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Marques-Santos F, Amendoeira MRR, Galvão RMS, Rocha LM, Faria RX. Comparative evaluation of plant extract effects on peritoneal, medullary and J774 cells. G8 macrophages. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e268859. [PMID: 37132741 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.268859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants as raw material for extracts production and pure substances isolation and subsequence development of new drugs represents a constantly growing area. However, some stages are indispensable before pharmacologically evaluating natural products such as medicines. Toxicity tests in mammalian cells are essential to initiate new drugs development or verify the substance's biocompatibility. Thus, we verified the toxicity of crude extracts and fractions with different polarities obtained from the leaves and stems of eight plant species. The toxic effect was evaluated on macrophages obtained from the bone marrow and peritoneal cavity of a Swiss webster mouse and J774 macrophages. G8 cell lineage. These macrophages were cultured in a 96-well plate, and the compounds were added at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for 24 hours. After this time, the supernatant was removed. The toxicity was evaluated for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and the resazurin assay, which uses an indicator dye to measure oxidation-reduction reactions. The results showed a difference in the percentage of toxicity when comparing the same extract in different types of macrophages. This outcome indicates that these cells from different origins may exhibit different responses when exposed to the same natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marques-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M R R Amendoeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R M S Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Laboratório de Estudos de Farmacologia Experimental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - L M Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Laboratório de Tecnologia em Produtos Naturais, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - R X Faria
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Hashemi N, Ommi D, Kheyri P, Khamesipour F, Setzer WN, Benchimol M. A review study on the anti-trichomonas activities of medicinal plants. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:92-104. [PMID: 33610966 PMCID: PMC7902805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic diseases represent the most important health risk, especially in underdeveloped countries where they have a deep impact on public health. Trichomoniasis is a prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease, and a significant amount of new cases are identified each year globally. Furthermore, the infection is linked with serious concerns such as pregnancy outcomes, infertility, predisposition to cervical and prostate cancer, and increased transmission and acquisition of HIV. The therapy is restricted, adverse effects are often observed, and resistance to the drugs is emerging. Based on this, a new treatment for trichomoniasis is necessary. Natural products represent a rich source of bioactive compounds, and even today, they are used in the search for new drugs. Additionally, natural products provide a wide variety of leadership structures that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry as a template in the development of new drugs that are more effective and have fewer or no undesirable side effects compared to current treatments. This review focuses on the medicinal plants that possess anti-trichomonal activity in vitro or in vivo. An electronic database search was carried out covering the last three decades, i.e., 1990-2020. The literature search revealed that almost a dozen isolated phytoconstituents are being explored globally for their anti-trichomonal activity. Simultaneously, many countries have their own traditional or folk medicine for trichomoniasis that utilizes their native plants, as a whole, or even extracts. This review focuses mainly on the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. However, at some points mention is also made to Tritrichomonas foetus that causes trichomoniasis in animals of high veterinary and economical interest. We will focus on the plants and plant-based compounds and their anti-trichomonal activity. The literature search highlighted that there are abundant compounds that possess anti-trichomonal activity; however, in-depth in-vivo evaluation of compounds and their clinical evaluation has not been undertaken. There is a critical need for new anti-trichomonal compounds, and focused research on phytoconstituents can provide the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Davood Ommi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Kheyri
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO) and UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bortoluzzi AAM, Staffen IV, Banhuk FW, Griebler A, Matos PK, Ayala TS, da Silva EAA, Sarragiotto MH, Schuquel ITA, Jorge TCM, Menolli RA. Determination of chemical structure and anti- Trypanosoma cruzi activity of extracts from the roots of Lonchocarpus cultratus (Vell.) A.M.G. Azevedo & H.C. Lima. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:99-108. [PMID: 33424286 PMCID: PMC7783657 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the agent of Chagas disease, an infection that affects around 8 million people worldwide. The search for new anti-T. cruzi drugs are relevant, mainly because the treatment of this disease is limited to two drugs. The objective of this study was to investigate the trypanocidal and cytotoxic activity and elucidate the chemical profile of extracts from the roots of the Lonchocarpus cultratus. Roots from L. cultratus were submitted to successive extractions with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, resulting in LCH, LCD, and LCM extracts, respectively. Characterization of extracts was done using 1H-RMN, 13C-RMN, CC and TLC. Treatment of T. cruzi forms (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes) with crescent concentrations of LCH, LCD, and LCM was done for 72, 48, and 48 h, respectively. After this, the percentage of inhibition and IC50/LC50 were calculated. Benznidazole was used as a positive control. Murine macrophages were treated with different concentrations of both extracts for 48 h, and after, the cellular viability was determined by the MTT method and CC50 was calculated. The chalcones derricin and lonchocarpine were identified in the hexane extract, and for the first time in the genus Lonchocarpus, the presence of a dihydrolonchocarpine derivative was observed. Other chalcones such as isocordoin and erioschalcone B were detected in the dichloromethane extract. The dichloromethane extract showed higher activity against all tested forms of T. cruzi than the other two extracts, with IC50 values of 10.98, 2.42, and 0.83 µg/mL, respectively; these values are very close to those of benznidazole. Although the dichloromethane extract presented a cytotoxic effect against mammalian cells, it showed selectivity against amastigotes. The methanolic extract showed the lowest anti-T. cruzi activity but was non-toxic to peritoneal murine macrophages. Thus, the genus Lonchocarpus had demonstrated in the past action against epimastigotes forms of T. cruzi but is the first time that the activity against infective forms is showed, which leading to further studies with in vivo tests.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- BZN, Benznidazole
- CC, column chromatography
- CC50, Cytotoxic Concentration 50%
- CDCl3, Deuterate chloroform
- CO2, Carbon dioxide
- Chagas disease
- Chalcones
- DC, DMSO Control
- DMSO, Dimethyl Sulfoxide
- FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum
- IC50, Inhibitory Concentration 50%
- LC-1, 2 and 3: Fractions obtained from LCH extract
- LC-4 and 5, fractions obtained from LCD extract
- LC50, Lethal Concentration 50%
- LCD, Extract from L. cultratus obtained by extraction with dichloromethane
- LCH, Extract from L. cultratus obtained by extraction with hexane
- LCM, Extract from L. cultratus obtained by extraction with methanol
- LIT, Liver Infusion Tryptose
- Lafepe, Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Pernambuco State
- Lonchocarpus
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- NO, Nitric Oxide
- PBS, Phosphate-Buffered Saline
- Plant extract
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- SI, Selectivity Index
- TLC, Thin Layer column
- TMS, Tetramethylsilane
- Trypanosomiasis
- UC, Untreated Control
- UEM, State University of Maringa/PR
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Antunes Maciel Bortoluzzi
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Izabela Virginia Staffen
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Weyand Banhuk
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline Griebler
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia Karoline Matos
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Thaís Soprani Ayala
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Edson Antonio Alves da Silva
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Sarragiotto
- Center of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa (UEM), 5790 Colombo Av., Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Tereza Cristina Marinho Jorge
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Andrade Menolli
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Parana State University (UNIOESTE), 2069 Universitaria St., Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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da Silva CFN, Chrispim PBH, Possato B, Portapilla GB, Rohrabaugh TN, Ramos LCB, Santana da Silva R, de Albuquerque S, Turro C, Nikolaou S. Anticancer and antitrypanosomal activities of trinuclear ruthenium compounds with orthometalated phenazine ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16440-16452. [PMID: 32776028 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium complexes with orthometalated phenazines of general formula [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ2-OAc)5(L)(py)2]PF6 (L = dppn, benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 1; dppz, dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 2; CH3-dppz, 7-methyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 3; Cl-dppz, 7-chlorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 4) were investigated for their cytotoxic activity toward the B16F10 murine melanoma and the L929 non-cancer cell lines and against Trypanosoma cruzi (2-4). This study also reports a multi-technique investigation into how complexes 1-4 interact with DNA and human serum albumin, HSA. At concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 μM, all the complexes reduced B16F10 murine melanoma cell viability by over 50%. Complex 4 had the highest cytotoxic effect in the series, diminishing B16F10 cell viability to 38% at 2 μM, with an overall order for anticancer activity of 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. Complexes 2-4 showed remarkable activity in inhibiting epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Complex 2 showed better antitrypanosomal activity than the reference drug (IC50 = 1.19 μM and IC50 = 0.25 μM for epimastigote and amastigotes forms, respectivily). Ethidium bromide (EB) displacement assays showed that DNA intercalation progressively increases with the extension of the π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand and the presence of substituents in the phenazinic portion (1 > 4-3 > 2), showing that complex 1 is a stronger intercalator than EB itself (Kapp > 107 M-1). Viscosity measurements followed the same trend. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells and antitrypanosomal activity follow the same order, which is different to the tendency of DNA intercalation, suggesting DNA is not the main target of these complexes. Compound 1-4 showed very high affinity with HSA (Kb ∼109 M-1). Circular dichroism results also showed that the complexes alter significantly the secondary structure of the HSA, lowering the α-helix % from 86.2 (pure protein) to less than 5% for compounds 1, 2 and 4 at 2.8 μM. These findings demonstrated the important role of phenazines for the biological activity of triruthenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fontes Neves da Silva
- LABIQSC2 (Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:271. [PMID: 32907567 PMCID: PMC7479404 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-α-bisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; anti-trichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Christina C Tam
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
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Ribeiro JM, Bandeira CC, de Faria BG, Alves MLR, Vieira FO, Giunchetti RC, Uzonna JE, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Souza-Fagundes EM. An ex vivo multiparametric flow cytometry assay using human whole blood to simultaneously measure cytotoxicity and leishmanicidal activities. Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107940. [PMID: 32562606 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for the treatment of leishmaniasis are insufficient and need improvements owing to their low efficiency and high toxicity as well as the emergence of resistant strains. The limited number of new drugs for neglected diseases and lack of innovation in your development are still challenges. In this context, the process of discovery and development of biological assays play a pivotal role for the identification of bioactive compounds. The assays currently used for screening of drugs with cytotoxic activity against Leishmania parasites, include different processes that utilize intact parasite (free or intracellular) or specific enzymes of metabolism as a target cell. These assays allow the screening of large numbers of samples followed by more detailed secondary confirmatory assays to confirm the observed activity and assess their toxicity. In the present study, we described the development of a new functional and more complete assay that enables simultaneous assessment of potential anti-Leishmania compounds through evaluation of internalization of fluorescein-labeled L. braziliensis promastigotes by human peripheral blood monocytes and their cytotoxicity by flow cytometry. We standardized the conditions for parasite labeling to achieve better phagocytosis analysis by setting the ratio of number of parasites per cell as 1 to 2, at incubation time of 6h. The cytotoxicity assessment was performed by the quantification of cells undergoing early/late apoptosis and necrosis using a double labelling platform employing 7AAD for late apoptosis and necrosis analysis and Annexin-V for early apoptosis evaluation. Hemolysis analysis was an additional parameter to test cytotoxicity. Two drugs used on clinic (Amphotericin B and Glucantime®) were used to validate the proposed methodology, and the assay was able to detect their known leishmanicidal activity and immunotoxicity properties. This new predictive assay will contribute to the development of translational medicine strategies in drug discovery for neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiano C Bandeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno G de Faria
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina L R Alves
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco O Vieira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo C Giunchetti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, R3T 0T5, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine M Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Cunha LF, Costa CM, Barroso PR, Kato KC, Oliveira FD, Mendonça Filho CV, Grael CFF, Gregório LE, Campos FF, Oliveira PMD, Oliveira DBD, Ruela FA, Martins HR. Phytochemical screening and biological assays of ethanolic leaf extract of Senna rugosa. RODRIGUÉSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Senna rugosa (Fabaceae) is a common specie of the Brazilian territory, especially in the Cerrado biome. It is widely used in the popular medicine although not yet adequately investigated as to its phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities. In this study, the preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leaf extract of S. rugosa was performed and its cytotoxicity, antitumoral and antimicrobial activities (antibacterial, antifungal, anti-Trypanosoma and anti-Leishmania) were evaluated. The crude extract was analyzed in HPLC-DAD and fractions were also characterized using GC-MS and ESI-MS techniques. Results indicate phenolic compounds majority presence, including flavonol, anthraquinone and anthrones derivatives. Relative antimicrobial activities were detected against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida famata, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. As well as, a weak anti-trypanosomatids activity against M2269 strain and BH46 strain of Leishmania sp. A relative antitumoral activity was also identified but in counterpoint were also observed a toxicity in fibroblast cells (L929). Phytochemically, results provide evidence that phenolic compounds in S. rugosa leaves might be the responsible for its antimicrobial activity and cell toxicity inferred in our research.
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Scapinello J, Müller LG, Schindler MSZ, Anzollin GS, Siebel AM, Boligon AA, Niero R, Saraiva TES, Maus NP, Betti AH, Oliveira JV, Magro JD, de Oliveira D. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl (Araceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:21-30. [PMID: 30802613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Popular medicine use stems of Philodendron bipinnatifidum (Araceae) in inflammation cases, such as in erysipelas, as well as orchitis and rheumatism treatment. The present study, conducted for the first time in literature, investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of P. bipinnatifidum stems ethyl acetate extract (EPB). MATERIALS AND METHODS GC/MS and HPLC analysis were performed for EPB extract. We used EPB at 250, 375 and 500 mg/kg (oral route, p.o.) in male Swiss mice. The antinociceptive activity of the plant extract assessed by acetic acid induced writhing and formalin tests. To investigate the possible participation of opioid system in EPB-mediated effects, we previously administered naloxone to the mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The open-field test aimed to investigate the possible EPB effects on the locomotor and exploratory activities. To assess the protective role of EPB on carrageenan-induced oxidative stress, the levels of NPSH, TBARS, as well as SOD and CAT activities were evaluated in blood and paw tissue. The acute toxicity of the EPB was investigated using OECD 423 guideline. RESULTS The EPB chemical analysis by GC/MS and HPLC revealed the presence of flavonoids (luteolin and quercetin) and phytosterols (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol). The oral treatment with the EPB inhibited mice abdominal writhings (P < 0.01) at 375 and 500 mg/kg, and reduced the formalin effect at the first-phase (500 mg/kg, P < 0.05) and also at the second-phase (500 mg/kg, P < 0.001) of the test. EPB (375 and 500 mg/kg) did not alter spontaneous locomotion in open field test, however the number of fecal bolus was significantly lower for the EPB group at 500 mg/kg when compared to the vehicle group (P < 0.05). The pretreatment with naloxone caused significant inhibition of antinociceptive activity induced by EPB in the formalin test, revealing the possible involvement of opioid receptors. EPB extract administered at 500 mg/kg (p.o.) prevented carrageenan-induced paw oedema (P < 0.05 and 0.01) until 6 h after carragenan injection. Evaluation of TBARS and NPSH levels, SOD and CAT activities in the blood and paw tissue of animals submitted to the carrageenan assay suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of EPB may be linked to oxidative stress inhibition. The acute administration of the EPB (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) caused no mortality, demonstrating low toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The extract of P. bipinnatifidum displays antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, causing no toxicological effects. The pharmacological activity of this vegetal species may be related to the presence of flavonoids and phytosterols. Our results support the ethnomedical use of this vegetal species as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Scapinello
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Area of Exact and Environmental Sciences and Area of Health Sciences, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Liz Girardi Müller
- Area of Exact and Environmental Sciences and Area of Health Sciences, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Monica S Z Schindler
- Area of Exact and Environmental Sciences and Area of Health Sciences, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sabrina Anzollin
- Area of Exact and Environmental Sciences and Area of Health Sciences, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Siebel
- Area of Exact and Environmental Sciences and Area of Health Sciences, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Rivaldo Niero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univali, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Thalia E S Saraiva
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathália Pulz Maus
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - J Vladimir Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Jacir Dal Magro
- Area of Exact and Environmental Sciences and Area of Health Sciences, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (Unochapecó), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, UFSC, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Chibli LA, Rosa AL, Nonato MC, Da Costa FB. Untargeted LC-MS metabolomic studies of Asteraceae species to discover inhibitors of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Metabolomics 2019; 15:59. [PMID: 30949823 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interesting data about the family Asteraceae as a new source of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (LmDHODH) inhibitors are presented. This key macromolecular target for parasites causing neglected diseases catalyzes the fourth reaction of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, which takes part in major cell functions, including DNA and RNA biosynthesis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) determine LmDHODH inhibitor candidates, revealing the type of chemistry underlying such bioactivity, and (2) predict the inhibitory potential of extracts from new untested plant species, classifying them as active or inactive based on their LC-MS based metabolic fingerprints. METHODS Extracts from 150 species were screened for the inhibition of LmDHODH, and untargeted UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS metabolomic studies were carried out in combination with in silico approaches. RESULTS The IC50 values determined for a subset of 59 species ranged from 148 µg mL-1 to 9.4 mg mL-1. Dereplication of the metabolic fingerprints allowed the identification of 48 metabolites. A reliable OPLS-DA model (R2 > 0.9, Q2 > 0.7, RMSECV < 0.3) indicated the inhibitor candidates; nine of these metabolites were identified using data from isolated chemical standards, one of which-4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid (IC50 73 µM)-was capable of inhibiting LmDHODH. The predictive OPLS model was also effective, with 60% correct predictions for the test set. CONCLUSION Our approach was validated for (1) the discovery of LmDHODH inhibitors or interesting starting points for the optimization of new leishmanicides from Asteraceae species and (2) the prediction of extracts from untested species, classifying them as active or inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Chibli
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Annylory L Rosa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Silveira Rabelo AC, Caldeira Costa D. A review of biological and pharmacological activities of Baccharis trimera. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Drug repositioning for novel antitrichomonas from known antiprotozoan drugs using hierarchical screening. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:863-878. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Metronidazole is the most widely used drug in trichomoniasis therapy. However, the emergence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis isolates calls for the search for new drugs to counter the pathogenicity of these parasites. Results: Classification models for predicting the antitrichomonas activity of molecules were built. These models were employed to screen antiprotozoal drugs, from which 20 were classified as active. The in vitro experiments showed moderate to high activity for 19 of the molecules at 10 μg/ml, while 3 compounds yielded higher activity than the reference at 1 μg/ml. The 11 most active chemicals were evaluated in vivo using Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice. Conclusion: Benznidazole showed similar results as metronidazole, and can thus be considered as a potential candidate in antitrichomonas therapy.
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Plants of Brazilian restingas with tripanocide activity against Trypanosoma cruzi strains. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:473-483. [PMID: 29147831 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi affecting millions of people, and widespread throughout Latin America. This disease exhibits a problematic chemotherapy. Benznidazole, which is the drug currently used as standard treatment, lamentably evokes several adverse reactions. Among other options, natural products have been tested to discover a novel therapeutic drug for this disease. A lot of plants from the Brazilian flora did not contain studies about their biological effects. Restinga de Jurubatiba from Brazil is a sandbank ecosystem poorly studied in relation to plant biological activity. Thus, three plant species from Restinga de Jurubatiba were tested against in vitro antiprotozoal activity. Among six extracts obtained from leaves and stem parts and 2 essential oils derived from leave parts, only 3 extracts inhibited epimastigote proliferation. Substances present in the extracts with activity were isolated (quercetin, myricetin, and ursolic acid), and evaluated in relation to antiprotozoal activity against epimastigote Y and Dm28 Trypanosoma cruzi strains. All isolated substances were effective to reduce protozoal proliferation. Essentially, quercetin and myricetin did not cause mammalian cell toxicity. In summary, myricetin and quercetin molecule can be used as a scaffold to develop new effective drugs against Chagas's disease.
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Vazini H. Anti- Trichomonas vaginalis activity of nano Micana cordifolia and Metronidazole: an in vitro study. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:1034-1039. [PMID: 29114138 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate parasite living in the genital tract and it is accounted as a sexually transmitted disease. The clinical symptoms vary from the asymptomatic to the severe form which is usually associated with the irritation, itching and infertility in some severe cases. Many drugs have been applied to treat this disease and Metronidazole is the gold standard for treatment; however, it has also detected that this medicine has many side-effects which it has been motivated the researchers to find an appropriate alternative for this medicine. One of the treatment options is the use of the herbal medicines and natural compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the in vitro anti-T. vaginalis activity of nano-emulsion of Micana cordifolia and Metronidazole. In this study, T. vaginalis was isolated from the clinical samples and were cultured on a modified Dorsate medium. The nano-emulsion of M. cordifolia was prepared by heating technique. The effect of nano-emulsion of M. cordifolia was separately investigated on the T. vaginalis at the times of 12, 24 and 72 h and the obtained data were analyzed by the Spss 20 using the ANOVA test. The results indicated that the concentration of 100 ppm of nano-emulsion of M. cordifolia at the times of 12, 24 and 72 h has the anti-T. vaginalis activity of 44 ± 1.66, 37 ± 1 and 25 ± 2, respectively. It is also observed that the concentration of 500 ppm of the extract has the best effect and was able to eliminate the 85% of T. vaginalis. Furthermore, the anti-T. vaginalis activity of nano M. cordifolia was observed to be 100% in the concentrations of 1000 ppm. It can be concluded, based on the results, that the nano M. cordifolia has acceptable efficacy on the elimination of T. vaginalis and it can be a suitable alternative for Metronidazole after implementation of complementary tests on laboratory animals and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Vazini
- Nursing Department, Basic Sciences Faculty, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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Mehriardestani M, Aliahmadi A, Toliat T, Rahimi R. Medicinal plants and their isolated compounds showing anti- Trichomonas vaginalis - activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:885-893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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de Brum Vieira P, Feijó Silva NL, Silva DB, Lopes NP, da Silva AG, da Silva MV, Bastida J, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. The Caatinga endemic Manilkara rufula possesses remarkable activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus. Exp Parasitol 2017; 173:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Almeida VP, Hirt AA, Raeski PA, Mika BE, Justus B, dos Santos VLP, Franco CRC, de Paula JP, Farago PV, Budel JM. Comparative morphoanatomical analysis of Mikania species. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rezende KC, Lucarini R, Símaro GV, Pauletti PM, Januário AH, Esperandim VR, Martins CH, Silva MA, Cunha WR, Bastos JK, Silva ML. Antibacterial activity of (−)-cubebin isolated from Piper cubeba and its semisynthetic derivatives against microorganisms that cause endodontic infections. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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In vivo and in vitro auranofin activity against Trypanosoma cruzi: Possible new uses for an old drug. Exp Parasitol 2015; 166:189-93. [PMID: 26183422 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, Sleeping Sickness, Nagana and Leishmaniasis are serious infections caused by protozoa of the order Kinetoplastidae. They were described over a century ago by seminal work of different physician-researchers and, despite the initial discoveries, few drugs have been made available for the treatment of these infections. The drugs available present serious efficacy and toxicity problems. Moreover, the emergence of resistant strains has rendered the development of novel chemotherapeutic strategies a priority. Auranofin is currently in use to treat rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Previous reports showed that this compound presents activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania cells. In Trypanosoma cruzi cells, auranofin resulted in a more potent compound than benznidazole in vitro when tested in different DTUs. In vivo experiments, although not decreasing T. cruzi parasitemia, decreases host mortality. Therefore, we propose auranofin as a potential alternative for a new chemotherapy in Chagas disease with the added advantage of already being approved for use in humans.
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Toxicity and Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Induced by Alkyl Gallates in Trypanosoma cruzi. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2015; 2015:924670. [PMID: 27347554 PMCID: PMC4897139 DOI: 10.1155/2015/924670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is a debilitating disease representing an important social problem that affects, approximately, 10 million people in the world. The main aggravating factor of this situation is the lack of an effective drug to treat the different stages of this disease. In this context, the search for trypanocidal substances isolated from plants, synthetic or semi synthetic molecules, is an important strategy. Here, the trypanocidal potential of gallates was assayed in epimastigotes forms of T. cruzi and also, the interference of these substances on the mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasites was assessed, allowing the study of the mechanism of action of the gallates in the T. cruzi organisms. Regarding the preliminary structure-activity relationships, the side chain length of gallates plays crucial role for activity. Nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl gallates showed potent antitrypanosomal effect (IC50 from 1.46 to 2.90 μM) in contrast with benznidazole (IC50 = 34.0 μM). Heptyl gallate showed a strong synergistic activity with benznidazole, reducing by 105-fold the IC50 of benznidazole. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by these esters was revealed. Tetradecyl gallate induced a loss of 53% of the mitochondrial membrane potential, at IC50 value.
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Development, characterization, and in vitro biological performance of fluconazole-loaded microemulsions for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:396894. [PMID: 25650054 PMCID: PMC4306376 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a resistant form of leishmaniasis that is caused by a parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. FLU-loaded microemulsions (MEs) were developed by phase diagram for topical administration of fluconazole (FLU) as prominent alternative to combat CL. Three MEs called F1, F2, and F3 (F1—60% 50 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (PB) as aqueous phase, 10% cholesterol (CHO) as oil phase, and 30% soy phosphatidylcholine/oil polyoxyl-60 hydrogenated castor oil/sodium oleate (3/8/6) (S) as surfactant; F2—50% PB, 10% CHO, and 40% S; F3—40% PB, 10% CHO, and 50 % S) were characterized by droplet size analysis, zeta potential analysis, X-ray diffraction, continuous flow, texture profile analysis, and in vitro bioadhesion. MEs presented pseudoplastic flow and thixotropy was dependent on surfactant concentration. Droplet size was not affected by FLU. FLU-loaded MEs improved the FLU safety profile that was evaluated using red cell haemolysis and in vitro cytotoxicity assays with J-774 mouse macrophages. FLU-unloaded MEs did not exhibit leishmanicidal activity that was performed using MTT colourimetric assays; however, FLU-loaded MEs exhibited activity. Therefore, these MEs have potential to modulate FLU action, being a promising platform for drug delivery systems to treat CL.
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Amorin M, de Paula JP, da Silva RZ, Farago PV, Budel JM. Pharmacobotanical study of the leaf and stem of Mikania lanuginosa for its quality control. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Reina M, Ruiz-Mesia L, Ruiz-Mesia W, Sosa-Amay FE, Arevalo-Encinas L, González-Coloma A, Martínez-Díaz R. Antiparasitic Indole Alkaloids from Aspidosperma desmanthum and A. spruceanum from the Peruvian Amazonia. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three indole alkaloids were isolated from Aspidosperma desmanthum and A. spruceanum. Alkaloids 1-4 were isolated from the leaves, 5-8 from the stem bark and 9-15 from the root bark of A. desmanthum. Alkaloids 5, 11, 16, 17 and 19 were isolated from the stem bark, 18 and 20-22 from the root bark and 23 from the flowers of A. spruceanum. Compounds 4, 14, and 15 have not been previously reported as natural products while 16 and 20 have been isolated for the first time from the genus Aspidosperma. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC). The antiparasitic activity of these compounds was tested against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum and their non-specific cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. The most active compounds were 10, 12, 13, and 14 from A. desmanthum, and 19, 21 and 22 from A. spruceanum. Aspidolimine (10) aspidocarpine (12) and tubotaiwine (21) showed selective activity against L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Reina
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lastenia Ruiz-Mesia
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz-Mesia
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | - Frida Enriqueta Sosa-Amay
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | - Leonor Arevalo-Encinas
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | | | - Rafael Martínez-Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Ríos EV, León A, Chávez MI, Torres Y, Ramírez-Apan MT, Toscano RA, Bravo-Monzón ÁE, Espinosa-García FJ, Delgado G. Sesquiterpene lactones from Mikania micrantha and Mikania cordifolia and their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory evaluation. Fitoterapia 2014; 94:155-63. [PMID: 24565963 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The guaianolide 8-epi-mikanokryptin (1) and the melampolide 11Hβ-11,13-dihydromicrantholide (2) along with known sesquiterpene lactones (3-13) and other constituents were isolated from the aerial parts of different populations of Mikania micrantha and Mikania cordifolia collected in several states of Mexico. The relative and absolute configurations of 1 were determined by X-ray diffraction and CD analysis, respectively. Considering the (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shift similarities and the H-H coupling constant values, a [(1)D(14), (15)D5] conformation was established for micrantholides (2, 8-13). We tested nearly all the sesquiterpene lactones for antiproliferative activity in human cancer cell lines, and they exhibited moderate activity. Additionally, in a mouse ear model of edema induced by TPA, the anti-inflammatory activities were marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice V Ríos
- Programa de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15, Calle 12 Norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia; Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Alejandra León
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - María Isabel Chávez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yuridia Torres
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - María Teresa Ramírez-Apan
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Rubén A Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Ángel E Bravo-Monzón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Espinosa-García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Delgado
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México, D.F., Mexico.
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De Oliveira EC, Fernandes CP, Sanchez EF, Rocha L, Fuly AL. Inhibitory effect of plant Manilkara subsericea against biological activities of Lachesis muta snake venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:408068. [PMID: 24511532 PMCID: PMC3910483 DOI: 10.1155/2014/408068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom is composed of a mixture of substances that caused in victims a variety of pathophysiological effects. Besides antivenom, literature has described plants able to inhibit injuries and lethal activities induced by snake venoms. This work describes the inhibitory potential of ethanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, or dichloromethane extracts and fractions from stem and leaves of Manilkara subsericea against in vivo (hemorrhagic and edema) and in vitro (clotting, hemolysis, and proteolysis) activities caused by Lachesis muta venom. All the tested activities were totally or at least partially reduced by M. subsericea. However, when L. muta venom was injected into mice 15 min first or after the materials, hemorrhage and edema were not inhibited. Thus, M. subsericea could be used as antivenom in snakebites of L. muta. And, this work also highlights Brazilian flora as a rich source of molecules with antivenom properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Coriolano De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas de Animais e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, 3º andar, Sala 310, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Pinho Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24220-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24220-900 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas de Animais e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, 3º andar, Sala 310, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Yamamoto ES, Campos BLS, Laurenti MD, Lago JHG, Grecco SDS, Corbett CEP, Passero LFD. Treatment with triterpenic fraction purified from Baccharis uncinella leaves inhibits Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis spreading and improves Th1 immune response in infected mice. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:333-9. [PMID: 24173812 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current medications used to treat leishmaniasis have many side effects for patients; in addition, some cases of the disease are refractory to treatment. Therefore, the search for new leishmanicidal compounds is indispensable. Recently, it was demonstrated that oleanolic- and ursolic-containing fraction from Baccharis uncinella leaves eliminated the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and L. (Viannia) braziliensis without causing toxic effects for J774 macrophages. Thus, the aim of the present work was to characterize the therapeutic effect of the triterpenic fraction in L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Oleanolic- and ursolic acid-containing fraction was extracted from B. uncinella leaves using organic solvents and chromatographic procedures. L. (L.) amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with triterpenic fraction during five consecutive days with 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of triterpenic fraction, or with 10.0 mg/kg of amphotericin B drug. Groups of mice treated with the triterpenic fraction, presented with decreased lesion size and low parasitism of the skin-both of which were associated with high amounts of interleukin-12 and interferon gamma. The curative effect of this fraction was similar to amphotericin B-treated mice; however, the final dose, required to eliminate amastigotes, was lesser than amphotericin B. Moreover, triterpenic fraction did not cause microscopic alterations in liver, spleen, heart, lung, and kidney of experimental groups. This work suggests that this fraction possesses compounds that are characterized by leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activities. From this perspective, the triterpenic fraction can be explored as a new therapeutic agent for use against American Tegumentar Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Seiji Yamamoto
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infeciosas, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina, da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Cerqueira César, 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Walshe-Roussel B, Choueiri C, Saleem A, Asim M, Caal F, Cal V, Rojas MO, Pesek T, Durst T, Arnason JT. Potent anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass., a Q'eqchi' Maya traditional medicine. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:122-127. [PMID: 23747054 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass. by Q'eqchi' Maya and indigenous healers throughout the Caribbean for inflammatory conditions prompted the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of this traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to conduct a detailed ethnobotanical investigation of the uses of N. lobata by the Q'eqchi' Maya of Belize for a variety of inflammatory symptoms and to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract and isolated sesquiterpene lactones. The crude 80% EtOH extract of N. lobata leaves administered at 100 μg/mL reduced LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in THP-1 monocytes by 72% relative to the stimulated vehicle control. Isolated sesquiterpene lactones, neurolenins B, C+D, lobatin B and 9α-hydroxy-8β-isovalerianyloxy-calyculatolide were more active (IC50=0.17-2.32 μM) than the positive control parthenolide (IC50=4.79 μM). The results provide a pharmacological and phytochemical basis for the traditional use of this leaf for inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Evaluation of the in vivo therapeutic properties of (-)-cubebin and (-)-hinokinin against Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2012; 133:442-6. [PMID: 23274812 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Even though the Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, was described 100years ago by Carlos Chagas, it still represents a major public health concern and is found in 18 developing countries in South and Central America. In Brazil, Benznidazole (Rochagan) is the only drug with trypanocidal activity available in the market, despite its several side effects and limited efficacy in the chronic phase of the infection. In view of the need for new substances displaying biological activity against T. cruzi, there has been growing interest in research toward the attainment of compounds capable of acting on the parasite while being devoid of serious side effects. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic activity of dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans (-)-cubebin and (-)-hinokinin during the acute phase of infection by T. cruzi. As a study criterion, animals with acute parasitemia were investigated by tissue morphometric analysis. There was significant parasitemia reduction in the groups of animals treated with (-)-cubebin or (-)-hinokin oral administration, compared to the negative control. Values close to those of the uninfected control were found in the groups treated with (-)-cubebin and (-)-hinokinin via kariometry, showing that there was positive cellular response compared to the infected control.
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Triterpene esters and biological activities from edible fruits of Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, Sapotaceae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:280810. [PMID: 23509702 PMCID: PMC3591231 DOI: 10.1155/2013/280810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) is popularly known in Brazil as “guracica.” Studies with Manilkara spp indicated the presence of triterpenes, saponins, and flavonoids. Several activities have been attributed to Manilkara spp such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antitumoral, which indicates the great biological potential of this genus. In all, 87.19% of the hexanic extract from fruits relative composition were evaluated, in which 72.81% were beta- and alpha-amyrin esters, suggesting that they may be chemical markers for M. subsericea. Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester, and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester were also identified. Ethanolic crude extracts from leaves, stems, and hexanic extract from fruits exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923. These extracts had high IC50 values against Vero cells, demonstrating weak cytotoxicity. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that beta- and alpha-amyrin caproates and caprylates are described for Manilkara subsericea.
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Escribano AI, Marcel AM, Tugores YM, Ruiz JJN, Redó VJA, García-Trevijano JAE, Barrio AG. Validation of a modified fluorimetric assay for the screening of trichomonacidal drugs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:637-43. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Laurella LC, Frank FM, Sarquiz A, Alonso MR, Giberti G, Cavallaro L, Catalán CA, Cazorla SI, Malchiodi E, Martino VS, Sülsen VP. In vitro evaluation of antiprotozoal and antiviral activities of extracts from Argentinean Mikania species. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:121253. [PMID: 22919289 PMCID: PMC3417183 DOI: 10.1100/2012/121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antiprotozoal and antiviral activities of four Argentinean Mikania species. The organic and aqueous extracts of Mikania micrantha, M. parodii, M. periplocifolia, and M. cordifolia were tested on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes, and dengue virus type 2. The organic extract of M. micrantha was the most active against T. cruzi and L. braziliensis exhibiting a growth inhibition of 77.6 ± 4.5% and 84.9 ± 6.1%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The bioguided fractionation of M. micrantha organic extract led to the identification of two active fractions. The chromatographic profile and infrared analysis of these fractions revealed the presence of sesquiterpene lactones. None of the tested extracts were active against dengue virus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Laurella
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 2°P, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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González-Coloma A, Reina M, Sáenz C, Lacret R, Ruiz-Mesia L, Arán VJ, Sanz J, Martínez-Díaz RA. Antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxic screening of ethnopharmacologically selected Peruvian plants. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1381-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Passero LFD, Bonfim-Melo A, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD, Toyama MH, de Toyama DO, Romoff P, Fávero OA, dos Grecco SS, Zalewsky CA, Lago JHG. Anti-leishmanial effects of purified compounds from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella C. DC. (Asteraceae). Parasitol Res 2011; 108:529-36. [PMID: 20886232 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Species of Baccharis exhibit antibiotic, antiseptic, wound-healing, and anti-protozoal properties, and have been used in the traditional medicine of South America for the treatment of several diseases. In the present work, the fractionation of EtOH extract from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella indicated that the isolated compounds caffeic acid and pectolinaringenin showed inhibitory activity against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis promastigotes, respectively. Moreover, amastigote forms of both species were highly sensible to the fraction composed by oleanolic + ursolic acids and pectolinaringenin. Caffeic acid also inhibited amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis, but this effect was weak in L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes. The treatment of infected macrophages with these compounds did not alter the levels of nitrates, indicating a direct effect of the compounds on amastigote stages. The results presented herein suggest that the active components from B. uncinella can be important to the design of new drugs against American tegumentar leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe D Passero
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Izumi E, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Veiga Júnior VF, Nakamura CV. Natural products and Chagas' disease: a review of plant compounds studied for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:809-23. [PMID: 21290079 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review studies that have investigated the activity of plant-derived compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas’ disease. In the last decade, more than 300 species belonging to almost 100 families have been evaluated for activity, and here we describe the compounds isolated; 85 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Izumi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid s/n, 86051-990, Londrina-PR, Brazil
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Mbaya A, Ibrahim U. In vivo and in vitro Activities of Medicinal Plants on Haemic and Humoral Trypanosomes: A Review. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2011.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van Vuuren SF, Naidoo D. An antimicrobial investigation of plants used traditionally in southern Africa to treat sexually transmitted infections. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:552-8. [PMID: 20561928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Eighteen plants were assessed for antimicrobial activity against pathogens associated with prevalent urogenital/sexually transmitted infections. Plant selection was based on information obtained from the ethnobotanical literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried plant material was submerged in a 1:1 mixture of methanol and dichloromethane for 24 h. Aqueous extracts were prepared by submerging dried plant material in sterile distilled water for 24 h followed by lyophilization. Essential oils were distilled from the two aromatic plant species (Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Croton gratissimus). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the micro-well minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay with specific modifications to facilitate fastidious growth of pathogens. RESULTS Tarchonanthus camphoratus (solvent extract) showed the most significant broad spectrum activity with MIC values ranging between 0.50 and 0.70 mg/ml against five of the six pathogens tested. Other noteworthy activity was found for Hypericum aethiopicum (root) at 0.3 mg/ml (Neisseria gonorrhoeae).Polygala fruticosa and the solvent root extract of Hypericum aethiopicum showed highest sensitivities towards Gardnerella vaginalis at 0.2 mg/ml. Efficacy of the solvent extracts against the pathogen Oligella ureolytica demonstrated antimicrobial activity (MIC values <or=1.0 mg/ml) for seven plant species. The highest activity noted against Ureaplasma urealyticum was for Psidium guajava (solvent extract) at 0.8 mg/ml. In general the aqueous extracts displayed mostly poor anti-STI activity. The most noteworthy susceptibility for the aqueous extracts was noted with the plant extract Syzygium cordatum (MIC value 0.1 mg/ml against Candida albicans). The most noteworthy activity for the essential oils was observed for Tarchonanthus camphoratus (0.8 mg/ml) against Oligella ureolytica. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial activity was observed for a number of the plant samples against at least one or more pathogen, thus validating the ethnobotanical use as an anti-infective to treat sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa.
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Behnia M, Haghighi A, Komeylizadeh H, Tabaei SJS, Abadi A. Inhibitory effects of Iranian Thymus vulgaris extracts on in vitro growth of Entamoeba histolytica. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2008; 46:153-6. [PMID: 18830054 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common drugs used against a wide variety of anaerobic protozoan parasites is metronidazole. However, this drug is mutagenic for bacteria and is a potent carcinogen for rodents. Thymus vulgaris is used for cough suppression and relief of dyspepsia. Also it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate antiamebic effect of Thymus vulgaris against Entamoeba histolytica in comparison with metronidazole. One hundred gram air-dried T. vulgaris plant was obtained and macerated at 25 degrees C for 14 days using n-hexane and a mixture of ethanol and water. For essential oil isolation T. vulgaris was subjected to hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hr. E. histolytica, HM-1: IMSS strain was used in all experiments. It was found that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic, hexanic extracts, and the essential oil after 24 hr was 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. After 48 hr the MIC for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts was 3 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Iranian T. vulgaris is effective against the trophozoites of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behnia
- Laboratory Complex, Science and Reserach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Guzmán E, Pérez C, Zavala MA, Acosta-Viana KY, Pérez S. Antiprotozoal activity of (8-hydroxymethylen)-trieicosanyl acetate isolated from Senna villosa. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:892-895. [PMID: 18434117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A white solid compound was isolated from the chloroform extract of the leaves of Senna villosa. The material was identified by (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, IR and EM methods as (8-hydroxymethylen)-trieicosanyl acetate, a new compound with biological activity, which was tested in vitro at concentrations of 1.65, 3.3 and 6.6 microg/ml for inhibition of the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and tripomastigotes. We observed inhibition of growth at all concentrations tested, and the effect at concentrations of 3.3 and 6.6 microg/ml was greater than that of gentian violet (positive control). At the concentration of 6.6 microg/ml, the compound showed the greatest inhibitory effect against the growth of both forms of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guzmán
- Departamento de Biomedicina de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Calzada F, Yépez-Mulia L, Tapia-Contreras A. Effect of Mexican medicinal plant used to treat trichomoniasis on Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:248-51. [PMID: 17628366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude methanolic extracts from 22 Mexican medicinal plants were screened for antitrichomonal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis, which is the etiological agent of trichomoniasis. Among the plants tested Carica papaya and Cocos nucifera showed the best antitrichomonal activity with IC(50) values of 5.6 and 5.8 microg/ml, respectively. The extracts of Bocconia frutescens, Geranium mexicanum, and Lygodium venustum showed moderate activity with IC(50) values ranging from 30.9 to 60.9 microg/ml. All the other plant extracts were inactive (IC(50)>100 microg/ml). All extracts tested were less active than metronidazole (IC(50) 0.037 microg/ml), an antiprotozoal drug used as positive control. The results of the antiprotozoal screening support the popular uses of five of the plants tested for the treatment of some urogenital tract disorders in Mexican traditional medicine. However, seeds of Carica papaya and aerial parts of Bocconia frutescens should be used in herbal medicine with care to avoid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calzada
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología de Productos Naturales, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, 2 Piso, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06725, México D.F., Mexico.
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Comparative analysis of sesquiterpene lactones from Mikania cordifolia collected from three different locations. Chem Nat Compd 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-007-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Luize PS, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Cortez DAG, Nakamura CV. Activity of Neolignans Isolated from Piper regnellii (MIQ.) C. DC. var. pallescens (C. DC.) YUNCK against Trypanosoma cruzi. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2126-30. [PMID: 17015964 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro antiproliferative effects of 4 neolignans purified from the ethyl-acetate extract from leaves of Piper regnellii (MIQ.) C. DC. var. pallescens (C. DC.) YUNCK against Trypanosoma cruzi were investigated. These isolated compounds were identified through spectral analyses of UV, EI-MS, 1H-, 13C-NMR, H-H COSY, gNOE, HETCOR, and HMBC. The compounds eupomatenoid-5, eupomatenoid-6, and conocarpan showed considerable activity against epimastigote forms of T. cruzi, with 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0 microg/ml respectively. After methylation, these compounds showed a lessened inhibitory activity to the growth of the protozoan, suggesting that loss of the hydroxyl group from their molecules reduces the activity. The compound eupomatenoid-3 showed lower activity than the hexane fraction. Eupomatenoid-5 was significantly more active than benznidazole, the antiparasitic drug of choice for treatment of Chagas' disease. The crude extract, hexane fraction, and eupomatenoid-5 caused no lysis in sheep blood at concentrations which inhibit the growth of epimastigote forms. The compound eupomatenoid-5 showed low cytotoxic effects against Vero cells. These results provide new perspectives on the development of novel drugs obtained from natural products with trypanocidal activity. However, the extracts and active compound isolated from P. regnellii var. pallescens should be further studied in animal models for in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Shima Luize
- Mestranda do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Paraná, Brazil
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Manosroi A, Saraphanchotiwitthaya A, Manosroi J. In vitro immunomodulatory effect of Pouteria cambodiana (Pierre ex Dubard) Baehni extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:90-4. [PMID: 15941637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic stem bark extract from Pouteria cambodiana (Pierre ex Dubard) Baehni was evaluated for immunomodulating activity on BALB/c mice. The antioxidant effect was also assessed. The extract presented a good dose-response effect in the peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis assay with higher activity at 1mg/ml and an EC50 of 0.02 mg/ml and also activated lysosomal enzyme activity with an EC50 of 0.16 mg/ml. In the splenocyte proliferation assay, the extract without mitogen was active (EC50, 0.01 mg/ml) while the EC50 of the extract with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were 0.02 and 0.41 mg/ml, respectively. The extract showed low free radical scavenging activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay with an IC50 of 0.24 mg/ml, being less active than ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol which showed IC50 of 0.08, 0.10 and 0.11 mg/ml, respectively. The extract at doses up to 0.073 mg/ml had no effect on lipid peroxidation. The potent immunological but no antioxidant activity of the extract presented in this study can explain, at least in part, the Thai folklore application of this plant in the treatment of fever and skin eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manosroi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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42
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Gadelha APR, Vidal F, Castro TM, Lopes CS, Albarello N, Coelho MGP, Figueiredo SFL, Monteiro-Leal LH. Susceptibility of Giardia lamblia to Hovenia dulcis extracts. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:399-407. [PMID: 16151735 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of giardiasis, a common parasitic infection of the human and animal digestive tract. Although several drugs have been available to treat this infection, they present unpleasant side effects or cytotoxicity. In order to find a more natural treatment for the disease, we analyzed the effects of the methanolic extract and three fractions obtained from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Rhamnaceae) leaves on G. lamblia. Comparing all fractions, dichloromethane was more efficient in reducing Giardia growth. The exposition of G. lamblia to this fraction lead to degenerations in the surface, modifications in the cell shape and alterations in the localization of nuclei. Besides that, the adhesion of G. lamblia was also altered. Experiments revealed that the obtained fraction did not present cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells. In summary, dichloromethane fraction has strong antigiardial effects and could become an important new substance for the treatment of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P R Gadelha
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Image Processing, Department of Histology and Embryology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Tempone AG, Borborema SET, de Andrade HF, de Amorim Gualda NC, Yogi A, Carvalho CS, Bachiega D, Lupo FN, Bonotto SV, Fischer DCH. Antiprotozoal activity of Brazilian plant extracts from isoquinoline alkaloid-producing families. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 12:382-90. [PMID: 15957374 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease afflict the poorest countries in the world. The Brazilian flora represents a rich source for the screening of potential antiparasitic compounds. In this work, we tested the total alkaloid and ethanol extracts of nine different plants from Brazilian families which produce isoquinoline alkaloids, to determine their in vitro antiparasitic effect against L. chagasi and T. cruzi parasites. Promastigotes of L. chagasi were shown to be susceptible only to the total alkaloid extracts of A. crassiflora (EC50 value = 24.89 microg/ml), A. coriacea (EC50 value = 41.60 microg/ml), C. ovalifolia (EC50 value = 63.88 microg/ml) and G. australis (EC50 value = 37.88 microg/ml). Except for the G. australis total alkaloids, all the three extracts presented a considerable activity when tested against intracellular amastigotes. The most effective alkaloid extracts were those from A. crassiflora and C. ovalifolia, which reduced the number of infected macrophages at 25 microg/ml by 86.1% and 89.8%, respectively. Among the 18 tested extracts, 16 showed anti-Trypanosoma activity. Eight extracts (A. crassiflora, A. coriacea, C. ovalifolia, D. furfuracea, D. lanceolata, S. guianensis, X. emarginata and G. australis) were the most effective against the trypomastigotes, killing approximately 100% of the parasites at the maximal concentration of 100 microg/ml. Cytotoxicity against mammalian cells was evaluated for all extracts, but potential ones showed little or no cytotoxicity and a considerable antiparasitic effect, including D. furfuracea, D. lanceolata, G. australis, S. guianensis and X. emarginata. Plants are a rich source of natural compounds, and a powerful tool for the development of new arsenals for the therapy of protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Tempone
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Department Parasitologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Martínez MR, Pochettino ML, Cortella AR. Environment and illness in the Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina): phytotherapy for osteo-articular and cardio-circulatory diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 95:317-327. [PMID: 15507355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2001] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze and discuss the phytotherapy employed for two kinds of diseases, osteo-articular and cardio-circulatory, among the inhabitants of Molinos (Calchaquí Valley, Salta Province, Northwestern Argentina). These diseases take their origin in certain environmental conditions as well as the rural activities characteristic of the zone. The observations and interviews conducted among "medicos campesinos" (traditional healers) and the general population provided valuable information concerning the relationship between man and his environment, as it relates to health-illness processes. As a result of our research, we present a chart of the 25 recorded diseases and the 42 plant species employed in their therapy, considering the organs used, the ways of preparation and administration, as well as the geographic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Pizzolatti MG, Koga AH, Grisard EC, Steindel M. Trypanocidal activity of extracts from Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest plant species. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 10:422-426. [PMID: 12834008 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The trypanocidal activity of crude hydro alcoholic extracts and several fractions of 13 plants from Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest were tested in vitro against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Crude ethanol extracts with promising in vitro activity (DL50 between 5-10 microg/ml) against epimastigotes were fractionated by solvent partition and further tested against bloodstream form of the parasite. Activity against bloodstream parasites was observed in both dichloromethane and hexane fractions of Polygala sabulosa and P. paniculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Pizzolatti
- Department de Química, Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Abstract
In this "Critical Review" we made a historical introduction of drugs assayed against Chagas disease beginning in 1912 with the works of Mayer and Rocha Lima up to the experimental use of nitrofurazone. In the beginning of the 70s, nifurtimox and benznidazole were introduced for clinical treatment, but results showed a great variability and there is still a controversy about their use for chronic cases. After the introduction of these nitroheterocycles only a few compounds were assayed in chagasic patients. The great advances in vector control in the South Cone countries, and the demonstration of parasite in chronic patients indicated the urgency to discuss the etiologic treatment during this phase, reinforcing the need to find drugs with more efficacy and less toxicity. We also review potential targets in the parasite and present a survey about new classes of synthetic and natural compounds studied after 1992/1993, with which we intend to give to the reader a general view about experimental studies in the area of the chemotherapy of Chagas disease, complementing the previous papers of Brener (1979) and De Castro (1993).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodriques Coura
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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