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OMARA T, SADİA BO, MBABAZİ I, OKWİR A. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, and Toxicity of Euclea divinorum Hern (Ebenaceae): A Review. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1001676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Terefe EM, Okalebo FA, Derese S, Batiha GES, Youssef A, Alorabi M, Muriuki J. Cytotoxicity and anti-HIV activities of extracts of the twigs of Croton dichogamus Pax. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:49. [PMID: 35216601 PMCID: PMC8876114 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a clinical syndrome resulting from infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes profound immunosuppression. Anti-HIV drugs that are currently available are chemically synthesized and are frequently limited by side effects, the emergence of drug resistance, affordability, and availability, with over 5 million people in the world lacking access to treatment. As a result, to discover new anti-HIV agents, we investigated the effects of Kenyan C. dichogamus extracts on the laboratory-adapted strain HIV-1IIIB in human T-lymphocytic MT-4 cells. METHODS Four soluble fractions of 1:1 v/v CH2Cl2:MeOH extract of the twigs of C. dichogamus Pax were tested for their replication inhibition activity against the laboratory-adapted strain HIV-1IIIB in the human T-lymphocytic MT-4 cell line. The plant extracts were further evaluated for their cytotoxicity in MT-4 cells using the MTT assay. RESULTS The cytotoxicity CC50 values of the methanol and methylene chloride soluble fractions of C. dichogamus were found to be between 19.58 ± 0.79 and 167 ± 0.8 µg/ml, respectively. The hexane, methylene chloride, and methanol soluble fractions of the 1:1 v/v CH2Cl2:MeOH extract of the twigs of C. dichogamus showed inhibition of the HIV-1IIIB laboratory-adapted strain in a virus-infected cell culture antiviral assay. The methanol soluble fraction of the 1:1 v/v CH2Cl2:MeOH extract of the twigs of C. dichogamus showed significant anti-HIV activity by inhibiting more than 90% of viral-induced cytopathic effects with an IC50 value of 0.06 ± 0.01 µg/ml, giving an SI of 318.5. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, the methanol soluble fraction of the 1:1 v/v CH2Cl2:MeOH extract of the twigs of C. dichogamus has shown potential efficacy in inhibiting viral replication and could be considered a promising candidate for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Mergia Terefe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith Apolot Okalebo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Derese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Amal Youssef
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Muriuki
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hedges K, Ole Kipila J. Building the body: the resilience of nurturing practices to build the immune system with traditional medicine among Purko Maasai. Anthropol Med 2021; 29:160-174. [PMID: 34930053 DOI: 10.1080/13648470.2021.2008310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of traditional medicine have long been recognized by the World Health Organization. However, as formal education, urbanization, and deforestation increases; the use of traditional medicine has decreased. Within this phenomenon, this paper discusses the continued importance of preventive health practices among the Purko Maasai. Using nurturing as an explanatory framework, qualitative data is analyzed to understand the cultural importance of specific traditional medicine with the goal of building the body with 'engolon' (strength). Results address the importance of nurturing children by administering traditional medicine in order to build the body's immune system. Our data show an interesting gender divide in which both genders play a critical nurturing role, however at different timeframes in the child's life. Findings demonstrate concern with changing frequency of herbal medicine given to children, however there is resiliency within some nurturing components of using preventative traditional medicine to build up children's immune system.
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Bafna PS, Patil PH, Maru SK, Mutha RE. Cissus quadrangularis L: A comprehensive multidisciplinary review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114355. [PMID: 34181958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cissus quadrangularis L. is a perennial herb of the Vitaceae family and is utilized comprehensively as a medicinal herb in most tropical regions by various names. This herb is documented to possess a wide-ranging ethnomedicinal uses in malaria, fever, epilepsy, gout, piles, skin diseases, colic, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: A organized summary of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, available marketed formulations and filed patents were presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this herb. MATERIALS AND METHODS For a review of the literature, various databases were searched, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus etc. From, total 408 records of this herb, we have screened 155 articles consist of desired information and available as full text. Present manuscript is structured from comprehensive information on this herb from screened 155 records. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List". RESULTS Phytochemical assessment as a whole indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids, stilbenes, vitamins, steroids, and glycosides. A toxicity study revealed that its LD50 value is above 3000 mg/kg in animals indicating its safety. A variety of pharmacological studies of aerial parts of this herb by different extracts have demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-osteoporotic activity and other bone-related disorders to justify its name as Hadjod. Still, the herb has been utilized in clinical practice and several patents were filed in India and US for its antiosteoporotic property. CONCLUSION The studies on Cissus quadrangularis Linn. are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components needs to be further elucidated. These findings suggest the need for further research on this herb for the management of several other chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush S Bafna
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payal H Patil
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh K Maru
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh E Mutha
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, 425 405, Maharashtra, India.
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Phytochemical Analysis and Investigation of the Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Croton dichogamus Pax Crude Root Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2699269. [PMID: 34349822 PMCID: PMC8328688 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2699269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing antimicrobial resistance has led to an arduous search for new potent drugs from nature. In this search, plants have proved to be rich reservoirs of efficacious medicinal components that manage ailments. The current study is designed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and the cytotoxicity of the crude root extracts of Croton dichogamus, a shrub that is commonly used in the eastern Africa for the management of infectious diseases. Methods The roots of Croton dichogamus were obtained, dried, ground, and extracted using three solvents (acetone, distilled water, and 50% ethanol). The antimicrobial activity was tested using agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques against five human pathogens. The brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the toxic effect. Results The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, polyuronides, saponins, and anthracenes. The brine shrimp lethality assay indicated that all the extracts were highly cytotoxic with LC50 values below 100 μg/ml. Acetonic extract had an LC50 value of 4.148 μg/ml, hydroethanolic extract had 76.09 μg/ml, and aqueous extract had 42.61 μg/ml. All extracts showed the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus and S. aureus) and a fungal organism, C. albicans. The extracts showed no antibacterial effect on the Gram-negative bacterial strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. The highest antimicrobial activity was demonstrated by the acetonic extract on B. cereus which had an MIC of 10.42 mg/ml and a zone of inhibition of 17.33 ± 0.58 at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. Conclusion In this research work, we report that C. dichogamus had the antimicrobial activity confirming the folklore claim. The results made a strong case for isolation of novel anticancer lead compounds.
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Hedges K, Kipila JO, Carriedo-Ostos R. “There are No Trees Here”: Understanding Perceived Intergenerational Erosion of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge among Kenyan Purko Maasai in Narok District. J ETHNOBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-40.4.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hedges
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401-9403
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Roulette CJ, Njau EFA, Quinlan MB, Quinlan RJ, Call DR. Medicinal foods and beverages among Maasai agro-pastoralists in northern Tanzania. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:191-202. [PMID: 29409795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pastoralist Maasai populations of east Africa use several different wild plants as dietary and medicinal additives in beverages (soups and teas), yet little is known about how the plants used and the rationales for use compare and contrast across different Maasai beverages, including how gender specific dietary and health concerns structure patterns of intake. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated three Maasai beverages: almajani (tea or herbal infusion); motorí (traditional soup); and okiti (psychoactive herbal tea). In order to build knowledge about the cultural functions of these Maasai food-medicines and their incidence of use we also investigated use rationales and self-reported frequencies of use. We conclude by examining gender differences and the possible pharmacological antimicrobial activity of the most frequently used plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research was conducted in 2015, with a population of semi-nomadic agropastoralist Maasai residing in northern Tanzania. Data were collected using key informant interviews, plant collections, n = 32 structured surveys, and n = 40 freelist interviews followed by a literature review to determine the known antimicrobial activity of the most used plants. RESULTS We identified 20 plants that Maasai add to soup, 11 in tea, and 11 in the psychoactive tea, for a total of 24 herbal additives. Seven plant species were used in all three Maasai beverages, and these clustered with 10 common ailments. Based on self-reports, women use the beverages less frequently and in smaller amounts than men. There were also several gender differences in the plants that Maasai add to motorí and their associated use rationales. CONCLUSIONS There are several intersections concerning the plant species used and their associated rationales for use in almajani, motori, and okiti. Moving outward, Maasai beverages and their additives increasingly involve gender specific concerns. Female use of food-medicines, relative to men, is structured by concerns over pregnancy, birth, and lactation. The frequent consumption of herbal additives, many of which contain antimicrobial compounds, potentially helps modulate infections, but could have other unintentional effects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Roulette
- Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
| | - Efrem-Fred A Njau
- National Herbarium of Tanzania, Tropical Pesticide Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Marsha B Quinlan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, United States.
| | - Robert J Quinlan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4910, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, United States.
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7090, United States; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Medina MFE, Alaba PA, Estrada-Zuñiga ME, Velázquez-Ordoñez V, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Salem MZM, Alonso-Fresán MU, Camacho-Díaz LM, Salem AZM. Anti-staphylococcal properties of four plant extracts against sensitive and multi-resistant bacterial strains isolated from cattle and rabbits. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:286-294. [PMID: 29101063 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the biopotency of methanolic extracts of Vitex mollis, Psidium guajava, Dalbergia retusa, and Crescential alata leaves against various staphylococcal strains isolated from cattle and rabbits. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were isolated from cattle, while other strains were isolated from rabbits using standard methodology. The total phytochemical phenolic and saponins contents were obtained being the main groups of the antinutritional factors. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the standard culture of S. aureus (control) and S. aureus isolated from cattle and rabbits were investigated comparatively relative to that of oxacillin. It was found that both the control S. aureus and the isolated S. aureus are susceptible to all the four plant extracts, and sensitive to oxacillin. Of all the S. aureus including the control, MRSA2 is the most susceptible to all the extracts at 1000 μg/mL, except that of V. mollis where it is the least susceptible. Among all the plant extracts, P. guajava is the most active against MRSA2 and SOSA2. Therefore, the isolates from cattle (MRSA1 and MRSA2) are more susceptible to all the plant extracts than the isolates from rabbits. Among all the rabbit isolates, CoNS3 is the least susceptible to the extracts. Since all the plant extracts exhibit remarkable inhibitory activities against all the S. aureus strains, they are promising towards the production of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Adeniyi Alaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Mohmaed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - María Uxúa Alonso-Fresán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel Camacho-Díaz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Km. 3.5 Carretera Cd. Altamirano-Iguala, CP 40660 Cd. Altamirano, Guerrero, Mexico.
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Abstract
Extensive research has related the consumption of persimmon with the reduced risk of various diseases and particularly highlighted the presence of bioactive phenolic compounds for their therapeutic properties. Major phenolic compounds present in persimmon are ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid.β-Cryptoxanthin, lycopene,β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and lutein are important carotenoids having antioxidant potential. They are important to prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, safeguard beta cells of the pancreas, and reduce cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and damage caused by chronic alcohol consumption. In this paper, the chemistry and health benefits of bioactive compounds present in persimmon are reviewed to encourage impending applications and to facilitate further research activities.
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Kimondo J, Miaron J, Mutai P, Njogu P. Ethnobotanical survey of food and medicinal plants of the Ilkisonko Maasai community in Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:463-469. [PMID: 26456346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Pastoralist communities such as the Maasai are heavily reliant on traditional foods and medicines. This survey sought to identify traditional foods and/or medicinal plants of the Ilkisonko Maasai community living in Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical knowledge of traditional plants used as food and human/veterinary medicine was obtained using structured and semi-structured questionnaires administered through face to face interviews of key informants. RESULTS A total of 30 species from 21 families and 25 genera were reportedly used as food and/or medicine by 48 respondents. The most commonly encountered genus was the Fabaceae. The growth forms encountered were tree (47%), shrub (33%) and herb (20%). Plants that were commonly mentioned by respondents were Salvadora persica (85%), Grewia villosa (52%), Ximenia americana (52%), Albizia anthelmintica (50%), Acacia robusta (46%) and Acacia nilotica (42%). The root/root bark was the most commonly used plant part (35%), followed by the stem/stem bark (30%), fruit (15%), leaves (11%) and whole plant (9%). Common ailments treated were stomach aches, constipation, back aches, joint aches, body pains and sexually transmitted infections. The plants were also used as tonics, digestives, and restoratives. CONCLUSION It was evident that traditional medicine was the preferred health care system for the Ilkisonko Maasai community. It is important to document and use this knowledge in producing novel products that could improve nutrition and healthcare in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kimondo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Jacob Miaron
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peggoty Mutai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Peter Njogu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
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An YA, Hwang JY, Lee JS, Kim YC. Cornus officinalis Methanol Extract Upregulates Melanogenesis in Melan-a Cells. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:165-72. [PMID: 26191383 PMCID: PMC4505347 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornus officinalis is widely distributed in Korea, and its fruit has been used to make as herbal drug for traditional medicine in Korea, Japan, and China because of its tonic, analgesic, and diuretic properties. However, the effects of C. officinalis methanol extract (COME) on melanogenesis remain poorly understood. We evaluated the melanogenic capability of COME in melan-a cells, which are immortalized mouse melanocytes. COME increased melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 12.5 μg/mL of COME significantly increased melanin content by 36.1% (p < 0.001) to a level even higher than that (31.6%) of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine, a well-known pigmentation agent. COME also upregulated tyrosinase activity and its messenger RNA and protein expression. In addition, COME upregulated the expression of tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M messenger RNA expression. These results imply that COME may be appropriate for development as a natural product to treat hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ah An
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food & Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hwang
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food & Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Soon Lee
- Department of Beauty Design, Gyongbuk Science College, Gyongbuk, Korea
| | - Young Chul Kim
- Major in Public Health, Faculty of Food & Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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Fungo R, Muyonga J, Kaaya A, Okia C, Tieguhong JC, Baidu-Forson JJ. Nutrients and bioactive compounds content of Baillonella toxisperma, Trichoscypha abut and Pentaclethra macrophylla from Cameroon. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 3:292-301. [PMID: 26288721 PMCID: PMC4534156 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Baillonella toxisperma, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Trichoscypha abut are important foods for communities living around forests in Cameroon. Information on the nutritional value and bioactive content of these foods is required to establish their contribution to the nutrition and health of the communities. Samples of the three foods were obtained from four villages in east and three villages in south Cameroon. The foods were analyzed for proximate composition, minerals and bioactive content using standard chemical analysis methods. T. abut was found to be an excellent source of bioactive compounds; flavonoids (306 mg/100 g), polyphenols (947 mg/100 g), proanthocyanins (61.2 mg/100 g), vitamin C (80.05 mg/100 g), and total oxalates (0.6 mg/100 g). P. macrophylla was found to be a rich source of total fat (38.71%), protein (15.82%) and total fiber (17.10%) and some bioactive compounds; vitamin E (19.4 mg/100 g) and proanthocyanins (65.0 mg/100 g). B. toxisperma, was found to have high content of carbohydrates (89.6%), potassium (27.5 mg/100 g) and calcium (37.5 mg/100 g). Flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins C and E are the main bioactive compounds in these forest foods. The daily consumption of some of these fruits may coffer protection against some ailments and oxidative stress. Approximately 200 g of either B. toxisperma or P. macrophylla, can supply 100% iron and zinc RDAs for children aged 1-3 years, while 300 g of the two forest foods can supply about 85% iron and zinc RDAs for non-pregnant non-lactating women. The three foods provide 100% daily vitamins C and E requirements for both adults and children. The results of this study show that Baillonella toxisperma, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Trichoscypha abut can considerably contribute towards the human nutrient requirements. These forest foods also contain substantial levels of health promoting phytochemicals notably flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins C and E. These foods therefore have potential to promote nutrition and health, especially among forest dependent communities who consume them in substantial amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fungo
- School of Food Technology, Nutrition & Bio-Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057, Maccarese, Rome, Italy
| | - John Muyonga
- School of Food Technology, Nutrition & Bio-Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Archileo Kaaya
- School of Food Technology, Nutrition & Bio-Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clement Okia
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Uganda Country Office, P.O Box 26416, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Juius C Tieguhong
- Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057, Maccarese, Rome, Italy
| | - Jojo J Baidu-Forson
- Forest Genetic Resources Programme, Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057, Maccarese, Rome, Italy
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Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S. Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12791-835. [PMID: 26057747 PMCID: PMC4490473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. In this manuscript, we review studies concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along with genetic diversity among different accessions and populations. Different methods of propagation, establishment and cultivation are discussed. Moringa oleifera shows diversity in many characters and extensive morphological variability, which may provide a resource for its improvement. Great genetic variability is present in the natural and cultivated accessions, but no collection of cultivated and wild accessions currently exists. A germplasm bank encompassing the genetic variability present in Moringa is needed to perform breeding programmes and develop elite varieties adapted to local conditions. Alimentary and medicinal uses of moringa are reviewed, alongside the production of biodiesel. Finally, being that the leaves are the most used part of the plant, their contents in terms of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological properties are discussed. Many studies conducted on cell lines and animals seem concordant in their support for these properties. However, there are still too few studies on humans to recommend Moringa leaves as medication in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Spada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Schiraldi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Junior Aristil
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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An ethnobotanical perspective on traditional fermented plant foods and beverages in Eastern Europe. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:284-96. [PMID: 25985766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fermented food and beverages represent an important part of the worldwide foodscape, medicinal food domain and domestic strategies of health care, yet relevant traditional knowledge in Europe is poorly documented. METHODS Review of primary ethnographic literature, archival sources and a few ad-hoc ethnobotanical field studies in seven selected Eastern European countries (Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Kosovo, and Poland) were conducted. RESULTS Current or recently abandoned uses of 116 botanical taxa, belonging to 37 families in fermented food or medicinal food products were recorded. These findings demonstrate a rich bio-cultural diversity of use, and also a clear prevalence of the use of fruits of the tannin- and phenolic-rich Rosaceae species in alcoholic, lactic- and acetic acid fermented preparations. In the considered countries, fermentation still plays (or has played until recent years) a crucial role in folk cuisines and this heritage requires urgent and in-depth evaluation. DISCUSSION Future studies should be aimed at further documenting and also bio-evaluating the ingredients and processes involved in the preparation of homemade fermented products, as this can be used to support local, community-based development efforts to foster food security, food sovereignty, and small-scale local food-based economies.
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Leonard CM, Viljoen AM. Warburgia: a comprehensive review of the botany, traditional uses and phytochemistry. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 165:260-285. [PMID: 25698247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Warburgia (Canellaceae) is represented by several medicinal trees found exclusively on the African continent. Traditionally, extracts and products produced from Warburgia species are regarded as important natural African antibiotics and have been used extensively as part of traditional healing practices for the treatment of fungal, bacterial and protozoal infections in both humans and animals. We here aim to collate and review the fragmented information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activities of ethnomedicinally important Warburgia species and present recommendations for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peer-reviewed articles using "Warburgia" as search term ("all fields") were retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciFinder and Google Scholar with no specific time frame set for the search. In addition, various books were consulted that contained botanical and ethnopharmacological information. RESULTS The ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activity of Warburgia are reviewed. Most of the biological activities are attributed to the drimane sesquiterpenoids, including polygodial, warburganal, muzigadial, mukaadial and ugandensial, flavonoids and miscellaneous compounds present in the various species. In addition to anti-infective properties, Warburgia extracts are also used to treat a wide range of ailments, including stomach aches, fever and headaches, which may also be a manifestation of infections. The need to record anecdotal evidence is emphasised and conservation efforts are highlighted to contribute to the protection and preservation of one of Africa's most coveted botanical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Leonard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Powell B, Thilsted SH, Ickowitz A, Termote C, Sunderland T, Herforth A. Improving diets with wild and cultivated biodiversity from across the landscape. Food Secur 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-015-0466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Wagh K, Bhatia A, Alexe G, Reddy A, Ravikumar V, Seiler M, Boemo M, Yao M, Cronk L, Naqvi A, Ganesan S, Levine AJ, Bhanot G. Lactase persistence and lipid pathway selection in the Maasai. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44751. [PMID: 23028602 PMCID: PMC3461017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Maasai are a pastoral people in Kenya and Tanzania, whose traditional diet of milk, blood and meat is rich in lactose, fat and cholesterol. In spite of this, they have low levels of blood cholesterol, and seldom suffer from gallstones or cardiac diseases. Field studies in the 1970s suggested that the Maasai have a genetic adaptation for cholesterol homeostasis. Analysis of HapMap 3 data using Fixation Index (Fst) and two metrics of haplotype diversity: the integrated Haplotype Score (iHS) and the Cross Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (XP-EHH), identified genomic regions and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as strong candidates for recent selection for lactase persistence and cholesterol regulation in 143-156 founder individuals from the Maasai population in Kinyawa, Kenya (MKK). The non-synonmous SNP with the highest genome-wide Fst was the TC polymorphism at rs2241883 in Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1(FABP1), known to reduce low density lipoprotein and tri-glyceride levels in Europeans. The strongest signal identified by all three metrics was a 1.7 Mb region on Chr2q21. This region contains the genes LCT (Lactase) and MCM6 (Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component) involved in lactase persistence, and the gene Rab3GAP1 (Rab3 GTPase-activating Protein Catalytic Subunit), which contains polymorphisms associated with total cholesterol levels in a genome-wide association study of >100,000 individuals of European ancestry. Sanger sequencing of DNA from six MKK samples showed that the GC-14010 polymorphism in the MCM6 gene, known to be associated with lactase persistence in Africans, is segregating in MKK at high frequency (∼58%). The Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A (CYP3A) cluster of genes, involved in cholesterol metabolism, was identified by Fst and iHS as candidate loci under selection. Overall, our study identified several specific genomic regions under selection in the Maasai which contain polymorphisms in genes associated with lactase persistence and cholesterol regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Wagh
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Prevention of rotavirus infections in vitro with aqueous extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1083-97. [PMID: 20725585 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide, estimated to be responsible for over 300,000 childhood deaths every year, mostly in developing countries. Rotavirus-related deaths represent approximately 5% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. Saponins are readily soluble in water and are approved by the US FDA for inclusion in beverages intended for human consumption. The addition of saponins to existing water supplies offers a new form of intervention into the cycle of rotavirus infection. We believe that saponins will 'coat' the epithelium of the host's small intestine and prevent attachment of rotavirus. DISCUSSION This experiment provides in vitro data for the possibility of including saponin in drinking water to prevent infections of rotavirus. We demonstrate that microgram amounts of extract, while exhibiting no cell cytotoxicity or direct virucidal activity, prevent rotavirus from infecting its host cells. In addition, the presence of residual amounts of extract continue to block viral infection and render cells resistant to infection for at least 16 h after the removal of the extract from the cell culture media. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that two Quillaja extracts possess strong antiviral activity at concentrations more than 1000-fold lower than concentrations exhibiting cell cytotoxicity. Extract concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml are not cytotoxic, but concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/ml are able to block rotavirus and reovirus attachment and infection.
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Yu MH, Lee SG, Im HG, Chae IG, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Lee IS. Antioxidant Capacity and Quinone Reductase Activity of Methanol Extracts and Fractions from Papaya Seed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2011.21.6.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Investigation of some medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of malaria in Kenya as potential sources of antimalarial drugs. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:609-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ghayur MN. Science Across Borders: 5th Annual Natural Health Product Research Conference—March 26–29, 2008, Toronto, Canada. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 7:391-5. [PMID: 18955362 PMCID: PMC2887334 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Canada is experiencing a growing interest in the use of alternative therapies and products particularly natural health products (NHP). In 1997, Canadians spent around C$ 2 billion on NHP. In an attempt to catch with this popularity of NHP use, Canadian researchers and administrators from academia, industry and government jointly established the Natural Health Product Research Society of Canada (NHPRS). Since its formation, NHPRS has been organizing an annual meeting which brings together world renowned researchers and experts in the area of NHP research. For 2008, the annual NHPRS meeting took place in Toronto from the 26th to 29th of March with a focus on ‘Science Across Borders: Global Natural Health Products Research’. The scientific program was spread into three days of plenary lectures and oral presentations. The different sessions containing these talks were on: ethnobotany around the world; chemical analysis of NHP; product standards and quality control; ethnomedicine; novel analytical approaches; systemic research, nutrisciences and molecular medicine; and drug development from NHP. The meeting proved to be a great success in terms of the speakers that were invited and based on the data that was presented which highlighted recent research taking place in the field of NHP not only in Canada but from many parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Room L-314, 50 Charlton Avenue E, Hamilton L8N4A6, Ontario, Canada
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Gradé JT, Arble BL, Weladji RB, Van Damme P. Anthelmintic efficacy and dose determination of Albizia anthelmintica against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected Ugandan sheep. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:267-74. [PMID: 18774230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss, stunted growth, and death caused by gastrointestinal parasites are major constraints to livestock productivity, especially in tropical and developing countries where regular use, and misuse, of anthelmintics has led to nematode resistance. Albizia anthelmintica Brong. (Fabaceae) is traditionally employed throughout East Africa to treat helminth parasitosis in livestock. Reported efficacy has varied from 90% against mixed nematodes to just 19% against Haemonchus contortus alone. The objective of this study was to assess the anthelmintic effect of A. anthelmintica against naturally occurring infections of mixed gastrointestinal parasites, and to establish an effective treatment dose, in sheep under pastoral field conditions of northern Uganda. A. anthelmintica bark was collected and prepared according to local custom and packed into gel capsules. Fifty-five young female local mixed-breed lambs were randomly assigned to six groups, including a positive control group that received levamisole (synthetic anthelmintic) and a negative control group that received no treatment. Following the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) dose determination guidelines, the other four groups were treated with varying doses of A. anthelmintica. Statistical analyses (using generalized linear models) were performed to assess treatment effect. There was a significant treatment (group) effect on parasite egg/oocyte counts per gram (EPG) for nematodes, but not for coccidia. The most effective dose against nematodes (0.8g, 58.7mg/kg) closely approximates what is usually given by traditional healers, 0.9g/adult sheep. It provided major and significant reduction in EPG as compared to the negative control. Anthelmintic efficacy was estimated using percent faecal egg count reduction (FECR). Other than the positive control, animals in the standard dose group showed the greatest decline in shedding of nematode eggs, with an FECR of 78%. This study indicates that A. anthelmintica holds potential as part of an integrated management plan for the control of helminths in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gradé
- Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Yu MH, Im HG, Lee JW, Bo MHH, Kim HJ, Kim SK, Chung SK, Lee IS. Effects of ethanol extract from Saururus chinensis (Bour.) Baill on lipid and antioxidant metabolisms in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:275-83. [PMID: 18266160 DOI: 10.1080/14786410701590657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effect of ethanol extract from Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill on liver function, plasma lipid composition and antioxidant system with high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Rats were divided into the following five groups; untreated control group (normal), treated with 0.5% SE (normal + 0.5% SE), high-fat group (high-fat), high-fat group treated with 0.1% SE (high-fat + 0.1% SE), or 0.5% SE (high-fat + 0.5% SE). Weight gains showed a tendency to decrease in rat with high-fat + SE. Plasma total cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease with ethanol extract from S. chinensis (Lour.) Baill. LDL-cholesterol contents were lower in ethanol extract group than that of control group. Aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities were increased by high-fat diet, and were decreased by 0.5% SE. Lipid peroxide level showed a tendency to increase in high-fat diet group than that of normal group. In ethanol extract from S. chinensis (Lour.) Baill groups, lipid peroxide level decreased significantly and SOD activity was also decreased progressively. These results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of S. chinensis (Lour.) Baill lowered serum cholesterol levels, tissue lipid contents and accumulation of cholesterol in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology and The Center for Traditional Microorganism Resources, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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Amaro-Luis JM, Koteich-Khatib S, Carrillo-Rodríguez F, Bahsas A. Myrsicorianol, A New Prenylated Benzoic Acid Derivative from Myrsine Coriacea. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new prenylated benzoic acid derivative, named myrsicorianol (1), was isolated from the fruits of Myrsine coriacea and its structure was determined by spectral analysis, including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Myrsinoic acid A and a mixture of the p-benzoquinones, embelin, rapanone and 2,5-dihydroxy-3-pentadecyl-1,4-benzoquinone (homorapanone) were also obtained from the fruits, whilst the bark afforded myrsinoic acid A, myrsinoic acid B, 3-(3′,7′-dimethyl-2′,6′-octadienyl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3′,7′-dimethyl-2′,6′-octadienyl)-4-methoxybenzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Amaro-Luis
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), Mérida, Estado Mérida, Venezuela-5101
| | - Sonia Koteich-Khatib
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), Mérida, Estado Mérida, Venezuela-5101
| | - Freddy Carrillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), Mérida, Estado Mérida, Venezuela-5101
| | - Alí Bahsas
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), Mérida, Estado Mérida, Venezuela-5101
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25
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Bletter N. A quantitative synthesis of the medicinal ethnobotany of the Malinké of Mali and the Asháninka of Peru, with a new theoretical framework. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:36. [PMID: 18053260 PMCID: PMC2248176 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ethnomedically and taxonomically guided searches for new medicinal plants can improve the percentage of plants found containing active compounds when compared to random sampling, ethnobotany has fulfilled little of its promise in the last few decades to deliver a bounty of new, laboratory-proven medicinal plants and compounds. It is quite difficult to test, isolate, and elucidate the structure and mechanism of compounds from the plethora of new medicinal plant uses described each year with limited laboratory time and resources and the high cost of clinical trials of new drug candidates. METHODS A new quantitative theoretical framework of mathematical formulas called "relational efficacy" is proposed that should narrow down this search for new plant-derived medicines based on the hypothesis that closely related plants used to treat closely related diseases in distantly related cultures have a higher probability of being effective because they are more likely to be independent discoveries of similar plant compounds and disease mechanisms. A prerequisite to this hypothesis, the idea that empirical testing in traditional medicine will lead to choosing similar medicinal plants and therefore the medicinal flora of two distant cultures will prove to be more similar than their general flora, is tested using resampling statistics on cross-cultural field data of the plants used by the Malinké of Mali and the Asháninka of Peru to treat the diseases malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, diabetes, eczema, asthma, and uterine fibroids. RESULTS In this case, the similarity of the medicinal floras is found to be significantly greater than the similarity of the general floras, but only when the diseases in question are grouped into the categories of parasitic and autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION If the central theoretical framework of this hypothesis is shown to be true, it will allow the synthesis of medicinal plant information from around the world to pinpoint the species with the highest potential efficacy to take into the laboratory and analyze further, ultimately saving much field and laboratory time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Bletter
- Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA.
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Muthaura CN, Rukunga GM, Chhabra SC, Mungai GM, Njagi ENM. Traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the Kwale community of the Kenyan Coast. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 114:377-86. [PMID: 17904318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In Kenya, most people especially in rural areas use traditional medicine and medicinal plants to treat many diseases including malaria. Malaria is of national concern in Kenya, in view of development of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to drugs especially chloroquine, which had been effective and affordable. There is need for alternative and affordable therapy. Many antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants and this is evident from the reported antiplasmodial activity. The aim of the study was to document medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria by the Digo community of Kwale district. Traditional health practitioners were interviewed with standardized questionnaires in order to obtain information on medicinal plants traditionally used for management of malaria. Twenty-five species in 21 genera and 16 families were encountered during the study. Celestraceae, Leguminosae and Rubiaceae families represented the species most commonly cited. Three plant species, namely; Maytenus putterlickioides, Warburgia stuhlmannii and Pentas bussei are documented for the first time for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Muthaura
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
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Parker ME, Chabot S, Ward BJ, Johns T. Traditional dietary additives of the Maasai are antiviral against the measles virus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 114:146-52. [PMID: 17870263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although ethnopharmacological investigations emphasize the importance of medicinal plants in developing countries, species used regularly with diet are under-investigated and potentially make greater contributions to health. Thirteen traditional plants most commonly added to milk/soups by the Maasai for perceived health benefits were tested for activity against measles virus (MV) using non-medicinal plants as controls. Antiviral effects of plant extracts were sought using a modified neutralization assay. Methanolic extracts of medicinal species exhibited significantly greater activity neutralizing MV in vitro in comparison to non-medicinal extracts (p<0.02). Four of 13 (31%) medicinal species versus 0/13 controls had measurable effects against MV in vitro. Olinia rochetiana (Olkirenyi) and Warburgia ugandensis (Osokonoi) extracts were most potent with the number of plaque forming units reduced 37- and 34-fold, respectively. Given the importance of monocytes in the dissemination of MV, we assessed the capacity of a subset of plant extracts to inhibit MV growth in monocytoid cell line, U937. MV output from U937 cells was significantly reduced by four of seven medicinal plant extracts (mean reduction 48 h: 39.0+/-26.0%, range 3.5-87%; 72 h: 56.4+/-29.5%, range 14.1-103.1%) (p<0.05). This study provides evidence that medicinal plants added to the Maasai diet may contribute to the modulation of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Parker
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X3V9, Canada
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Sosa S, Morelli CF, Tubaro A, Cairoli P, Speranza G, Manitto P. Anti-inflammatory activity of Maytenus senegalensis root extracts and of maytenoic acid. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:109-14. [PMID: 16860550 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Excell (Celastraceae) root extracts were investigated for their topical anti-inflammatory properties by measuring the inhibition of the Croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was detected in the chloroform extract, which reduced the oedematous response with a potency similar to that of the NSAID reference drug indomethacin (ID(50)=84 and 93 microg/cm(2), respectively). Fractionation of the chloroform and of the hexane extracts led to the isolation of maytenoic acid (1), which exhibited a dose-dependent antiphlogistic effect (ID(50)=0.11 micromol/cm(2)) twice that of indomethacin (ID(50)=0.26 micromol/cm(2)) and only three times lower than that of hydrocortisone (ID(50)=0.04 micromol/cm(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sosa
- Dipartimento dei Materiali e delle Risorse Naturali, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Lee SO, Chung SK, Lee IS. The Antidiabetic Effect of Dietary Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Sangjudungsi) Peel in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb15656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Iwasaki H, Oku H, Takara R, Miyahira H, Hanashiro K, Yoshida Y, Kamada Y, Toyokawa T, Takara K, Inafuku M. The tumor specific cytotoxicity of dihydronitidine from Toddalia asiatica Lam. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 58:451-9. [PMID: 16465544 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, a number of reports have shown the anticancer activity of plant extracts and phytoalkaloid. METHODS We have evaluated the cytotoxicity profiles of 157 extracts prepared from dietary or medical plants growing in the Okinawa island, using 10 different cell lines. In vitro cytotoxicity screening indicated the presence of a highly selective cytotoxic compound in the extract of Toddalia asiatica Lam. The known alkaloid (1,3)benzodioxolo(5,6-c)phenanthridine, 12,13-dihydro-2,3-dimethoxy-12-methyl-(dihydronitidine) was identified as an active material from this plant. This alkaloid had highly specific cytotoxicity to human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. RESULTS The results of the fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis and the measurement of caspase-3 activity showed that dihydronitidine induced specific apoptotic cell death in A549 cells. Gene expression analysis in the apoptotic cells found that dihydronitidine variously regulated the cell cycle related genes (CDK2 and CCNE), and up-regulated the cell death related genes specifically in tumor cells. Thus dihydronitidine manifested its characteristics in the tumor selective cytotoxicity, contrasting with the case of a known anticancer agent camptothecin (CPT). Microscopic observation further revealed the specific accumulation of dihydronitidine within the cytosolic organelle, but not in the nuclei of adenocarcinoma. No accumulation was observed with CPT in all cell lines. CONCLUSION The data suggested that dihydronitidine toxicity targeted a particular intracellular organelle in the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Iwasaki
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Center of Molecular Bioscience, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan.
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Koch A, Tamez P, Pezzuto J, Soejarto D. Evaluation of plants used for antimalarial treatment by the Maasai of Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:95-9. [PMID: 15878245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Semi-structured interviews with three Maasai herbalists led to the identification and collection of 21 species of plants used to treat malaria. Extracts were evaluated using in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxicity assays. Of the species tested, over half were antiplasmodial (IC50<10 microg/ml), and all but one (Gutenbergia cordifolia Benth.) displayed selectivity for the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum as indicated by a lack of cytotoxicity (ED50>20 microg/ml) against cultured KB cells. The results of this preliminary investigation support the traditional knowledge of Maasai herbalists and justify ethnomedical inquiry as a promising method, specifically, in antimalarial therapy, to yield leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, MC/877, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Scherrer AM, Motti R, Weckerle CS. Traditional plant use in the areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park (Campania, Southern Italy). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:129-43. [PMID: 15652287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present ethnobotanical field study conducted during summer 2003 in two distinct regions of the Cilento National Park (Mt Vesole and Ascea) documents the local use of 90 different plant species for medicinal, food and domestic purposes. Overall, 59 people native to the area were interviewed, and 883 use-reports have been recorded. The scientific names, local names, plant parts used, preparation and administration processes are given and compared with practices in other Italian regions. In total, 63 species are documented as medicinal, 49 as food, and 22 as craft plants. Over 40% of all species are used in more than one category and over half of the food plants are also used for medicinal purposes. In general the recorded species are well known in the traditional phytotherapy of Campania and Italy. However, some uses are unusual and are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalla M Scherrer
- Geobotanical Institute, ETH Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Johns T, Nagarajan M, Parkipuny M, Jones P. Maasai Gummivory: Implications for Paleolithic Diets and Contemporary Health. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2000. [DOI: 10.1086/300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Williamson ED. Selected bibliography. Phytother Res 2000; 14:69-72. [PMID: 10641056 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200002)14:1<69::aid-ptr606>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Ingested nutrients and nonnutrients are presented as determinants in human evolution. The amount and quality of energy, including fat, various foods supply are important criteria in governing selection. Oxidative stress associated with respiration of energy is a factor in the etiology of dietary diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and in aging. Evolutionary trends such as gains in brain and body sizes, greater ingestion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, heating of fatty food, and greater longevity increased oxidative stress while greater reliance on animals foods and less on plants decreased ingestion of exogenous antioxidants. The hypothesis that selection for nonnutrient ingestive behaviors was a compensatory mechanism for increasing antioxidants is presented within the context of a four-factor model on the origins of human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Johns
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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