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Dean AC, Nurmi EL, Morales AM, Cho AK, Seaman LC, London ED. CYP2D6 genotype may moderate measures of brain structure in methamphetamine users. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12950. [PMID: 32767519 PMCID: PMC7865018 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine use is linked to abnormalities in brain structure, which may reflect neurotoxicity related to metabolism of the drug. As the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme is central to the metabolism of methamphetamine, genotypic variation in its activity may moderate effects of methamphetamine on brain structure and function. This study explored the relationship between CYP2D6 genotype and measures of brain structure and cognition in methamphetamine users. Based on the function of genetic variants, a CYP2D6 activity score was determined in 82 methamphetamine-dependent (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV] criteria) and 79 healthy-control participants who completed tests of cognitive function (i.e., attention, memory, and executive function); most were also evaluated with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (66 methamphetamine-dependent and 52 controls). The relationship between CYP2D6 activity score and whole brain cortical thickness differed by group (interaction p = 0.024), as increasing CYP2D6 activity was associated with thinner cortical thickness in the methamphetamine users (β = -0.254; p = 0.035), but not in control subjects (β = 0.095; p = 0.52). Interactions between CYP2D6 activity and group were nonsignificant for hippocampal volume (ps > 0.05), but both hippocampi showed trends similar to those observed for cortical thickness (negative relationships in methamphetamine users [ps < 0.05], and no relationships in controls [ps > 0.50]). Methamphetamine users had lower cognitive scores than control subjects (p = 0.007), but there was no interaction between CYP2D6 activity score and group on cognition (p > 0.05). Results suggest that CYP2D6 genotypes linked to higher enzymatic activity may confer risk for methamphetamine-induced deficits in brain structure. The behavioral consequences of these effects are unclear and warrant additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C. Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Erika L. Nurmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Mental Health, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Angelica M. Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Arthur K. Cho
- Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Lauren C. Seaman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024 USA
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Wagner DJ, Shireman LM, Ahn S, Shen DD, Wang J. Disposition of Methamphetamine and Major Metabolites in Mice: Role of Organic Cation Transporter 3 in Tissue-Selective Accumulation of Para-Hydroxymethamphetamine. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1277-1284. [PMID: 29915156 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is one of the most widely abused illicit drugs. Although human intoxication and multiple tissue toxicities frequently occur in abusers, little is known about the distribution of methamphetamine or its primary metabolites, amphetamine and para-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA), to their sites of toxicity. This study determined the pharmacokinetics, tissue exposure, and partition ratios of methamphetamine and major metabolites in various mouse tissues and investigated the impact of organic cation transporter 3 (Oct3) following i.v. injection of methamphetamine to male Oct3+/+ and Oct3-/- mice. Methamphetamine, amphetamine, and p-OHMA were readily detectable in plasma with Oct3+/+ and Oct3-/- mice displaying similar plasma pharmacokinetic profiles for all three analytes. In addition to kidney and liver, salivary glands highly accumulated methamphetamine, amphetamine, and p-OHMA with total exposure 3.3- to 9.4-fold higher than plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Consistent with being an Oct3 substrate, p-OHMA AUC in salivary glands is reduced by 50% in Oct3-/- mice. p-OHMA AUC in skeletal muscle is also significantly reduced in Oct3-/- mice. Our data identified salivary glands as a novel site of high accumulation of methamphetamine and metabolites, which may underlie methamphetamine toxicity in this tissue. Furthermore, our study identified Oct3 as an important determinant of tissue uptake and exposure to p-OHMA in salivary glands and skeletal muscle. Our findings suggest that local tissue accumulation of methamphetamine and/or its metabolites may play a role in several of the reported peripheral toxicities of methamphetamine, and Oct3 can significantly impact tissue exposure to its substrates without affecting systemic elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wagner
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura M Shireman
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sojung Ahn
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Danny D Shen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Wang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (D.J.W., L.M.S., D.D.S., J.W.) and Pharmacy (S.A.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Wagner DJ, Sager JE, Duan H, Isoherranen N, Wang J. Interaction and Transport of Methamphetamine and its Primary Metabolites by Organic Cation and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:770-778. [PMID: 28428365 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is one of the most abused illicit drugs with roughly 1.2 million users in the United States alone. A large portion of methamphetamine and its metabolites is eliminated by the kidney with renal clearance larger than glomerular filtration clearance. Yet the mechanism of active renal secretion is poorly understood. The goals of this study were to characterize the interaction of methamphetamine and its major metabolites with organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters and to identify the major transporters involved in the disposition of methamphetamine and its major metabolites, amphetamine and para-hydroxymethamphetamine (p-OHMA). We used cell lines stably expressing relevant transporters to show that methamphetamine and its metabolites inhibit human OCTs 1-3 (hOCT1-3) and hMATE1/2-K with the greatest potencies against hOCT1 and hOCT2. Methamphetamine and amphetamine are substrates of hOCT2, hMATE1, and hMATE2-K, but not hOCT1 and hOCT3. p-OHMA is transported by hOCT1-3 and hMATE1, but not hMATE2-K. In contrast, organic anion transporters 1 and 3 do not interact with or transport these compounds. Methamphetamine and its metabolites exhibited complex interactions with hOCT1 and hOCT2, suggesting the existence of multiple binding sites. Our studies suggest the involvement of the renal OCT2/MATE pathway in tubular secretion of methamphetamine and its major metabolites and the potential of drug-drug interactions with substrates or inhibitors of the OCTs. This information may be considered when prescribing medications to suspected or known abusers of methamphetamine to mitigate the risk of increased toxicity or reduced therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer E Sager
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Haichuan Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Vevelstad M, Øiestad EL, Bremer S, Bogen IL, Zackrisson AL, Arnestad M. Is toxicity of PMMA (paramethoxymethamphetamine) associated with cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics? Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:137-47. [PMID: 26930544 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2010-2013, 29 fatal intoxications related to the designer drug paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA, 4-methoxymethamphetamine) occurred in Norway. The current knowledge about metabolism and toxicity of PMMA in humans is limited. Metabolism by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme to the psychoactive metabolite 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (OH-MA), and possibly by additional enzymes, is suggested to be involved in its toxicity. The aim of this work was to study the association between CYP genetics, PMMA metabolism and risk of fatal PMMA toxicity in humans. The frequency distribution of clinically relevant gene variants of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5, and the phenotypic blood CYP2D6 metabolic ratio (OH-MA/PMMA) in particular, were compared in fatal PMMA intoxications (n=17) and nonfatal PMMA abuse controls (n=30), using non-abusers (n=305) as references for the expected genotype frequencies in the Norwegian population. Our study demonstrated that the CYP2D6 enzyme and genotype are important in the metabolism of PMMA to OH-MA in humans, but that other enzymes are also involved in this biotransformation. In the fatal PMMA intoxications, the blood concentrations of PMMA were higher and the CYP2D6 metabolic ratios were lower, than in the nonfatal PMMA abuse controls (median (range) 2.1 (0.03-5.0) vs 0.3 (0.1-0.9) mg/L, and ratio 0.6 (0.0-4.6) vs 2.1 (0.2-7.4) p=0.021, respectively). Overall, our findings indicated that, in most cases, PMMA death occurred rapidly and at an early stage of PMMA metabolism, following the ingestion of large and toxic PMMA doses. We could not identify any genetic CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP3A5 predictive marker on fatal toxicity of PMMA in humans. The overrepresentation of the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer (PM) genotype found in the nonfatal PMMA abuse controls warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Vevelstad
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sara Bremer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Inger Lise Bogen
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anna-Lena Zackrisson
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Artillerigatan 12, SE-58758 Linkøping, Sweden.
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of N-methylethylamine by bis(hydrogenperiodato)argentate(III) complex anion. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-010-9434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Meconium analysis can detect fetal exposure to drugs taken by the mother during pregnancy. Methamphetamine (MAMP) and amphetamine (AMP) have previously been observed in meconium of MAMP-exposed neonates; the presence of other metabolites has not been investigated. Detection of such analytes may lead to more sensitive identification and thus improved medical treatment of affected infants. Forty-three MAMP-positive meconium specimens were analyzed for newly identified MAMP biomarkers, p-hydroxymethamphetamine, p-hydroxyamphetamine, and norephedrine. Due to MAMP adulteration in illicit ecstasy and to simultaneously monitor 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and MAMP prenatal exposure, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, its metabolites, and related sympathomimetic amines were assayed. MAMP, AMP, and unconjugated p-hydroxymethamphetamine were the most prevalent and abundant analytes present in meconium; however, unconjugated p-hydroxyamphetamine and norephedrine also were identified. It is possible that one of these additional analytes could be important for predicting toxicity or maternal or neonatal outcome measures in fetuses exposed to MAMP at specific gestational ages or with different metabolic capabilities. Although these new biomarkers were present in lower concentrations than MAMP and AMP in the meconium of previously confirmed specimens, additional research will determine if inclusion of these analytes can increase identification of MAMP-exposed neonates. Novel methamphetamine biomarker concentrations were characterized in meconium of infants exposed in utero to MAMP.
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Kelly T, Gray TR, Huestis MA. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 10 amphetamine-, methamphetamine- and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-related (MDMA) analytes in human meconium. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 867:194-204. [PMID: 18424195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS/MS) method for quantification of 10 amphetamine-related analytes in 1g meconium is presented. Specimen preparation included homogenization and solid-phase extraction. Two multiple reaction monitoring transitions were monitored per analyte. Ten and 1 microL injection volumes permitted quantification up to 10,000 ng/g, with sufficient sensitivity to quantify minor metabolites. Lower limits of quantification ranged from 1.25 to 40 ng/g. Precision was less than 14.2%, with accuracy between 79 and 115%. Meconium from a methamphetamine-exposed neonate was analyzed. Metabolites p-hydroxymethamphetamine, norephedrine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine were identified in meconium for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin Kelly
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Kato N, Fujita S, Kubo H, Homma H. Fluorescence Analysis for p‐Hydroxymethamphetamine in Urine by HPLC with Post‐Column Reaction. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500295203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kato
- a Scientific Criminal Investigation Laboratory , Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susumu Fujita
- a Scientific Criminal Investigation Laboratory , Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kubo
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kitasato University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kitasato University , Tokyo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Office of Forensic Sciences, New Jersey State Police, New Jersey Forensic Science and Technology Complex, 1200 Negron Road, Horizon Center, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691, USA
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Nakashima K. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biologic Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.51.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakashima
- Division of Analytical Research for Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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