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Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28665546 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles, including secretory vesicles, emerged when eukaryotic cells evolved some 3 billion years ago. The primordial organelles that evolved in Archaea were similar to endolysosomes, which developed, arguably, for specific metabolic tasks, including uptake, metabolic processing, storage and disposal of molecules. In comparison with prokaryotes, cell volume of eukaryotes increased by several orders of magnitude and vesicle traffic emerged to allow for communication between distant intracellular locations. Lysosomes, first described in 1955, a prominent intermediate of endo- and exocytotic pathways, operate virtually in all eukaryotic cells including astroglia, the most heterogeneous type of homeostatic glia in the central nervous system. Astrocytes support neuronal network activity in particular through elaborated secretion, based on a complex intracellular vesicle network dynamics. Deranged homeostasis underlies disease and astroglial vesicle traffic contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease), neurodevelopmental diseases (intellectual deficiency, Rett's disease) and neuroinfectious (Zika virus) disorders. This review addresses astroglial cell-autonomous vesicular traffic network, as well as its into primary and secondary vesicular network defects in diseases, and considers this network as a target for developing new therapies for neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Verkhratsky
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology; Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
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Hooper AWM, Alamilla JF, Venier RE, Gillespie DC, Igdoura SA. Neuronal pentraxin 1 depletion delays neurodegeneration and extends life in Sandhoff disease mice. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:661-673. [PMID: 28007910 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders which include Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. Dysregulation of glutamate receptors has been recently postulated in the pathology of Sandhoff disease. Glutamate receptor association with neuronal pentraxins 1 and 2, and the neuronal pentraxin receptor facilitates receptor potentiation and synaptic shaping. In this study, we have observed an upregulation of a novel form of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1-38) in the brains of a mouse model of Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. In order to determine the impact of NP1 on the pathophysiology of Sandhoff disease mouse models, we have generated an Np1-/-Hexb-/- double knockout mouse, and observed extended lifespan, improved righting reflex and enhanced body condition relative to Hexb-/- mice, with no effect on gliosis or apoptotic markers in the CNS. Sandhoff mouse brain slices reveals a reduction in AMPA receptor-mediated currents, and increased variability in total glutamate currents in the CA1 region of the hippocampus; Np1-/-Hexb-/- mice show a correction of this phenotype, suggesting NP1-38 may be interfering with glutamate receptor function. Indeed, some of the psychiatric aspects of Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs disease (particularly late onset) may be attributed to a dysfunctional hippocampal glutamatergic system. Our work highlights a potential role for synaptic proteins, such as NP1 and glutamate receptors in lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Hooper AWM, Igdoura SA. Bi-phasic gliosis drives neuropathology in a Sandhoff disease mouse model. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 299:19-27. [PMID: 27725117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microgliosis and astrogliosis are known to be exacerbating factors in the progression of the lysosomal storage disorder Sandhoff disease. We have also found evidence for excitotoxicity via glutamate receptors in Sandhoff disease. To view the interaction of these cascades, we measured cerebellar expression of markers for gliosis, apoptosis, and excitatory synapses over the disease course in a Sandhoff disease mouse model. We observe a 2-stage model, with initial activation of microgliosis as early as 60days of age, followed by a later onset of astrogliosis, caspase-mediated apoptosis, and reduction in GluR1 at approximately 100days of age. These results implicate immune cells as first responders in Sandhoff disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Onyenwoke RU, Brenman JE. Lysosomal Storage Diseases-Regulating Neurodegeneration. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:81-91. [PMID: 27081317 PMCID: PMC4822725 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex pathway regulated by numerous signaling events that recycles macromolecules and can be perturbed in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). The concept of LSDs, which are characterized by aberrant, excessive storage of cellular material in lysosomes, developed following the discovery of an enzyme deficiency as the cause of Pompe disease in 1963. Great strides have since been made in better understanding the biology of LSDs. Defective lysosomal storage typically occurs in many cell types, but the nervous system, including the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, is particularly vulnerable to LSDs, being affected in two-thirds of LSDs. This review provides a summary of some of the better characterized LSDs and the pathways affected in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob U Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jay E Brenman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Rama Rao KV, Kielian T. Astrocytes and lysosomal storage diseases. Neuroscience 2015; 323:195-206. [PMID: 26037807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) encompass a wide range of disorders characterized by inborn errors of lysosomal function. The majority of LSDs result from genetic defects in lysosomal enzymes, although some arise from mutations in lysosomal proteins that lack known enzymatic activity. Neuropathological abnormalities are a feature of several LSDs and when severe, represent an important determinant in disease outcome. Glial dysfunction, particularly in astrocytes, is also observed in numerous LSDs and has been suggested to impact neurodegeneration. This review will discuss the potential role of astrocytes in LSDs and highlight the possibility of targeting glia as a beneficial strategy to counteract the neuropathology associated with LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Rama Rao
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - T Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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Bley AE, Giannikopoulos OA, Hayden D, Kubilus K, Tifft CJ, Eichler FS. Natural history of infantile G(M2) gangliosidosis. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1233-41. [PMID: 22025593 PMCID: PMC3208966 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE G(M2) gangliosidoses are caused by an inherited deficiency of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase and result in ganglioside accumulation in the brain. Onset during infancy leads to rapid neurodegeneration and death before 4 years of age. We set out to quantify the rate of functional decline in infantile G(M2) gangliosidosis on the basis of patient surveys and a comprehensive review of existing literature. METHODS Patients with infantile G(M2) gangliosidosis (N = 237) were surveyed via questionnaire by the National Tay Sachs & Allied Diseases Association (NTSAD). These data were supplemented by survival data from the NTSAD database and a literature survey. Detailed retrospective surveys from 97 patients were available. Five patients who had received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were evaluated separately. The mortality rate of the remaining 92 patients was comparable to that of the 103 patients from the NTSAD database and 121 patients reported in the literature. RESULTS Common symptoms at onset were developmental arrest (83%), startling (65%), and hypotonia (60%). All 55 patients who had learned to sit without support lost that ability within 1 year. Individual functional measures correlated with each other but not with survival. Gastric tube placement was associated with prolonged survival. Tay Sachs and Sandhoff variants did not differ. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was not associated with prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS We studied the timing of regression in 97 cases of infantile G(M2) gangliosidosis and conclude that clinical disease progression does not correlate with survival, likely because of the impact of improved supportive care over time. However, functional measures are quantifiable and can inform power calculations and study design of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doug Hayden
- Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kim Kubilus
- National Tay Sachs & Allied Diseases Association, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kanzaki S, Yamaguchi A, Yamaguchi K, Kojima Y, Suzuki K, Koumitsu N, Nagashima Y, Nagahama K, Ehara M, Hirayasu Y, Ryo A, Aoki I, Yamanaka S. Thymic alterations in GM2 gangliosidoses model mice. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20856892 PMCID: PMC2938369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sandhoff disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the absence of β-hexosaminidase and storage of GM2 ganglioside and related glycolipids. We have previously found that the progressive neurologic disease induced in Hexb−/− mice, an animal model for Sandhoff disease, is associated with the production of pathogenic anti-glycolipid autoantibodies. Methodology/Principal Findings In our current study, we report on the alterations in the thymus during the development of mild to severe progressive neurologic disease. The thymus from Hexb−/− mice of greater than 15 weeks of age showed a marked decrease in the percentage of immature CD4+/CD8+ T cells and a significantly increased number of CD4+/CD8− T cells. During involution, the levels of both apoptotic thymic cells and IgG deposits to T cells were found to have increased, whilst swollen macrophages were prominently observed, particularly in the cortex. We employed cDNA microarray analysis to monitor gene expression during the involution process and found that genes associated with the immune responses were upregulated, particularly those expressed in macrophages. CXCL13 was one of these upregulated genes and is expressed specifically in the thymus. B1 cells were also found to have increased in the thy mus. It is significant that these alterations in the thymus were reduced in FcRγ additionally disrupted Hexb−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that the FcRγ chain may render the usually poorly immunogenic thymus into an organ prone to autoimmune responses, including the chemotaxis of B1 cells toward CXCL13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Kanzaki
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kayoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Kojima
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Koumitsu
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nagahama
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiko Ehara
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirayasu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamanaka
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Lemieux MJ, Mark BL, Cherney MM, Withers SG, Mahuran DJ, James MNG. Crystallographic structure of human beta-hexosaminidase A: interpretation of Tay-Sachs mutations and loss of GM2 ganglioside hydrolysis. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:913-29. [PMID: 16698036 PMCID: PMC2910082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A) is essential for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides in the central and peripheral nervous system. Accumulation of GM2 leads to severely debilitating neurodegeneration associated with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), Sandoff disease (SD) and AB variant. Here, we present the X-ray crystallographic structure of Hex A to 2.8 A resolution and the structure of Hex A in complex with NAG-thiazoline, (NGT) to 3.25 A resolution. NGT, a mechanism-based inhibitor, has been shown to act as a chemical chaperone that, to some extent, prevents misfolding of a Hex A mutant associated with adult onset Tay Sachs disease and, as a result, increases the residual activity of Hex A to a level above the critical threshold for disease. The crystal structure of Hex A reveals an alphabeta heterodimer, with each subunit having a functional active site. Only the alpha-subunit active site can hydrolyze GM2 gangliosides due to a flexible loop structure that is removed post-translationally from beta, and to the presence of alphaAsn423 and alphaArg424. The loop structure is involved in binding the GM2 activator protein, while alphaArg424 is critical for binding the carboxylate group of the N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residue of GM2. The beta-subunit lacks these key residues and has betaAsp452 and betaLeu453 in their place; the beta-subunit therefore cleaves only neutral substrates efficiently. Mutations in the alpha-subunit, associated with TSD, and those in the beta-subunit, associated with SD are discussed. The effect of NGT binding in the active site of a mutant Hex A and its effect on protein function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Joanne Lemieux
- CIHR Group in Protein, Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Brian L. Mark
- CIHR Group in Protein, Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Maia M. Cherney
- CIHR Group in Protein, Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Don J. Mahuran
- Department of Laboratory, Medicine and Pathobiology, Sick Kids Hospital, 555, University Avenue, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Michael N. G. James
- CIHR Group in Protein, Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, T6G 2H7
- Corresponding author:
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Hickey AJ, Chotkowski HL, Singh N, Ault JG, Korey CA, MacDonald ME, Glaser RL. Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster causes accumulation of abnormal storage material and reduced life span. Genetics 2006; 172:2379-90. [PMID: 16452138 PMCID: PMC1456391 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.053306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of genetic neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive death of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and accumulation of abnormal lysosomal storage material. Infantile NCL (INCL), the most severe form of NCL, is caused by mutations in the Ppt1 gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1). We generated mutations in the Ppt1 ortholog of Drosophila melanogaster to characterize phenotypes caused by Ppt1 deficiency in flies. Ppt1-deficient flies accumulate abnormal autofluorescent storage material predominantly in the adult CNS and have a life span 30% shorter than wild type, phenotypes that generally recapitulate disease-associated phenotypes common to all forms of NCL. In contrast, some phenotypes of Ppt1-deficient flies differed from those observed in human INCL. Storage material in flies appeared as highly laminar spherical deposits in cells of the brain and as curvilinear profiles in cells of the thoracic ganglion. This contrasts with the granular deposits characteristic of human INCL. In addition, the reduced life span of Ppt1-deficient flies is not caused by progressive death of CNS neurons. No changes in brain morphology or increases in apoptotic cell death of CNS neurons were detected in Ppt1-deficient flies, even at advanced ages. Thus, Ppt1-deficient flies accumulate abnormal storage material and have a shortened life span without evidence of concomitant neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hickey
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-2002, USA
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Abstract
This study describes the presence of crystalline inclusions in the endothelial cells of foreskins. They were found in 9 normal full-term newborn infants, without maternal medication or complication during pregnancy and delivery. These cytoplasmic crystalloids occurred in 10% of endothelial cells of small blood vessels. The diameter of the inclusions ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 micron and they appeared as round, oval, hexagonal or irregular polygonal in shape. These inclusions were surrounded by a triple membrane and their contents demonstrated granular, homogeneous and crystalloid-like material with a regular periodicity of dense and less dense layers measuring about 20-25 nm. Similar crystalloids in the endothelial cells were observed in the normal upper lip skin of a 6-week-old girl, although they were present in much smaller numbers than in foreskin. No endothelial inclusions were found in normal skin taken from 11 body areas in 29 patients aged 2.5 to 56 years. The nature and function of these cytoplasmic crystalloids are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Pasyk
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
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