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Syamimi Zaidi N, Syafiuddin A, Sillanpää M, Burhanuddin Bahrodin M, Zhang Zhan L, Ratnasari A, Kadier A, Aamer Mehmood M, Boopathy R. Insights into the potential application of magnetic field in controlling sludge bulking and foaming: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127416. [PMID: 35660656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of bulking and foaming in biological wastewater treatment could cause a series of operational issues with biomass and effluent quality, ultimately affect the treatment performance of the system. The essential parameters influencing the growth of bulking and foaming bacteria are comprehensively summarised in this paper. Existing bulking and foaming control approached are critically reviewed and addressed, as well as their drawbacks and limitations. Despite the abundance of information and implementation, a complete control technique for limiting filamentous sludge bulking and foaming remains insufficient. Magnetic field application is emphasised as a viable control strategy in this regard. The present review study provides new insight of this application by comparing the use of magnetic fields to conventional treatments. Future outlooks on the use of magnetic fields to prevent BFB proliferation were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syamimi Zaidi
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Achmad Syafiuddin
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Public Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, 60237 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Muhammad Burhanuddin Bahrodin
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Loh Zhang Zhan
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Anisa Ratnasari
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Raj Boopathy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
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Bessarab I, Maszenan AM, Haryono MAS, Arumugam K, Saw NMMT, Seviour RJ, Williams RBH. Comparative Genomics of Members of the Genus Defluviicoccus With Insights Into Their Ecophysiological Importance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834906. [PMID: 35495637 PMCID: PMC9041414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Defluviicoccus occur often at high abundances in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants designed to remove phosphorus, where biomass is subjected to alternating anaerobic feed/aerobic famine conditions, believed to favor the proliferation of organisms like Ca. Accumulibacter and other phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO), and Defluviicoccus. All have a capacity to assimilate readily metabolizable substrates and store them intracellularly during the anaerobic feed stage so that under the subsequent famine aerobic stage, these can be used to synthesize polyphosphate reserves by the PAO and glycogen by Defluviicoccus. Consequently, Defluviicoccus is described as a glycogen-accumulating organism or GAO. Because they share a similar anaerobic phenotype, it has been proposed that at high Defluviicoccus abundance, the PAO are out-competed for assimilable metabolites anaerobically, and hence aerobic P removal capacity is reduced. Several Defluviicoccus whole genome sequences have been published (Ca. Defluviicoccus tetraformis, Defluviicoccus GAO-HK, and Ca. Defluviicoccus seviourii). The available genomic data of these suggest marked metabolic differences between them, some of which have ecophysiological implications. Here, we describe the whole genome sequence of the type strain Defluviicoccus vanusT, the only cultured member of this genus, and a detailed comparative re-examination of all extant Defluviicoccus genomes. Each, with one exception, which appears not to be a member of this genus, contains the genes expected of GAO members, in possessing multiple copies of those for glycogen biosynthesis and catabolism, and anaerobic polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis. Both 16S rRNA and genome sequence data suggest that the current recognition of four clades is insufficient to embrace their phylogenetic biodiversity, but do not support the view that they should be re-classified into families other than their existing location in the Rhodospirillaceae. As expected, considerable variations were seen in the presence and numbers of genes encoding properties associated with key substrate assimilation and metabolic pathways. Two genomes also carried the pit gene for synthesis of the low-affinity phosphate transport protein, pit, considered by many to distinguish all PAO from GAO. The data re-emphasize the risks associated with extrapolating the data generated from a single Defluviicoccus population to embrace all members of that genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bessarab
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abdul Majid Maszenan
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mindia A S Haryono
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Krithika Arumugam
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nay Min Min Thaw Saw
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert J Seviour
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohan B H Williams
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Nierychlo M, McIlroy SJ, Kucheryavskiy S, Jiang C, Ziegler AS, Kondrotaite Z, Stokholm-Bjerregaard M, Nielsen PH. Candidatus Amarolinea and Candidatus Microthrix Are Mainly Responsible for Filamentous Bulking in Danish Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1214. [PMID: 32582118 PMCID: PMC7296077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bulking is a common serious operational problem leading to deteriorated sludge settling that has long been observed in activated sludge biological wastewater treatment systems. A number of bacterial genera found therein possess filamentous morphology, where some have been shown to be implicated in bulking episodes (e.g., Ca. Microthrix), the impact of many others is still not clear. In this study we performed a survey of 17 Danish municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with nutrient removal using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing over a period of 13 years, where all known filamentous bacteria from 30 genera were analyzed. The filamentous community constituted on average 13 ± 6%, and up to 43% of total read abundance with the same genera common to all plants. Ca. Microthrix and several genera belonging to phylum Chloroflexi were among the most abundant filamentous bacteria. The effect of filamentous bacteria on sludge settling properties was analyzed using measurements of the diluted sludge volume index (DSVI). Strong positive correlations with DSVI were observed only for Ca. Microthrix and Ca. Amarolinea, the latter being a novel, recently characterized genus belonging to the phylum Chloroflexi. The bulking potential of other filamentous bacteria was not significant despite their presence in many plants. Low phylogenetic diversity was observed for both Ca. Microthrix and Ca. Amarolinea, making physiological characterization of individual species and potential development of control strategies more feasible. In this study we show that, despite the high diversity of filamentous phylotypes in Danish WWTPs, only few of them were responsible for severe bulking episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nierychlo
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simon J. McIlroy
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sergey Kucheryavskiy
- Section of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Chenjing Jiang
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anja S. Ziegler
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Zivile Kondrotaite
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Stokholm-Bjerregaard
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Krüger A/S, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Per Halkjær Nielsen
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Wang P, Yu Z, Qi R, Zhang H. Detailed comparison of bacterial communities during seasonal sludge bulking in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:157-166. [PMID: 27614036 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pyrosequencing combined with clone library analysis, qPCR, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed to identify detailed changes of bacterial and filamentous bacterial communities in activated sludge (AS) in 3 types of typical AS samples: sludge bulking (B-AS), excessive bulking (EB-AS), and non-bulking (N-AS). Sludge bulking resulted in a decrease in total bacterial numbers from (6.4 ± 0.18) × 108 gene copies/mL in N-AS to (2.4 ± 0.22) × 108 in EB-AS and a decrease in bacterial diversity from 2757 OTUs in N-AS to 2217 OTUs in EB-AS. With the occurrence of sludge bulking, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes increased sharply, whereas Proteobacteria, which was the predominant phylum in N-AS, decreased markedly. In addition, Nitrospirae, a major lineage of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, had quite a low abundance in EB-AS (0.15%), while it was relatively high in N-AS (1.17%). On the other hand, filamentous bacteria accounted for 28.77% and 5.72% of total sequences in EB-AS and N-AS, respectively. More interestingly, 11 types of filamentous bacteria were always present in 3 types of typical AS samples from different stages of sludge bulking, and most of them enriched in EB-AS compared to N-AS. It is noteworthy that, in addition to the frequently reported filamentous bacteria such as Candidatus M. parvicella and Tetrasphaera, novel filamentous species of Trichococcus might exist in this bulking WWTP. Our results reveal that sludge bulking are derived from diverse taxa, which expands previous understanding and provides new insight into the underlying complications of the bulking phenomenon in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Rong Qi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
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5
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Guo F, Zhang T. Profiling bulking and foaming bacteria in activated sludge by high throughput sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:2772-82. [PMID: 22406202 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bulking and foaming bacteria (BFB) are notorious in wastewater treatment although they are always presented in the normal activated sludge and playing certain roles other than being harmful. Previous studies using microscopy or conventional molecular methods could hardly get the full profile of the BFB in the normal activated sludge. In this study, high throughput sequencing was adopted to investigate the BFB community, which was sub-dominant in activated sludge from 14 global wastewater treatment plants. The full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences of BFB groups were collected from previous studies to build a database for local BLAST and subsequent taxonomic assignment. The total BFB percentage in each sample ranged from 1.86% to 8.99% according to the 16S rRNA gene V4 pyrotags detected at the BLAST similarity cutoff of 97%. The most abundant and frequent BFB groups are 'Nostocoida limicola' I and II, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Type 1863, and 'Microthrix parvicella'. The BFB among the activated sludge samples were both biogeographically and technological distributed to some extent. An extending application was performed to evaluate and design oligonucleotides probes based on the rich information of high similar sequences. Our study also gave an exemplified case of investigation on the specific sub-dominant functional groups in complex bacterial communities revealed by high throughput sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Kragelund C, Thomsen TR, Mielczarek AT, Nielsen PH. Eikelboom's morphotype 0803 in activated sludge belongs to the genus Caldilinea in the phylum Chloroflexi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:451-62. [PMID: 21299573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromanipulated filamentous bacteria from bulking and foaming activated sludge morphologically identified as Eikelboom type 0803 were shown to be affiliated to the genus Caldilinea within the phylum Chloroflexi. Specific FISH probes were designed for their in situ detection and quantification in seven Danish wastewater treatment plants with biological nutrient removal. The survey applied all species-specific probes for Chloroflexi of relevance in activated sludge treatment plants as well as the phylum-specific probes. Type 0803 filaments constituted around 20% of the total Chloroflexi population. In four of the treatment plants, type 0803 and type 0092 co-occurred and were the dominating fraction of the Chloroflexi population. In the other plants, most Chloroflexi could not be identified beyond the phylum level, suggesting a yet far larger diversity. On average, for all plants, the total Chloroflexi population constituted 12% of the entire microbial population and seems to play an important structural role in the sludge floc formation. Ecophysiological characterization of type 0803 showed their potential role in macromolecule conversion as evident by high levels of exoenzyme expression. Acetate was not consumed. Glucose was consumed with oxygen, nitrite and nitrite as electron acceptors, suggesting that type 0803 may be a denitrifier. Their surfaces were hydrophobic, explaining their occasional occurrence in foaming incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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7
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de Oliveira LL, Costa RB, Okada DY, Vich DV, Duarte ICS, Silva EL, Varesche MBA. Anaerobic degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in fluidized bed reactor by microbial consortia in different support materials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:5112-5122. [PMID: 20189800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four anaerobic fluidized bed reactors filled with activated carbon (R1), expanded clay (R2), glass beads (R3) and sand (R4) were tested for anaerobic degradation of LAS. All reactors were inoculated with sludge from a UASB reactor treating swine wastewater and were fed with a synthetic substrate supplemented with approximately 20 mg l(-1) of LAS, on average. To 560 mg l(-1) COD influent, the maximum COD and LAS removal efficiencies were mean values of 97+/-2% and 99+/-2%, respectively, to all reactors demonstrating the potential applicability of this reactor configuration for treating LAS. The reactors were kept at 30 degrees C and operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18h. The use of glass beads and sand appear attractive because they favor the development of biofilms capable of supporting LAS degradation. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of samples from reactors R3 and R4 revealed that these reactors gave rise to broad microbial diversity, with microorganisms belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, indicating the role of microbial consortia in degrading the surfactant LAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lima de Oliveira
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Nielsen PH, Kragelund C, Seviour RJ, Nielsen JL. Identity and ecophysiology of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:969-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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9
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Kong Y, Xia Y, Nielsen PH. Activity and identity of fermenting microorganisms in full-scale biological nutrient removing wastewater treatment plants. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:2008-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Müller E, Schade M, Lemmer H. Filamentous scum bacteria in activated sludge plants: detection and identification quality by conventional activated sludge microscopy versus fluorescence in situ hybridization. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2007; 79:2274-2286. [PMID: 17966695 DOI: 10.2175/106143007x183943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Detection of filamentous bacteria morphotypes involved in scum formation in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants by conventional sludge microscopy is often doomed to fail because of morphological and taxonomical variations. The aim of this study is to compare detection, identification, and quantification quality of filamentous "scum bacteria" found by conventional activated sludge microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In the case of filamentous Microthrix parvicella and Eikelboom morphotypes 1863 and 1851, conventional activated sludge microscopy and FISH results correspond well. In contrast, conventional activated sludge microscopy overlooks nocardioform actinomycete and type 1863 single cells. On the other hand, FISH underestimates filamentous nocardioform actinomycetes and morphotypes 0041/0675 or 0092 because of insufficient cell wall permeability or because of their taxonomic variability, with a resulting inadequacy of previously published probes. Nostocoida limicola morphotype results are still inconclusive because of low bacteria numbers being available in situ and the enormous taxonomic variability within this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Müller
- Institute of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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11
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Yan S, Subramanian B, Surampalli RY, Narasiah S, Tyagi RD. Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Bacteria from Activated Sludge and Soluble Microbial Products in Wastewater Treatment Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2007)11:4(240)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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12
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Vervaeren H, De Wilde K, Matthys J, Boon N, Raskin L, Verstraete W. Quantification of an Eikelboom type 021N bulking event with fluorescence in situ hybridization and real-time PCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:695-704. [PMID: 15818476 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primers targeting 16S rRNA genes were designed to detect and quantify Eikelboom type 021N organisms by real-time PCR. Eikelboom type 021N filamentous bulking was induced in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor and the evolution of Eikelboom type 021N 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes was monitored. A significant correlation was found between the sludge volume index and the amount of these filamentous organisms present in the sludge (r (2)=94.6%, n=10, P<0.01), as measured by real-time PCR. The amount of Eikelboom type 021N 16S rRNA genes increased by a factor of 21 during the experiment, while the 16S rRNA increased by a factor of 33. Moreover, Eikelboom type 021N 16S rRNA increased with increased feeding frequency. It was observed that the RNA:DNA ratio peaked before the sludge volume index increased. In parallel, a fluorescence in situ hybridization study indicated a factor of four increase in the length of Eikelboom type 021N filaments, due to a factor of two increase in both length and number of Eikelboom type 021N filaments. Further, an increase in the fraction of filaments extending outside the activated sludge flocs was observed (19-55%). Monitoring of 16S rRNA genes and 16S rRNA of Eikelboom type 021N was shown to be valuable in evaluating activated sludge settling characteristics; and measuring RNA:DNA ratios may be used as an early warning tool for sludge bulking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Vervaeren
- Laboratory Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Belgium
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13
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McGarvey JA, Miller WG, Sanchez S, Stanker L. Identification of bacterial populations in dairy wastewaters by use of 16S rRNA gene sequences and other genetic markers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:4267-75. [PMID: 15240310 PMCID: PMC444815 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.7.4267-4275.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic flush waste removal systems coupled to solid/liquid separators and circulated treatment lagoons are commonly utilized to manage the large amounts of animal waste produced on high-intensity dairy farms. Although these systems are common, little is known about the microbial populations that inhabit them or how they change as they traverse the system. Using culture-based and non-culture-based methods, we characterized the microbial community structure of manure, water from the separator pit, and water from the circulated treatment lagoon from a large dairy in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Our results show that both total bacterial numbers and bacterial diversity are highest in manure, followed by the separator pit water and the lagoon water. The most prevalent phylum in all locations was the Firmicutes (low-G+C, gram-positive bacteria). The most commonly occurring operational taxonomic unit (OTU) had a 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequence 96 to 99% similar to that of Clostridium lituseburense and represented approximately 6% of the manure derived sequences, 14% of the separator pit-derived sequences and 20% of the lagoon-derived sequences. Also highly prevalent was an OTU with a 16S rDNA sequence 97 to 100% similar to that of Eubacterium tenue, comprising approximately 3% of the manure-derived sequences, 6% of the separator pit-derived sequences and 9% of the lagoon-derived sequences. Taken together, these sequences represent approximately one-third of the total organisms in the lagoon waters, suggesting that they are well adapted to this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A McGarvey
- Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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14
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Martins AMP, Pagilla K, Heijnen JJ, van Loosdrecht MCM. Filamentous bulking sludge--a critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:793-817. [PMID: 14769404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the long-standing bulking sludge problem in activated sludge systems. Despite the extensive amount of research that has been done on bulking sludge, it still occurs world-wide and a comprehensive solution does not seem to be available. Bulking sludge can be approached as a microbiological problem (occurrence of a specific filamentous bacterium) or as an engineering problem (growth of bacteria with a filamentous morphology). In the first case species-specific solutions should be found, whereas in the latter case, a generic approach might be available. Since bulking sludge is caused by a group of bacteria with a specific morphology, but not a specific physiology we believe that a generic approach would be feasible. Several theories for bulking sludge are discussed. Based on these theories the application and associated problems with the use of biological selectors are critically evaluated. Finally, a set of open research questions is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M P Martins
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan, The Netherlands.
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15
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Björnsson L, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW, Blackall LL. Filamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abundant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrient removal. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2309-2318. [PMID: 12177325 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most filamentous bacteria in biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes have not been identified beyond their morphotype and simple staining reactions. Furthermore, the majority of sludge filaments observed under the microscope do not hybridize to commonly used phylogenetic probes for well characterized bacterial phyla such as the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and BACTEROIDETES: Specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were designed for the phylum Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) and optimized for use in fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chloroflexi have been implicated in BNR systems by phylogenetic identification of filamentous bacteria isolated by micromanipulation from sludge and culture-independent molecular phylogenetic surveys. The predominant morphotype responding to the probes was filamentous and these filaments were generally abundant in 10 Australian full-scale and two laboratory-scale BNR samples examined. Filamentous bacteria responding to a subdivision 1 Chloroflexi probe were rare in the samples, whereas subdivision 3 Chloroflexi filaments were very common in some sludges. This is in direct contrast to results obtained from molecular phylogenetic surveys of BNR systems where most sludge 16S rDNA clones belong to subdivision 1 and only a few to subdivision 3. It is suggested that filamentous bacteria belonging to the Chloroflexi phylum account for a large fraction of phylogenetically uncharacterized filaments in BNR systems and are likely to be abundant in such systems on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Björnsson
- Advanced Wastewater Management Centre, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia1
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- ComBinE group, Advanced Computational Modelling Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia2
- Advanced Wastewater Management Centre, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia1
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Advanced Wastewater Management Centre, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia1
| | - Linda L Blackall
- Advanced Wastewater Management Centre, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia1
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Abstract
The application of modern molecular techniques has led to the identification, in situ quantification, and partial ecophysiological characterisation of bacteria responsible for bulking and foaming or for nutrient removal in sewage treatment systems. Unexpectedly, previously unrecognised, yet uncultured bacteria were demonstrated to catalyse nitrogen and phosphorous removal in activated-sludge and biofilm reactors. These findings provide the basis for the development of novel concepts for improving the efficiency and functional stability of waste water treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wagner
- Microbial Ecology Group, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
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17
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Beer M, Seviour EM, Kong Y, Cunningham M, Blackall LL, Seviour RJ. Phylogeny of the filamentous bacterium Eikelboom Type 1851, and design and application of a 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probe for its fluorescence in situ identification in activated sludge. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 207:179-83. [PMID: 11958937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromanipulation was used to obtain an isolate (BEN 52) of Eikelboom Type 1851 from a bulking activated sludge plant. Its 16S rDNA sequence reveals its closest relative is 'Roseiflexus castenholzii', a member of the phylum 'Chloroflexi', class 'Chloroflexi', previously called the green non-sulfur bacteria. The 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probe designed for fluorescence in situ hybridisation against this sequence successfully identified filamentous bacteria with the morphological features of Type 1851 in activated sludge samples from plants in several countries and different operational configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beer
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, 3552, Bendigo, Vic., Australia
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18
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Liu JR, Seviour RJ. Design and application of oligonucleotide probes for fluorescent in situ identification of the filamentous bacterial morphotype Nostocoida limicola in activated sludge. Environ Microbiol 2001; 3:551-60. [PMID: 11683865 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
16S rRNA targeted probes, designed using sequence data from pure cultures of the three morphotypes of the filamentous bulking bacteria Nostocoida limicola I, II and III and their successful application to the in situ identification of these bacteria in activated sludge biomass samples are described here. Two probes were required to detect all the sequenced N. limicola II isolates. Results from fluorescent in situ hybridization suggest that the morphotypes N. limicola I and II contain at least two phylogenetically unrelated bacteria. The N. limicola II filaments that did not respond to the probes designed in this study fluoresced instead with the probes previously designed for the alpha-Proteobacteria. The data also suggest that both N. limicola I and III can exist in activated sludge as single, paired or clumped cells and thus in a form not recognizable microscopically as this morphotype. Some N. limicola II filaments which responded to the probes designed here were much thinner than the filaments conventionally 'identified' as this morphotype and better fitted the descriptions often used in the literature for N. limicola I.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Liu
- Biotechnology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
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