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Koolath S, Murai Y, Suzuki T, Swamy MMM, Usuki S, Monde K. Stereochemistry of Sphingolipids in Ganglioside GM3 Enhances Recovery of Nervous Functionality. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1237-1241. [PMID: 37736188 PMCID: PMC10510522 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GM3 is a simple monosialylated ganglioside (NeuAcα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)Glcβ1-1'-ceramide). Its aberrant expression in adipocytes is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in diabetes mellitus and obesity. GM3 is exposed on the outer surface of cell membranes and is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Exogenously added GM3 promotes neurite outgrowth in a variety of different neuroblastoma cell lines. Neurite outgrowth is a key process in the development of functional neuronal circuits and neuro-regeneration following nerve injury. Therefore, regulating GM3 levels in nerve tissues might be a potential treatment method for these disorders. Here, we demonstrate the comprehensive synthesis of stereoisomeric GM3s and compare their physicochemical properties with those of natural GM3 and diastereomers of sphingolipids in GM3 to examine the enhancement of biological activity. l-erythro-GM3 was confirmed to increase neurite outgrowth, providing valuable insights for potential neuro-regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeer Koolath
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuta Murai
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Division
of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tomoya Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mahadeva M. M. Swamy
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Seigo Usuki
- Lipid
Biofunction Section, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material
and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Graduate
School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty
of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Cao S, Hu X, Ren S, Wang Y, Shao Y, Wu K, Yang Z, Yang W, He G, Li X. The biological role and immunotherapy of gangliosides and GD3 synthase in cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1076862. [PMID: 36824365 PMCID: PMC9941352 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1076862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are a large subfamily of glycosphingolipids that broadly exist in the nervous system and interact with signaling molecules in the lipid rafts. GD3 and GD2 are two types of disialogangliosides (GDs) that include two sialic acid residues. The expression of GD3 and GD2 in various cancers is mostly upregulated and is involved in tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and immune responses. GD3 synthase (GD3S, ST8SiaI), a subclass of sialyltransferases, regulates the biosynthesis of GD3 and GD2. GD3S is also upregulated in most tumors and plays an important role in the development and progression of tumors. Many clinical trials targeting GD2 are ongoing and various immunotherapy studies targeting gangliosides and GD3S are gradually attracting much interest and attention. This review summarizes the function, molecular mechanisms, and ongoing clinical applications of GD3, GD2, and GD3S in abundant types of tumors, which aims to provide novel targets for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqi Cao
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Hu
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangqing Ren
- 2Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxiang Shao
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kan Wu
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- 3Department of Urology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weixiao Yang
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu He
- 4State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Gu He, ; Xiang Li,
| | - Xiang Li
- 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Gu He, ; Xiang Li,
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Kwak DH, Park JH, Choi ES, Park SH, Lee SY, Lee S. Ganglioside GD1a enhances osteogenesis by activating ERK1/2 in mesenchymal stem cells of Lmna mutant mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:9445-9457. [PMID: 36375476 PMCID: PMC9792213 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Lmna usually cause a series of human disorders, such as premature aging syndrome (progeria) involving the skeletal system. Gangliosides are known to be involved in cell surface differentiation and proliferation of stem cells. However, the role of gangliosides in Lmna dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is unclear. Therefore, Ganglioside's role in osteogenesis of Lmna dysfunctional MSCs analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the expression of ganglioside GD1a was significantly reduced in MSCs derived from LmnaDhe/+ mice and in MSCs subjected to Lamin A/C knockdown using siRNA. Osteogenesis-related bone morphogenetic protein-2 and Osteocalcin protein, and gene expression were significantly decreased due to Lmna dysfunction. A result of treating MSCs with Lmna dysfunction with ganglioside GD1a (3 μg/ml), significantly increased bone differentiation in ganglioside GD1a treatment to Lmna-mutated MSCs. In addition, the level of pERK1/2, related to bone differentiation mechanisms was significantly increased. Ganglioside GD1a was treated to Congenital progeria LmnaDhe/+ mice. As a result, femur bone volume in ganglioside GD1a-treated LmnaDhe/+ mice was more significantly increased than in the LmnaDhe/+ mice. Therefore, it was confirmed that the ganglioside GD1a plays an important role in enhancing osteogenic differentiation in MSC was a dysfunction of Lmna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul Sig Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoul Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Republic of Korea
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Glycosphingolipid metabolism and its role in ageing and Parkinson's disease. Glycoconj J 2021; 39:39-53. [PMID: 34757540 PMCID: PMC8979855 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that lysosomal glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) variants are a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD), with increasing evidence suggesting a loss of function mechanism. One question raised by this genetic association is whether variants of genes involved in other aspects of sphingolipid metabolism are also associated with PD. Recent studies in sporadic PD have identified variants in multiple genes linked to diseases of glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism to be associated with PD. GSL biosynthesis is a complex pathway involving the coordinated action of multiple enzymes in the Golgi apparatus. GSL catabolism takes place in the lysosome and is dependent on the action of multiple acid hydrolases specific for certain substrates and glycan linkages. The finding that variants in multiple GSL catabolic genes are over-represented in PD in a heterozygous state highlights the importance of GSLs in the healthy brain and how lipid imbalances and lysosomal dysfunction are associated with normal ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. In this article we will explore the link between lysosomal storage disorders and PD, the GSL changes seen in both normal ageing, lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and PD and the mechanisms by which these changes can affect neurodegeneration.
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Human Sialic acid O-acetyl esterase (SIAE) - mediated changes in sensitivity to etoposide in a medulloblastoma cell line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8609. [PMID: 31197190 PMCID: PMC6565703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour occurs in the cerebellum. Advances in molecular genomics have led to the identification of defined subgroups which are associated with distinct clinical prognoses. Despite this classification, standard therapies for all subgroups often leave children with life-long neurological deficits. New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed to reduce current treatment toxicity and increase survival for patients. GD3 is a well-studied ganglioside which is known to have roles in the development of the cerebellum. Post-partum GD3 is not highly expressed in the brain. In some cancers however GD3 is highly expressed. In MB cells GD3 is largely acetylated to GD3A. GD3 is pro-apoptotic but GD3A can protect cells from apoptosis. Presence of these gangliosides has previously been shown to correlate with resistance to chemotherapy. Here we show that the GD3 acetylation pathway is dysregulated in MB and as a proof-of-principle we show that increased GD3 expression sensitises an MB cell line to etoposide.
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GM1 Ganglioside Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Tendon Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4706943. [PMID: 30210549 PMCID: PMC6126069 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4706943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides, the sialic acid-conjugated glycosphingolipids present in the lipid rafts, have been recognized as important regulators of cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Due to their peculiar localization in the cell membrane, they modulate the activity of several key cell receptors, and increasing evidence supports their involvement also in stem cell differentiation. In this context, herein we report the role played by the ganglioside GM1 in the osteogenic differentiation of human tendon stem cells (hTSCs). In particular, we found an increase of GM1 levels during osteogenesis that is instrumental for driving the process. In fact, supplementation of the ganglioside in the medium significantly increased the osteogenic differentiation capability of hTSCs. Mechanistically, we found that GM1 supplementation caused a reduction in the phosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), which is a known inhibitor of osteogenic commitment. These results were further corroborated by the observation that GM1 supplementation was able to revert the inhibitory effects on osteogenesis when the process was inhibited with exogenous PDGF.
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Siglec-7 restores β-cell function and survival and reduces inflammation in pancreatic islets from patients with diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45319. [PMID: 28378743 PMCID: PMC5381285 DOI: 10.1038/srep45319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a key role in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cytokine and chemokine production within the islets in a diabetic milieu results in β-cell failure and diabetes progression. Identification of targets, which both prevent macrophage activation and infiltration into islets and restore β-cell functionality is essential for effective diabetes therapy. We report that certain Sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like-lectins (siglecs) are expressed in human pancreatic islets in a cell-type specific manner. Siglec-7 was expressed on β-cells and down-regulated in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and in infiltrating activated immune cells. Over-expression of Siglec-7 in diabetic islets reduced cytokines, prevented β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis and reduced recruiting of migrating monocytes. Our data suggest that restoration of human Siglec-7 expression may be a novel therapeutic strategy targeted to both inhibition of immune activation and preservation of β-cell function and survival.
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Khedri Z, Xiao A, Yu H, Landig CS, Li W, Diaz S, Wasik BR, Parrish CR, Wang LP, Varki A, Chen X. A Chemical Biology Solution to Problems with Studying Biologically Important but Unstable 9-O-Acetyl Sialic Acids. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:214-224. [PMID: 27936566 PMCID: PMC5704959 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
9-O-Acetylation is a common natural modification on sialic acids (Sias) that terminate many vertebrate glycan chains. This ester group has striking effects on many biological phenomena, including microbe-host interactions, complement action, regulation of immune responses, sialidase action, cellular apoptosis, and tumor immunology. Despite such findings, 9-O-acetyl sialoglycoconjugates have remained largely understudied, primarily because of marked lability of the 9-O-acetyl group to even small pH variations and/or the action of mammalian or microbial esterases. Our current studies involving 9-O-acetylated sialoglycans on glycan microarrays revealed that even the most careful precautions cannot ensure complete stability of the 9-O-acetyl group. We now demonstrate a simple chemical biology solution to many of these problems by substituting the oxygen atom in the ester with a nitrogen atom, resulting in sialic acids with a chemically and biologically stable 9-N-acetyl group. We present an efficient one-pot multienzyme method to synthesize a sialoglycan containing 9-acetamido-9-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac9NAc) and compare it to the one with naturally occurring 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2). Conformational resemblance of the two molecules was confirmed by computational molecular dynamics simulations. Microarray studies showed that the Neu5Ac9NAc-sialoglycan is a ligand for viruses naturally recognizing Neu5,9Ac2, with a similar affinity but with much improved stability in handling and study. Feeding of Neu5Ac9NAc or Neu5,9Ac2 to mammalian cells resulted in comparable incorporation and surface expression as well as binding to 9-O-acetyl-Sia-specific viruses. However, cells fed with Neu5Ac9NAc remained resistant to viral esterases and showed a slower turnover. This simple approach opens numerous research opportunities that have heretofore proved intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khedri
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Corinna Susanne Landig
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian R. Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Gavella M, Lipovac V. Protective effects of exogenous gangliosides on ROS-induced changes in human spermatozoa. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:375-81. [PMID: 23503425 PMCID: PMC3739653 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the available evidence on the efficacy of gangliosides to reduce the degree of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage. The antioxidative efficacy of exogenous gangliosides in protecting different cells encouraged us to examine their ability to protect human spermatozoa. Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids with strong amphiphilic character due to the bulky headgroup made of several sugar rings with sialic acid residues and the double-tailed hydrophobic lipid moiety. The amphiphilicity of gangliosides allows them to exist as micelles in aqueous media when they are present at a concentration above their critical micellar concentration. The protective effect of ganglioside micelles on spermatozoa is believed to stem from their ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent their damaging effects. In our study, we particularly focused our attention on the protective effect of ganglioside micelles on DNA in human spermatozoa exposed to cryopreservation. The results indicate that ganglioside micelles can modulate the hydrophobic properties of the sperm membrane to increase tolerance to DNA fragmentation, thus protecting the DNA from cryopreservation-induced damage. Further actions of ganglioside micelles, which were documented by biochemical and biophysical studies, included (i) the modulation of superoxide anion generation by increasing the diffusion barrier for membrane events responsible for signal translocation to the interior of the cell; (ii) the inhibition of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radical formation due to the iron chelation potential of gangliosides; and (iii) inhibition of hydrogen peroxide diffusion across the sperm membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Gavella
- Reproductive Biochemistry and Cell Metabolism Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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Basu S, Ma R, Moskal JR, Basu M, Banerjee S. Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells: Modulation of Genes for Glycoconjugate Biosynthesis and Targeted Drug Delivery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 749:233-55. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3381-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Glycosphingolipids and Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 721:121-38. [PMID: 21910086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gavella M, Kveder M, Lipovac V, Jurasin D, Filipovi-Vincekovic N. Antioxidant properties of ganglioside micelles. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:1143-50. [PMID: 17886036 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701618245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant activity of gangliosides GM1 and GT1b in the Fenton type of reaction was investigated by EPR spectroscopy using DMPO as a spin trap. Hydroxyl radical spin adduct signal intensity was significantly reduced in the presence of gangliosides at their micellar concentrations. Mean micellar hydrodynamic diameter was not changed, whereas significant changes in negative Zeta potential values were observed as evidenced by Zetasizer Nano ZS. This study showed that the primary mode of ganglioside action was not due to direct scavenging of OH., but rather to the inhibition of hydroxyl radical formation. This phenomenon is related to the ability of ganglioside micelles to bind oppositely charged ferrous ions, thus reducing their concentration and consequently inhibiting OH. formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Gavella
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zitman FMP, Todorov B, Verschuuren JJ, Jacobs BC, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Willison HJ, Plomp JJ. Neuromuscular synaptic transmission in aged ganglioside-deficient mice. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:157-67. [PMID: 19233512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialylated glycosphingolipids that are present in high density on neuronal membranes, especially at synapses, where they are assumed to play functional or modulating roles. Mice lacking GM2/GD2-synthase express only the simple gangliosides GD3 and GM3 and develop progressive motor behaviour deficits upon ageing, apparently due to failing complex ganglioside-dependent maintenance and/or repair processes or, alternatively, toxic GM3/GD3 accumulation. We investigated the function of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of aged (>9 month-old) GM2/GD2-synthase null-mutant mice, because synaptic dysfunction might develop with age and could potentially contribute to the late-onset motor phenotype. In addition, we studied NMJs of old mice lacking GD3-synthase (expressing only O- and a-series gangliosides), which do not show an overt neurological phenotype but may develop subclinical synaptic deficits. Detailed electrophysiological analyses showed subtle changes in presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Acetylcholine release at 40 Hz nerve stimulation at aged GM2/GD2-synthase null-mutant NMJs ran down slightly more pronounced than at wild-type NMJs, and spontaneous acetylcholine release rate at GD3-synthase null-mutant NMJs was somewhat higher than at wild-type, selectively at 25 °C bath temperature. Interestingly, we observed faster kinetics of postsynaptic electrophysiological responses at aged GD3-synthase null-mutant NMJs, not previously seen by us at NMJs of young GD3-synthase null-mutants or other types of (aged or young) ganglioside-deficient mice. These kinetic changes might reflect a change in postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor behaviour. Our data indicate that it is highly unlikely that transmission failure at NMJs contributes to the progressive motor defects of aged GM2/GD2-synthase null-mutants and that, despite some kinetic changes of synaptic signals, neuromuscular transmission remains successful in aged GD3-synthase null-mutant mice. Apparently, mutual redundancy of the different gangliosides in supporting presynaptic function, as observed previously by us in young mice, remains adequate upon ageing or, alternatively, gangliosides have only relatively little direct impact on neuromuscular synaptic function, even in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M P Zitman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Patschan S, Chen J, Gealekman O, Krupincza K, Wang M, Shu L, Shayman JA, Goligorsky MS. Mapping mechanisms and charting the time course of premature cell senescence and apoptosis: lysosomal dysfunction and ganglioside accumulation in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 294:F100-9. [PMID: 17928415 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells subjected to glycated collagen I develop premature senescence within 3-5 days, as revealed by increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, decreased proliferation, and an increase in cell size. Here, we analyzed the time course and possible mechanisms of this process. Lysosomal integrity studies revealed a rapid collapse of pH gradient and lysosomal permeabilization, detectable after 30 min, and preceded by the increased production of reactive oxygen species. Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential after application of glycated collagen demonstrated that depolarization was delayed by 4 h compared with changes in lysosomal pH and permeability. Based on the above findings of lysosomal permeabilization, we hypothesized that the reduced activity of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase could be responsible for the cellular accumulation of gangliosides, previously shown to induce cell senescence. After 5 days of exposure to glycated collagen, there was an increase in the levels of gangliosides GM3, GD1b, and GT1b, coincident with development of cell senescence. Treatment of endothelial cells with d-threo-EtDOP4, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, inhibited apoptosis, but not the development of senescence. In conclusion, collagen I modified by advanced glycation initially induces apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This process is initiated by the collapse of lysosomal pH and an increase in lysosomal permeability, with the subsequent mitochondrial depolarization and accumulation of gangliosides. Blockade of ganglioside synthesis suppresses apoptosis, but not senescence, which develops after 3 days of exposure to glycated collagen. These data imply a critical role for lysosomal permeabilization in triggering apoptosis of endothelial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Patschan
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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Sampathkumar SG, Jones MB, Meledeo MA, Campbell CT, Choi SS, Hida K, Gomutputra P, Sheh A, Gilmartin T, Head SR, Yarema KJ. Targeting glycosylation pathways and the cell cycle: sugar-dependent activity of butyrate-carbohydrate cancer prodrugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1265-75. [PMID: 17185222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-carbohydrate hybrid molecules that target both histone deacetylation and glycosylation pathways to achieve sugar-dependent activity against cancer cells are described in this article. Specifically, n-butyrate esters of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (But4ManNAc, 1) induced apoptosis, whereas corresponding N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (But4GlcNAc, 2), D-mannose (But5Man, 3), or glycerol (tributryin, 4) derivatives only provided transient cell cycle arrest. Western blots, reporter gene assays, and cell cycle analysis established that n-butyrate, when delivered to cells via any carbohydrate scaffold, functioned as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), upregulated p21WAF1/Cip1 expression, and inhibited proliferation. However, only 1, a compound that primed sialic acid biosynthesis and modulated the expression of a different set of genes compared to 3, ultimately killed the cells. These results demonstrate that the biological activity of butyrate can be tuned by sugars to improve its anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Whiting School of Engineering, Clark Hall 106A, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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16
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Boyle PJ, Ma R, Tuteja N, Banerjee S, Basu S. Apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells in the presence of cis-platin and L-/D-PPMP: IV. Modulation of replication complexes and glycolipid: Glycosyltransferases. Glycoconj J 2007; 23:175-87. [PMID: 16691501 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-7923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells (SKBR-3, MCF-7, and MDA-468) has been observed after treatment of these cells with anti-cancer drug cis-platin and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor L- and D-PPMP, respectively. These drugs initiated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as measured by phenotypic morphological changes, by binding of a fluorescent phophatidyl serine-specific dye (PSS-380) onto the outer leaflet of the cell membranes, and by activation of caspases, -3, -8, and -9. It was observed that in two hours very little apoptotic process had started but predominant biochemical changes occurred after 6 h. DNA degradation started after 24 hours of drug treatment. However, very little is known about the stability of the ';Replication Complexes'' during the apoptotic process. DNA helicases are motor proteins that catalyze the melting of genomic DNA during its replication, repair, and recombination processes. Previously, DNA helicase-III was characterized as a component of the replication complexes isolated from embryonic chicken brains as well as breast and colon carcinoma cells. Helicase activities were measured by a novel method (ROME assay), and DNA polymerase-alpha activities were determined by regular chain extension of the nicked ACT-DNA, by determining values obtained from +/- aphidicolin-treated incubation mixtures. In all three breast carcinoma cell lines, a common trend was observed: a decrease of activities of DNA polymerase-alpha and Helicase III. A sharp decrease of activities of the glycolipid sialyltransferases: SAT-2 (CMP-NeuAc; GD3 alpha2-8 sialyltransferase) and SAT-4 (CMP-NeuAc: GM1a alpha2-3 sialyltransferase) was observed in the apoptotic carcinoma cells treated with L-PPMP compared with cis-platin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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17
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Gornati R, Chini V, Rimoldi S, Meregalli M, Schiaffino E, Bernardini G. Evaluation of SAT-1, SAT-2 and GalNAcT-1 mRNA in colon cancer by real-time PCR. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 298:59-68. [PMID: 17119850 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
By qualitative and quantitative PCR, we evaluated the expression of three messengers coding for SAT-1, SAT-2 and GalNAcT-1 in human samples of intestinal cancer and some cell lines (breast cancer and melanomas). Qualitative PCR demonstrated, in human tissues but not in the cell lines examined, the presence of an mRNA that lacks hexon 3; experiments performed on transfected SKMEL-28 excluded a regulative role of this noncanonical mRNA. Data from real-time PCR, statistically analysed by ANOVA indicated that the mRNA expression of all the considered glycosyltransferases (SAT-1, SAT-2 and GalNAcT-1) was significantly different in tumours versus their own control. The ganglioside patterns in the examined samples did not correlate with mRNA expression; this finding demonstrates that ganglioside expression is the result of a very complex balance between anabolic and catabolic enzyme activities. Although this study is still preliminary, it opens a new possibility for neoplastic prognosis finding potential molecular markers among the mRNAs that codify for glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Gornati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari, Università dell'Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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18
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Rimoldi S, Papis E, Bernardini G, Prati M, Gornati R. Molecular cloning and expression of alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (ST8Sia I, GD3 Synthase) in Xenopus. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 301:143-53. [PMID: 17333390 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GD3, a minor ganglioside in most normal tissues, is involved in important biological events and its expression could increase in pathological conditions. Organism integrity requires a tight balance between the anabolic and catabolic processes, thus it is important to control the intracellular expression of those "key" enzymes, which act at the "branching point" of ganglioside metabolism; one of these is the GD3-synthase (ST8Sia I). In this paper, we report the sequences of two ST8Sia I mRNAs found in Xenopus laevis and their genomic organization; the canonical form resulted constituted of 5 exons and 4 introns, while the "short" mRNA lacks of the exon 2. The expression of the two ST8Sia I mRNAs during embryo development and their tissue distribution in adult animals showed the single or simultaneous presence of the two forms. Experiments of in vitro expression and evaluation of enzymatic activity of the two hypothetical proteins turned out to be ST8Sia I. In the end, considering the growing interest toward the specie Xenopus tropicalis, due to its diploid genome that render it more suitable for genetic studies, we also cloned X. tropicalis ST8Sia I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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19
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Oblinger JL, Pearl DK, Boardman CL, Saqr H, Prior TW, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB, Burger PC, Yates AJ. Diagnostic and prognostic value of glycosyltransferase mRNA in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:410-8. [PMID: 16866986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary human brain tumour in adults with an average survival of 11 months. The 2-year survival is less than 10%, and only a small proportion of patients are alive at 3 years. Despite improved treatment strategies and aggressive therapy, the prognosis of GBM has changed little in past decades. Thus, any test that can reliably and rapidly diagnose the tumour and predict patient survival could be a valuable tool. Herein we report the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify five glycosyltransferase transcripts in gliomas. Our results indicate that measuring GM1 synthase (beta-1,3 galactosyltransferase) mRNA may provide a useful method for segregating GBMs from other types of gliomas. In these studies, 97% of gliomas (36/37 tumours) below a threshold value had a diagnosis of GBM compared with 49% (52/106 tumours) above the threshold. More importantly, the increased expression of GD3 synthase mRNA in combination with decreased GalNAcT message correlated with increased survival in 79 GBM patients (proportional hazards model controlling for age, P = 0.02). These data were further corroborated by a data analysis from one of our previous studies on gangliosides of 80 GBMs, in which increased amounts of GM3 and GD3 (which accumulate in the absence of GalNAcT) correlated with a longer survival (P < 0.01). Thus, measuring GalNAcT and GD3 transcripts may provide a rapid method to assess prognosis in GBM patients. In summary, the data indicate that measuring glycosyltransferase mRNA levels by real-time PCR may be clinically useful for determining both diagnosis and prognosis in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Oblinger
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbia, OH, USA
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20
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Wang Z, Sun Z, Li AV, Yarema KJ. Roles for UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase outside of sialic acid biosynthesis: modulation of sialyltransferase and BiP expression, GM3 and GD3 biosynthesis, proliferation, and apoptosis, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27016-28. [PMID: 16847058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604903200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles for UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase (GNE) beyond controlling flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway by converting UDP-GlcNAc to N-acetylmannosamine are described in this report. Overexpression of recombinant GNE in human embryonic kidney (HEK AD293) cells led to an increase in mRNA levels for ST3Gal5 (GM3 synthase) and ST8Sia1 (GD3 synthase) as well as the biosynthetic products of these sialyltransferases, the GM3 and GD3 gangliosides. Conversely, down-regulation of GNE by RNA interference methods had the opposite, but consistent, effect of lowering ST3Gal5 and ST8Sia1 mRNAs and reducing GM3 and GD3 levels. Control experiments ensured that GNE-mediated changes in sialyltransferase expression and ganglioside biosynthesis were not the result of altered flux through the sialic acid pathway. Interestingly, exogenous GM3 and GD3 also changed the expression of GNE and led to reduced ST3Gal5 and ST8Sia1 mRNA levels, demonstrating a reciprocating feedback mechanism where gangliosides regulate upstream biosynthetic enzymes. Cellular responses to the GNE-mediated changes in ST3Gal5 and ST8Sia1 expression and GM3 and GD3 levels were investigated next. Conditions that led to reduced ganglioside production (e.g. short hairpin RNA exposure) stimulated proliferation, whereas conditions that resulted in increased ganglioside levels (e.g. recombinant GNE and exogenous gangliosides) led to reduced proliferation with a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Finally, changes to BiP expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation consistent with apoptosis and proliferation, respectively, were observed. These results provide examples of specific biochemical pathways, other than sialic acid metabolism, that are influenced by GNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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21
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Vaughan MD, Johnson K, DeFrees S, Tang X, Warren RAJ, Withers SG. Glycosynthase-Mediated Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6300-1. [PMID: 16683778 DOI: 10.1021/ja058469n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids play crucial roles in virtually every stage of the cell cycle, and their clinical administration has been proposed as a treatment for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, stroke, and a range of other conditions. However, lack of supply has severely hindered testing of this potential. A novel glycosynthase-based synthetic strategy is demonstrated, involving a mutant of an endoglycoceramidase in which the catalytic nucleophile has been ablated. This mutant efficiently couples a range of glycosyl fluoride donors with a range of sphingosine-based acceptors in yields around 95%. This technology opens the door to large-scale production of glycosphingolipids and, thus, to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Vaughan
- Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Basu S, Ma R, Mikulla B, Bradley M, Moulton C, Basu M, Banerjee S, Inokuchi JI. Apoptosis of human carcinoma cells in the presence of inhibitors of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis: I. Treatment of Colo-205 and SKBR3 cells with isomers of PDMP and PPMP. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:157-68. [PMID: 15090729 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000024254.64450.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays an important role in many physiological and diseased conditions. Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by anti-cancer drugs and biosynthetic inhibitors of cells surface glycolipids in the human colon carcinoma cells (Colo-205) are of interest in recent years. In our present studies, we have employed different stereoisomers of PPMP and PDMP (inhibit GlcT-glycosyltransferase (GlcT-GLT)) to initiate apoptosis in Colo-205 cells grown in culture in the presence of (3)H-TdR and (3)H/or (14)C-L-Serine. Our analysis showed that the above reagents (between 1 to 20 microM) initiated apoptosis with induction of Caspase-3 activities and phenotypic morphological changes in a dose-dependent manner. We have observed an increase of radioactive ceramide formation in the presence of a low concentration (1-4 microM) of these reagents in these cell lines. However, high concentrations (4-20 microM) inhibited incorporation of radioactive serine in the higher glycolipids. Colo-205 cells were treated with L-threo-PPMP (0-20 microM) and activities of different GSL: GLTs were estimated in total Golgi-pellets. The cells contained high activity of GalT-4 (UDP-Gal: LcOse3Cer beta 1-4galactosyltransferase), whereas negligible activity of GalT-3 (UDP-Gal: GM2 beta 1-3galactosyltransferase) or GM2-synthase activity of the ganglioside pathway was detected. Previously, GLTs involved in the biosynthetic pathway of SA-Le(x) formation had been detected in these colon carcinoma (or Colo-205) cells (Basu M et al. Glycobiology 1, 527-35 (1991)). However, during progression of apoptosis in Colo-205 cells with increasing concentrations of L-PPMP, the GalT-4 activity was decreased significantly. These changes in the specific activity of GalT-4 in the total Golgi-membranes could be the resultant of decreased gene expression of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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23
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Malisan F, Testi R. The Ganglioside GD3 as the Greek Goddess Hecate: Several Faces Turned Towards as Many Directions. IUBMB Life 2005; 57:477-82. [PMID: 16081368 DOI: 10.1080/15216540500167179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The disialoganglioside GD3 can mediate biological functions as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Since intracellular level of GD3 is crucial for the cell, understanding the mechanisms by which GD3 metabolism is tightly regulated seems of particular importance. GD3 can be enlisted among the most potent natural inducers of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. However, some cell types resist GD3-mediated mitochondrial damage through complex mechanisms which are beginning to be unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Malisan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medecine and Biochemical sciences, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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24
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Basu S, Ma R, Boyle PJ, Mikulla B, Bradley M, Smith B, Basu M, Banerjee S. Apoptosis of human carcinoma cells in the presence of potential anti-cancer drugs: III. Treatment of Colo-205 and SKBR3 cells with: cis -platin, Tamoxifen, Melphalan, Betulinic acid, L-PDMP, L-PPMP, and GD3 ganglioside. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:563-77. [PMID: 15454695 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000043293.46845.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer, predominantly among women over 20, whereas colo-rectal cancer occurs in both men and women over the age of 50. Chemotherapy of both cancers affect rapidly growing normal as well as cancer cells. Cancer cells are non-apoptotic. Seven anti-cancer agents (cis -platin, Tamoxifen, Melphalan, Betulinic acid, D-PDMP, L-PPMP, and GD3) have been tested with human breast (SKBR3) and colon (Colo-205) carcinoma cells for their apoptotic effect and found to be positive by several assay systems. Colo-205 cells were obtained from ATCC, and the SKBR3 cells were a gift from the Cleveland Clinic. All of these six agents killed those two cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In the early apoptotic stage (6 h), these cells showed only a flopping of phosphatidylserine on the outer lamella of the plasma membranes as evidenced by the binding of a novel fluorescent dye PSS-380. After 24 h of the treatment, those apoptotic cells showed damage of the plasma as well as the nuclear membrane as evidenced by binding of propidium iodide to the nuclear DNA. DNA laddering assay viewed further breakdown of DNA by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. It is concluded that during apoptosis the signaling by Mitochondrial Signaling Pathway (MSP) is stimulated by some of these agents. Caspase 3 was activated with the concomitant appearance of its p17 polypeptide as viewed by Westernblot analyses. Incorporation of radioactivity from [U-(14)C]-L-serine in total sphingolipid mixture was observed between 2 and 4 micromolar concentrations of most of the agents except ci s-platin. However, apoptosis in carcinoma cells in the presence of cis -platin is induced by a caspase 3 activation pathway without any increase in synthesis of ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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25
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Gavella M, Lipovac V, Rakos R, Colak B. Reduction of oxidative changes in human spermatozoa by exogenous gangliosides. Andrologia 2005; 37:17-24. [PMID: 15644058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of exogenous gangliosides, the sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, on oxidative changes in human spermatozoa was investigated. The incorporation of disialogangliosides or trisialogangliosides (GD1b and GT1b, respectively) into the iron/ascorbate promoter system for induction of lipid peroxidation decreased the release of malondialdehyde (MDA) from peroxidizing spermatozoa. The application of monosialogangliosides and disialogangliosides (GM1 and GD1a, respectively) did not have any effect under identical experimental conditions. GT1b, at a micromolar concentration, significantly inhibited the production of MDA, a breakdown product of lipid peroxide decomposition in spermatozoa of normozoospermic infertile men (P < 0.001; n = 51). An enhanced generation of MDA exhibited by the sperm population from the low-density Percoll fraction containing defective and/or immature spermatozoa was significantly reduced in the presence of GT1b. These results and the experiments on the influence of iron-chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as ferrous ion concentration itself on lipid peroxidation support the hypothesis that the protective effect of ganglioside against MDA generation could be the result of its chelating activity. Furthermore, superoxide anion release of phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated spermatozoa was significantly reduced in the presence of 50 and 100 micromol l(-1) GD1b (P < 0.05) and GT1b (P < 0.005). The inhibitory effect of 100 micromol l(-1) GT1b on spermatozoa from infertile normozoospermic men was statistically significant (P < 0.001; n = 21) and did not depend on the initial superoxide anion production. In conclusion, the protective action of GD1b and GT1b could be related to both scavenging of free radicals and metal-chelating properties, which might have relevance in the protection against oxidation-induced processes in human spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gavella
- Vuk Vrhovac University Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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26
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Hampel B, Malisan F, Niederegger H, Testi R, Jansen-Dürr P. Differential regulation of apoptotic cell death in senescent human cells. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:1713-21. [PMID: 15582287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging of human cells can be reproduced in monolayer cultures, revealing the phenotype of replicative senescence. It was shown that diploid human fibroblasts enter a stable growth arrest phenotype at the end of their lifespan and, in particular, these cells are resistant to various apoptotic stimuli. In contrast, human endothelial cells from the umbilical vein (HUVEC) acquire a proapoptotic phenotype when reaching senescence and this probably results from reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced damage and associated signaling. Ceramides were shown to accumulate in senescent fibroblasts and are also known as potent regulators of apoptotic cell death. To further study age-associated changes in proneness to apoptosis between fibroblasts and endothelial cells, both cell types were challenged by administration of exogenous ceramide and apoptotic cell death was determined. While ceramide can efficiently induce apoptosis in both young and senescent cells of either histotype, quantitative evaluation of the data show that senescent fibroblasts are more resistant to apoptosis induction when compared to their young counterparts, whereas in the case of endothelial cells proneness for apoptosis is increased in senescent cells. Together, these data suggest significant differences in the regulation of apoptosis associated with senescence in fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hampel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Kim EJ, Sampathkumar SG, Jones MB, Rhee JK, Baskaran G, Goon S, Yarema KJ. Characterization of the metabolic flux and apoptotic effects of O-hydroxyl- and N-acyl-modified N-acetylmannosamine analogs in Jurkat cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18342-52. [PMID: 14966124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The supplementation of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway with exogenously supplied N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogs has many potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this work, we explore the structure-activity relationship of Man-NAc analogs on cell viability and metabolic flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biology underlying "glycosylation engineering" technology. A panel of ManNAc analogs bearing various modifications on the hydroxyl groups as well as substitutions at the N-acyl position was investigated. Increasing the carbon chain length of ester derivatives attached to the hydroxyl groups increased the metabolic efficiency of sialic acid production, whereas similar modification to the N-acyl group decreased efficiency. In both cases, increases in chain length decreased cell viability; DNA ladder formation, Annexin V-FITC two-dimensional flow cytometry assays, caspase-3 activation, and down-regulation of sialoglycoconjugate-processing enzymes established that the observed growth inhibition and toxicity resulted from apoptosis. Two of the panel of 12 analogs tested, specifically Ac(4)ManNLev and Ac(4) ManNHomoLev, were highly toxic. Interestingly, both of these analogs maintained a ketone functionality in the same position relative to the core monosaccharide structure, and both also inhibited flux through the sialic acid pathway (the remainder of the less toxic analogs either increased or had no measurable impact on flux). These results provide fundamental insights into the role of sialic acid metabolism in apoptosis by demonstrating that ManNAc analogs can modulate apoptosis both indirectly via hydroxylgroup effects and directly through N-acyl-group effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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28
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Anti-aging medicine literaturewatch. JOURNAL OF ANTI-AGING MEDICINE 2003; 6:45-64. [PMID: 12971397 DOI: 10.1089/109454503765361588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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