we will provide a summary of therapeutic aerosol delivery from ancient times to the present along with a look to the future. We hope that you will find this chronological summary intriguing and informative.
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Kaialy W. On the effects of blending, physicochemical properties, and their interactions on the performance of carrier-based dry powders for inhalation - A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 235:70-89. [PMID: 27291646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blending drug and carrier powders to produce homogeneous drug-carrier adhesive mixtures is a key step in the production of dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. Although the blending conditions can result in different conclusions or probably change the outcome of a study entirely if being selected differently, there is a scarcity of data on the influence of blending processes on the physicochemical properties of bulk powder formulations and the follow-on effects on DPI performance. This paper provides an overview of the interactions between variables related to blending conditions (e.g. blending equipment, time, speed and sequence as well as environmental humidity) and powder physicochemical properties (e.g. size distribution, shape distribution, density, anomeric composition, electrostatic charge, surface, and bulk properties), and their effects on the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation in terms of drug content homogeneity, drug-carrier adhesion, and drug aerosolisation behaviour. The relevance of carrier payload, batch size and segregation was also discussed. Challenges and future directions were identified. This review therefore contributes towards a better understanding of the blending process, powder physicochemical properties, and their interlinked effects on the fundamental understanding of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. The knowledge gained is essential to ensure optimum blending and thereby controlled functionality of DPIs.
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Peng T, Lin S, Niu B, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Li G, Pan X, Wu C. Influence of physical properties of carrier on the performance of dry powder inhalers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:308-18. [PMID: 27471671 PMCID: PMC4951591 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) offer distinct advantages as a means of pulmonary drug delivery and have attracted much attention in the field of pharmaceutical science. DPIs commonly contain micronized drug particles which, because of their cohesiveness and strong propensity to aggregate, have poor aerosolization performance. Thus carriers with a larger particle size are added to address this problem. However, the performance of DPIs is profoundly influenced by the physical properties of the carrier, particularly their particle size, morphology/shape and surface roughness. Because these factors are interdependent, it is difficult to completely understand how they individually influence DPI performance. The purpose of this review is to summarize and illuminate how these factors affect drug–carrier interaction and influence the performance of DPIs.
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Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- CLF, coarse lactose fines
- Carrier
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- Dry powder inhaler
- ED, emission dose
- ER, elongation ratio
- FLF, fine lactose fines
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- FR, flatness ratio
- Fshape, shape factor
- Fsurface, surface factor
- MFV, minimum fluidization velocity
- Morphology
- PDD, pulmonary drug delivery
- Particle size
- Performance
- RO, roundness
- Surface roughness
- dae, aerodynamic diameter
- pMDI, pressurized metered-dose inhaler
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Boyi Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangzhou Neworld Pharm. Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. Tel.: +86 20 39943427/+86 20 39943117; fax: +86 20 39943115.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. Tel.: +86 20 39943427/+86 20 39943117; fax: +86 20 39943115.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Thalberg K, Åslund S, Skogevall M, Andersson P. Dispersibility of lactose fines as compared to API in dry powders for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2016; 504:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tucker I, Das S, Stewart P. A view on the less-than-rational development of drug delivery systems – The example of dry powder inhalers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Weers JG, Miller DP. Formulation Design of Dry Powders for Inhalation. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3259-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hassoun M, Ho S, Muddle J, Buttini F, Parry M, Hammond M, Forbes B. Formulating powder-device combinations for salmeterol xinafoate dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:360-7. [PMID: 25987210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Using salmeterol xinafoate (SX) as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, the effects of carrier lactose particle type, total lactose fines content and device resistance on dry powder inhaler performance were investigated in vitro. To mimic drug levels in commercial preparations, interactive mixtures containing 0.58% w/w SX were prepared by low shear tumble mixing. Three types of milled inhalation grade lactose were used (Lactohale(®) LH 200, Respitose(®) ML006 and ML001) and the concentration of fine lactose (Lactohale(®) 300) added was varied. The in vitro deposition of each mixture was studied using a next generation impactor and inhaler devices exhibiting different resistances, Rotahaler(®)<Aerolizer(®)<Handihaler(®). Aerosol performance was evaluated based on the emitted dose (ED), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) ± geometric standard deviation (GSD) and fine particle fraction (FPF). Increases of up to eight-fold in FPF were observed with increasing intrinsic fine lactose content. The addition of extra fine lactose increased the FPF further, although the effect diminished as more fines were added. The Aerolizer produced the best aerosol performance with any given powder blend, although suitable formulations were identified for each device as defined by the a priori success criteria: >80% ED and MMAD ± GSD between 1-5 μm. The results confirmed the factors under investigation to be important determinants of product performance, but demonstrated using realistic conditions how individual factor impact may be enhanced or mitigated by inter-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Hassoun
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Shirlene Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Joanna Muddle
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Mark Parry
- Intertek-Melbourn Scientific Limited, Saxon Way, Melbourn SG8 6DN, UK
| | - Mark Hammond
- Intertek-Melbourn Scientific Limited, Saxon Way, Melbourn SG8 6DN, UK
| | - Ben Forbes
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Müller T, Krehl R, Schiewe J, Weiler C, Steckel H. Influence of small amorphous amounts in hydrophilic and hydrophobic APIs on storage stability of dry powder inhalation products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kaialy W, Nokhodchi A. Dry powder inhalers: physicochemical and aerosolization properties of several size-fractions of a promising alterative carrier, freeze-dried mannitol. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 68:56-67. [PMID: 25497318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and inhalation characteristics of different size fractions of a promising carrier, i.e., freeze-dried mannitol (FDM). FDM was prepared and sieved into four size fractions. FDMs were then characterized in terms of micromeritic, solid-state and bulk properties. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations were prepared using salbutamol sulphate (SS) and then evaluated in terms of drug content homogeneity and in vitro aerosolization performance. The results showed that the crystalline state of mannitol was maintained following freeze-drying for all size fractions of FDM. All FDM particles showed elongated morphology and contained mixtures of α-, β- and δ-mannitol. In comparison to small FDM particles, FDMs with larger particle sizes demonstrated narrower size distributions, higher bulk and tap densities, lower porosities and better flowability. Regardless of particle size, all FDMs generated a significantly higher (2.2-2.9-fold increase) fine particle fraction (FPF, 37.5 ± 0.9%-48.6 ± 2.8%) of SS in comparison to commercial mannitol. The FPFs of SS were related to the shape descriptors of FDM particles; however, FPFs did not prove quantitative apparent relationships with either particle size or powder bulk descriptors. Large FDM particles were more favourable than smaller particles because they produced DPI formulations with better flowability, better drug content homogeneity, lower amounts of the drug depositing on the throat and contained lower fine-particle-mannitol. Optimized stable DPI formulations with superior physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties can be achieved using larger particles of freeze-dried mannitol (FDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
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Liquid crystalline phase as a probe for crystal engineering of lactose: carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 68:43-50. [PMID: 25460546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current work was undertaken to assess suitability of liquid crystalline phase for engineering of lactose crystals and their utility as a carrier in dry powder inhalation formulations. Saturated lactose solution was poured in molten glyceryl monooleate which subsequently transformed into gel. The gel microstructure was analyzed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Lactose particles recovered from gels after 48 h were analyzed for polymorphism using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA. Particle size, morphology and aerosolisation properties of prepared lactose were analyzed using Anderson cascade impactor. In situ seeding followed by growth of lactose crystals took place in gels with cubic microstructure as revealed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Elongated (size ∼ 71 μm) lactose particles with smooth surface containing mixture of α and β-lactose was recovered from gel, however percentage of α-lactose was more as compared to β-lactose. The aerosolisation parameters such as RD, ED, %FPF and % recovery of lactose recovered from gel (LPL) were found to be comparable to Respitose® ML001. Thus LC phase (cubic) can be used for engineering of lactose crystals so as to obtain particles with smooth surface, high elongation ratio and further they can be used as carrier in DPI formulations.
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Djokić M, Kachrimanis K, Solomun L, Djuriš J, Vasiljević D, Ibrić S. A study of jet-milling and spray-drying process for the physicochemical and aerodynamic dispersion properties of amiloride HCl. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Grasmeijer F, de Boer AH. The dispersion behaviour of dry powder inhalation formulations cannot be assessed at a single inhalation flow rate. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:165-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Claus S, Weiler C, Schiewe J, Friess W. How can we bring high drug doses to the lung? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:1-6. [PMID: 24300444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, dry powder inhalation has become a very attractive option for pulmonary drug delivery to treat lung diseases like cystic fibroses and lung infections. In contrast to the traditional pulmonary application of drugs for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, these therapies require higher lung doses to be administered. The developments and improvements toward high dose powder pulmonary drug delivery are summarized and discussed in this chapter. These include the invention and improvement of novel inhaler devices as well as the further development of formulation principles and new powder engineering methods. The implementation of these strategies is subsequently described for some prototypes and formulations in research and development stage as well as for already marketed dry powder products. Finally, possible adverse effects that can occur after inhalation of high powder doses are shortly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Claus
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudius Weiler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Joerg Schiewe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
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Das SC, Behara SRB, Morton DA, Larson I, Stewart PJ. Importance of particle size and shape on the tensile strength distribution and de-agglomeration of cohesive powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Novel alternatives to reduce powder retention in the dry powder inhaler during aerosolization. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:194-200. [PMID: 23680726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are used predominantly for the treatment of pulmonary diseases by delivering drugs directly into the lungs. The drug delivery efficiency is typically low and there is significant drug retention inside the DPI. An innovative 'green' initiative aimed at minimizing drug wastage via channeling the residual drug into the useful inhaled therapeutic fraction was pioneered. Drug retention could be minimized via coating the drug capsule and delivery device with pharmaceutically acceptable force-control agents. This coating reduces the adhesion between the drug particles and the internal surfaces of the DPI, which in turn increases the fine particle dose by as much as 300%.
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36
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Stank K, Steckel H. Physico-chemical characterisation of surface modified particles for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adi S, Adi H, Chan HK, Tong Z, Yang R, Yu A. Effects of mechanical impaction on aerosol performance of particles with different surface roughness. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Karner S, Urbanetz NA. Triboelectric characteristics of mannitol based formulations for the application in dry powder inhalers. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Park JH, Jin HE, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Shim WS, Shim CK. Chitosan microspheres as an alveolar macrophage delivery system of ofloxacin via pulmonary inhalation. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:562-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wan F, Maltesen M, Bjerregaard S, Foged C, Rantanen J, Yang M. Particle engineering technologies for improving the delivery of peptide and protein drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Stegemann S, Kopp S, Borchard G, Shah V, Senel S, Dubey R, Urbanetz N, Cittero M, Schoubben A, Hippchen C, Cade D, Fuglsang A, Morais J, Borgström L, Farshi F, Seyfang KH, Hermann R, van de Putte A, Klebovich I, Hincal A. Developing and advancing dry powder inhalation towards enhanced therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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El-Gendy N, Selvam P, Soni P, Berkland C. Development of Budesonide Nanocluster Dry Powder Aerosols: Preformulation. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3434-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Willetts J, Robbins P, Roche T, Bowley M, Bridson R. Exploring the effects of high shear blending on lactose and drug using fluidised bed elutriation. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Karner S, Urbanetz NA. Arising of electrostatic charge in the mixing process and its influencing factors. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Buttini F, Colombo P, Rossi A, Sonvico F, Colombo G. Particles and powders: Tools of innovation for non-invasive drug administration. J Control Release 2012; 161:693-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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46
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Le VNP, Thi THH, Robins E, Flament MP. Dry powder inhalers: study of the parameters influencing adhesion and dispersion of fluticasone propionate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:477-84. [PMID: 22399285 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between particles are dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the interacting particles but it is also important to consider the manufacturing process. Blending active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with carrier is a critical stage that determines the blend homogeneity and is the first step towards obtaining the final quality of the powder blend. The aim of this work was to study parameters that influence the interactions between API and carrier in adhesive mixtures used in DPI and their effect on API dispersion. The study was done with fluticasone propionate blended with lactose 'Lactohale 200'. The study was based on the influence of the operating conditions (speed, mixing time, resting steps during mixing), the size of the carrier and the storage conditions on the blend properties and on the API dispersion. The quality of the blends was examined by analysing the API content uniformity. Adhesion characteristics were evaluated by submitting mixtures to a sieving action by air depression with the Alpine air-jet sieve. Aerodynamic evaluation of fine particle fraction (FPF) was obtained using a Twin Stage Impinger; the FPF being defined as the mass percentage of API below 6.4 μm. For good dispersion and therefore good homogeneity of the API in the carrier particles, speed and powder blending time have to be sufficient, but not too long to prevent the appearance of static electricity, which is not favourable to homogeneity and stability. The FPF increases with the decrease in the carrier size. The storage conditions have also to be taken into consideration. Higher humidity favours the adhesion of API on the carrier and decreases the FPF.
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Thalberg K, Berg E, Fransson M. Modeling dispersion of dry powders for inhalation. The concepts of total fines, cohesive energy and interaction parameters. Int J Pharm 2012; 427:224-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lactose characteristics and the generation of the aerosol. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:233-56. [PMID: 21616107 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The delivery efficiency of dry-powder products for inhalation is dependent upon the drug formulation, the inhaler device, and the inhalation technique. Dry powder formulations are generally produced by mixing the micronised drug particles with larger carrier particles. These carrier particles are commonly lactose. The aerosol performance of a powder is highly dependent on the lactose characteristics, such as particle size distribution and shape and surface properties. Because lactose is the main component in these formulations, its selection is a crucial determinant of drug deposition into the lung, as interparticle forces may be affected by the carrier-particle properties. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the various grades of lactose, their production, and the methods of their characterisation. The origin of their adhesive and cohesive forces and their influence on aerosol generation are described, and the impact of the physicochemical properties of lactose on carrier-drug dispersion is discussed in detail.
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Le V, Bierend H, Robins E, Steckel H, Flament M. Influence of the lactose grade within dry powder formulations of fluticasone propionate and terbutaline sulphate. Int J Pharm 2012; 422:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Dry powder inhalers are a diverse family of devices that have emerged as a rapidly growing segment of the respiratory therapeutics area. The forces that these devices must impart into dry powder formulations for effective dispersion performance and reproducibility of delivery are relatively large, and multiple mechanisms have been developed in attempts to improve the efficiency of these systems. In this review, we address the reasons for the proliferation of dry powder inhalers, beginning with an abbreviated introduction on the basic inter-particulate forces that need to be disrupted to achieve successful powder dispersion and effective lung delivery. From this background, we survey the diversity of inhaler designs, starting from marketed devices, before introducing some of the novel device designs under development, both patient driven (passive) and device driven (active), as we attempt to link the themes of the device design features to the present understanding of the dynamics governing powder dispersion. Finally, we conclude by providing some assessment on the future of the wide range of device designs and mechanisms that have evolved by considering technical, regulatory and market forces.
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