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Genovese J, Stručić M, Serša I, Novickij V, Rocculi P, Miklavčič D, Mahnič-Kalamiza S, Kranjc M. PEF treatment effect on plant tissues of heterogeneous structure no longer an enigma: MRI insights beyond the naked eye. Food Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Characterization of the Water Shortage Effects on Potato Tuber Tissues during Growth Using MRI Relaxometry and Biochemical Parameters. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151918. [PMID: 35893622 PMCID: PMC9330452 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The potato is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, providing an important source of food. The quality of potato tubers relates to their size and dry matter composition and to the absence of physiological defects. It depends on the spatial and temporal coordination of growth and metabolic processes in the major tuber tissues: the cortex, flesh and pith. In the present study, variations in the biochemical traits of each of these tissues were investigated during tuber growth under optimal and water-deficit conditions. MRI relaxometry was used as a non-invasive and quantitative method to access information on cellular water status. The presence of slight but significant variations in organic compound contents quantified in the cortex and flesh revealed a tissue-dependent metabolic pattern. The T2 and relative I0 of the bi-exponential relaxation signal allowed a distinction to be made between the pith and the cortex, whereas the flesh could be differentiated from these tissues only through its relative I0. T2 values did not vary significantly during tuber development, in accordance with the typical growth pattern of tubers, but were shown to be sensitive to water stress. The interpretation of the multi-exponential transverse relaxation times is discussed and could be further developed via microscopic analysis.
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Leforestier R, Fleury A, Mariette F, Collewet G, Challois S, Musse M. Quantitative MRI analysis of structural changes in tomato tissues resulting from dehydration. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:637-650. [PMID: 34964166 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis at 1.5T of the effects of different dehydration regimes on transverse relaxation parameters measured in tomato tissue is presented. Multi-exponential T2 maps have been estimated for the first time, providing access to spatialized microstructural information at voxel scale. The objective was to provide a better understanding of the changes in the multi-exponential transverse relaxation parameters induced by dehydration in tomato tissues and to unravel the effects of microstructure and composition on relaxation parameters. The results led to the hypothesis that the multi-exponential relaxation signal reflects cell compartmentation and tissue heterogeneity, even at the voxel scale. Multi-exponential relaxation times provided information about water loss from specific cell compartments and seem to indicate that the dehydration process mainly affects large cells. By contrast, total signal intensity showed no sensitivity to variations in water content in the range investigated in the present study (between 95% [fresh tissue] and 90% [after dehydration]). The variation in relaxation times resulting from water loss was due to both changes in solute concentration and compartment size. The comparative analysis of the two contrasted tissues in terms of microporosity demonstrated that magnetic susceptibility effects, caused by the presence of air in the placenta tissue, significantly impact the effective relaxation and might be the dominant effect in the variations observed in relaxation times in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Fleury
- INRAE Bretagne Normandie, UR OPAALE IRMfood, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Maja Musse
- INRAE Bretagne Normandie, UR OPAALE IRMfood, Rennes, France
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Pallua JD, Unterberger SH, Pallua AF, Pfaller K, Pallua AK, Putzer D, Pöder R, Kirchmair M. Tissue characterization of the medical fungus Hericium coralloides by focus-variation microscopy. Mycologia 2021; 113:868-875. [PMID: 34125010 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1922244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of focus-variation microscopic imaging was evaluated in a study of morphological patterns of the potential medicinal fungus Hericium coralloides (Basidiomycota). We created three-dimensional reconstructions and visualizations using the imaging technique on a fresh H. coralloides basidioma. The aim was to approximate the spore dispersal efficiency of this basidiomata type regarding the investment of tissue biomass and its reproductive output (production of basidiospores). Results were correlated with published data gained from magnetic resonance imaging and micro-computed tomography. It is demonstrated that focus-variation microscopic imaging results in a more distinct picture of the morphology of the edible and potentially medicinal H. coralloides basidiomata. However, a direct measurement of spore production was not possible. Spore production could only be estimated in combination with a mathematical model because the surface was not directly measurable due to the cellular heterogeneity. However, focus-variation microscopic imaging allows a better and faster estimation of spore production compared with the published methods. Furthermore, it was found that a scanning resolution of 5× is sufficient for determining the fungal surface precisely because at a higher resolution artifacts occur, resulting in adulteration of the image.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Pallua
- University Hospital for Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S H Unterberger
- Unit for Material Technology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 13, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A F Pallua
- Section for Clinical Neurobiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Pfaller
- Section for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - D Putzer
- University Hospital for Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Pöder
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Kirchmair
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Ogawa K, Yashima T. MRI visualization of shiitake mycelium growing in woodchip blocks used for shiitake mushroom cultivation. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 58:90-96. [PMID: 30639753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to eliminate woodchip blocks where unwanted fungi have grown and select only blocks where shiitake mycelium are growing well, there is a need to develop a visualization technique for shiitake mycelium growing in woodchip blocks, and MRI is an obvious candidate technique. From the results of measurements of the woodchip bed in a small bottle (26 mm inside diameter) where shiitake mycelium was growing, the T1 relaxation time constant immediately after inoculation was 77.9 ± 5.5 ms, and the value after about 10 to 20 days increased to 135.0 ± 9.8 ms (the increase rate was 73%). The T1 maps of the wood-chip block (130 mm length, 75 mm height and 55 mm thickness) in which shiitake mycelium grew were calculated from T1 weighted images measured by changing TR from 28 to 400 ms. From the T1 maps of time series, it was found that the shiitake mycelium extended from the right-hand side to the left-hand side of the woodchip block in a planar manner. Furthermore, in a woodchip block in which penicillium was generated, since the T1 relaxation time constant of only the shiitake mycelium became longer, it was possible to visualize the shiitake mycelium distinctly from penicillium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Ogawa
- Keio University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yashima
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 1-1 Mizuho, Noto-chou, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0311, Japan.
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Lu K, Guo X, Li Y, Ming J. Characterization of Moisture Transformation and Distribution in Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) During Hot-Air Drying. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Lu
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; 400715 Chongqing China
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; 400715 Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Technology of Chongqing; 400715 Chongqing China
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7
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MRI investigation of subcellular water compartmentalization and gas distribution in apples. Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 33:671-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Adriaensen H, Musse M, Quellec S, Vignaud A, Cambert M, Mariette F. MSE-MRI sequence optimisation for measurement of bi- and tri-exponential T2 relaxation in a phantom and fruit. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1677-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Pallua JD, Recheis W, Pöder R, Pfaller K, Pezzei C, Hahn H, Huck-Pezzei V, Bittner LK, Schaefer G, Steiner E, Andre G, Hutwimmer S, Felber S, Pallua AK, Pallua AF, Bonn GK, Huck CW. Morphological and tissue characterization of the medicinal fungus Hericium coralloides by a structural and molecular imaging platform. Analyst 2012; 137:1584-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Lope-Piedrafita S. Changes in water content and distribution in Quercus ilex leaves during progressive drought assessed by in vivo 1H magnetic resonance imaging. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:188. [PMID: 20735815 PMCID: PMC2956538 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a common stressor in many regions of the world and current climatic global circulation models predict further increases in warming and drought in the coming decades in several of these regions, such as the Mediterranean basin. The changes in leaf water content, distribution and dynamics in plant tissues under different soil water availabilities are not well known. In order to fill this gap, in the present report we describe our study withholding the irrigation of the seedlings of Quercus ilex, the dominant tree species in the evergreen forests of many areas of the Mediterranean Basin. We have monitored the gradual changes in water content in the different leaf areas, in vivo and non-invasively, by 1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using proton density weighted (rhow) images and spin-spin relaxation time (T2) maps. RESULTS Rhow images showed that the distal leaf area lost water faster than the basal area and that after four weeks of similar losses, the water reduction was greater in leaf veins than in leaf parenchyma areas and also in distal than in basal leaf area. There was a similar tendency in all different areas and tissues, of increasing T2 values during the drought period. This indicates an increase in the dynamics of free water, suggesting a decrease of cell membranes permeability. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a non homogeneous leaf response to stress with a differentiated capacity to mobilize water between its different parts and tissues. This study shows that the MRI technique can be a useful tool to follow non-intrusively the in vivo water content changes in the different parts of the leaves during drought stress. It opens up new possibilities to better characterize the associated physiological changes and provides important information about the different responses of the different leaf areas what should be taken into account when conducting physiological and metabolic drought stress studies in different parts of the leaves during drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- Unitat d'Ecofisiologia i Canvi Global CSIC-CEAB-CREAF, CREAF (Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Unitat d'Ecofisiologia i Canvi Global CSIC-CEAB-CREAF, CREAF (Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Homan NM, Venne B, Van As H. Flow characteristics and exchange in complex biological systems as observed by pulsed-field-gradient magnetic-resonance imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:026310. [PMID: 20866908 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.026310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Water flow through model porous media was studied in the presence of surface relaxation, internal magnetic field inhomogeneities and exchange with stagnant water pools with different relaxation behavior, demonstrating how the apparent flow parameters average velocity, volume flow and flow conducting area in these situations depend on the observation time. To investigate the water exchange process a two component biological model system consisting of water flowing through a biofilm reactor (column packed with methanogenic granular sludge beads) was used, before and after a heat treatment to introduce exchange. We show that correction of the stagnant fluid signal amplitude for relaxation at increasing observation time using the observed relaxation times reveals exchange between the two fractions in the system. Further it is demonstrated how this exchange can be quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Homan
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Van As H, Scheenen T, Vergeldt FJ. MRI of intact plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 102:213-22. [PMID: 19711192 PMCID: PMC2777214 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-destructive and non-invasive technique that can be used to acquire two- or even three-dimensional images of intact plants. The information within the images can be manipulated and used to study the dynamics of plant water relations and water transport in the stem, e.g., as a function of environmental (stress) conditions. Non-spatially resolved portable NMR is becoming available to study leaf water content and distribution of water in different (sub-cellular) compartments. These parameters directly relate to stomatal water conductance, CO(2) uptake, and photosynthesis. MRI applied on plants is not a straight forward extension of the methods discussed for (bio)medical MRI. This educational review explains the basic physical principles of plant MRI, with a focus on the spatial resolution, factors that determine the spatial resolution, and its unique information for applications in plant water relations that directly relate to plant photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Musse M, Quellec S, Devaux MF, Cambert M, Lahaye M, Mariette F. An investigation of the structural aspects of the tomato fruit by means of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 27:709-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Koizumi M, Naito S, Kano H, Haishi T. Examination of the Tissue Water in Cucumber Fruit by Small Dedicated Magnetic Resonance Imaging with a 1-T Permanent Magnet. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.56.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pedersen HT, Ablett S, Martin DR, Mallett MJD, Engelsen SB. Application of the NMR-MOUSE to food emulsions. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2003; 165:49-58. [PMID: 14568516 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-7807(03)00243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The application of the NMR-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) to study food systems is evaluated using oil-in-water emulsions, and the results are compared to those obtained using a conventional low-field NMR (LF-NMR) instrument. The NMR-MOUSE is a small and portable LF-NMR system with a one-sided magnet layout that is used to replace the conventional magnet and probe on a LF-NMR instrument. The high magnetic field gradients associated with the one-sided MOUSE magnet result in NMR signal decays being dominated by molecular diffusion effects, which makes it possible to discriminate between the NMR signals from oil and water. Different data acquisition parameters as well as different approaches to the analysis of the NMR data from a range of oil-in-water emulsions are evaluated, and it is demonstrated how the concentration of oil and water can be determined from the NMR-MOUSE signals. From these model systems it is concluded that the NMR-MOUSE has good potential for the quantitative analysis of intact food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Pedersen
- Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Department of Dairy and Food Science, Food, Technology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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van der Weerd L, Claessens MM, Ruttink T, Vergeldt FJ, Schaafsma TJ, Van As H. Quantitative NMR microscopy of osmotic stress responses in maize and pearl millet. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:2333-43. [PMID: 11709583 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.365.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of osmotic stress (-0.35 MPa) on the cell water balance and apical growth was studied non-invasively for maize (Zea mays L., cv. LG 11) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L., cv. MH 179) by (1)H NMR microscopy in combination with water uptake measurements. Single parameter images of the water content and the transverse relaxation time (T(2)) were used to discriminate between the different tissues and to follow the water status of the apical region during osmotic stress. The T(2) values of non-stressed stem tissue turned out to be correlated to the cell dimensions as determined by optical microscopy. Growth was found to be strongly inhibited by mild stress in both species, whereas the water uptake was far less affected. During the experiment hardly any changes in water content or T(2) in the stem region of maize were observed. In contrast, the apical tissue of pearl millet showed a decrease in T(2) within 48 h of stress. This decrease in T(2) is interpreted as an increase in the membrane permeability for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van der Weerd
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Dreyenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Bendel P, Zemah H, Kamenetsky R, Vergeldt F, van As H. Magnetization transfer and double-quantum filtered imaging as probes for motional restricted water in tulip bulbs. Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 19:857-65. [PMID: 11551727 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parameter sensitive MRI experiments were performed on tulip bulbs before and after storage at two different temperatures, 4 degrees C (chilled), and 20 degrees C (non-chilled). Quantitative measurements of the amount of magnetization transfer (MT) in the storage scales of the bulbs, were compared to the average values of the relaxation rates R(1) and R(2), and the apparent normalized spin density (NSD). At the end of the storage period, bulbs were also scanned using 1H double quantum (DQ) filtered imaging. Both MT and DQ filtered imaging revealed significant differences between chilled and non-chilled bulbs, which were consistent with the differences observed in the average values of NSD, R(1,) and R(2.) The results indicated a smaller fraction of solid protons (e.g., starch, sugars, and possibly bound water), or less contact between these solid protons and (free) water in the storage scales of the chilled bulbs, after 8 weeks of storage at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bendel
- Department of Chemical Services, MR Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Scheenen TW, van Dusschoten D, de Jager PA, Van As H. Quantification of water transport in plants with NMR imaging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:1751-1759. [PMID: 11053465 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.351.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRi) method is described to calculate the characteristics of water transport in plant stems. Here, dynamic NMRi is used as a non-invasive technique to record the distribution of displacements of protons for each pixel in the NMR image. Using the NMR-signal of the stationary water in a reference tube for calibration, the following characteristics can be calculated per pixel without advance knowledge of the flow-profile in that pixel: the amount of stationary water, the amount of flowing water, the cross-sectional area of flow, the average linear flow velocity of the flowing water, and the volume flow. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated with a stem segment of a chrysanthemum flower by comparing the volume flow, measured with NMR, with the actual volumetric uptake, measured with a balance. NMR measurements corresponded to the balance uptake measurements with a rms error of 0.11 mg s(-1) in a range of 0 to 1.8 mg s(-1). Local changes in flow characteristics of individual voxels of a sample (e.g. intact plant) can be studied as a function of time and of any conceivable changes the sample experiences on a time-scale, longer than the measurement time of a complete set of pixel-propagators (17 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Scheenen
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physics, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Van der Toorn A, Zemah H, Van As H, Bendel P, Kamenetsky R. Developmental changes and water status in tulip bulbs during storage: visualization by NMR imaging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:1277-87. [PMID: 10937704 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.348.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to follow time-dependent morphological changes and changes in water status of tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L., cv. 'Apeldoorn') during bulb storage for 12 weeks at 20 degrees C (non-chilled) or 4 degrees C (chilled) and after planting. MR images reflecting the water content, the relaxation times T1 and T2 (or their reciprocal values, the relaxation rates R1 and R2), and the apparent self-diffusion coefficient of water molecules (ADC), were obtained for intact bulbs. After planting, scape elongation and flowering occurred only in chilled bulbs, while elongation in non-chilled bulbs was retarded. Microscopic observations showed different structural components and high heterogeneity of the bulb tissues. MRI revealed the elongation of the flower bud during storage, which was significantly faster in the chilled bulbs. In addition, MRI demonstrated a redistribution of water between different bulb organs, as well as significant differences in the pattern of this redistribution between the chilled and non-chilled bulbs. Generally, R2 relaxation rates became faster in all bulb organs during storage. At the same time, ADC values remained constant in the chilled bulbs, while exhibiting a significant increase in the non-chilled bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van der Toorn
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen NMR Centre, The Netherlands
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22
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Donker HC, Van As H. Cell water balance of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during its post-harvest lifetime studied by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1427:287-97. [PMID: 10216245 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A combination of quantitative water density and T2 MRI and changes therein observed after infiltration with 'invisible' Gd-DTPA solution was used to study cell water balances, cell water potentials and cell integrity. This method was applied to reveal the evolution and mechanism of redistribution of water in harvested mushrooms. Even when mushrooms did not lose water during the storage period, a redistribution of water was observed from stipe to cap and gills. When the storage condition resulted in a net loss of water, the stipe lost more water than the cap. The water density in the gill increased, probably due to development of spores. Deterioration effects (i.e. leakage of cells, decrease in osmotic water potential) were found in the outer stipe. They were not found in the cap, even at prolonged storage at 293 K and R.H.=70%. The changes in osmotic potential were partly accounted for by changes in the mannitol concentration. Changes in membrane permeability were also indicated. Cells in the cap had a constant low membrane (water) permeability. They developed a decreasing osmotic potential (more negative), whereas the osmotic potential in the outer stipe increased, together with the permeability of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Donker
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physics, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Edzes HT, van Dusschoten D, Van As H. Quantitative T2 imaging of plant tissues by means of multi-echo MRI microscopy. Magn Reson Imaging 1998; 16:185-96. [PMID: 9508275 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(97)00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for quantitative T2 imaging is presented which covers the large range of T2 values in plants (5 to 2000 ms) simultaneously. The transverse relaxation is characterized by phase-sensitive measurement of many echo images in a multi-echo magnetic resonance imaging sequence. Up to 1000 signal-containing echo images can be measured with an inter-echo time of 2.5 ms at 0.47 T. Separate images of water density and of T2 are obtained. Results on test samples, on the cherry tomato and on the stem of giant hogweed are presented. The effects of field strength, spatial resolution and echo time on the observed T2 values is discussed. The combination of a relatively low magnetic field strength, short echo time and medium pixel resolution results in excellent T2 contrast and in images hardly affected by susceptibility artifacts. The characterization of transverse relaxation by multi-echo image acquisition opens a new route for studies of water balance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Edzes
- Laboratory of Molecular Physics and Wageningen Agricultural NMR Center, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Donker HC, Van As H, Snijder HJ, Edzes HT. Quantitative 1H-NMR imaging of water in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Magn Reson Imaging 1997; 15:113-21. [PMID: 9084032 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(96)00328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
MRI represents a valuable tool for studying the amount and physical status of water in plants and agricultural products, for example, mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Contrast in NMR images originates from the mixed influence of the fundamental NMR parameters, amongst others, spin-density, T2- and T1 relaxation processes. Maps of these parameters contain valuable anatomical and physiological information. They can, however, be severely distorted, depending on the combination of parameter settings and anatomy of the object under study. The influence of the tissue structure of mushrooms, for example, tissue density (susceptibility inhomogeneity) and cell shape on the amplitude, T2, and T1 images is analyzed. This is achieved by vacuum infiltration of the cavities in the mushroom's spongy structure with Gd-DTPA solutions and acquiring Saturation Recovery-Multispin Echo images. It is demonstrated that the intrinsic long T2 values in the cap and outer stipe tissue strongly relate to the size and geometry of the highly vacuolated cells in these spongy tissues. All observed T2 values are strongly affected by susceptibility effects. The T2 of gill tissue is shorter than T2 of the cap and outer stipe, probably because these cells are less vacuolized and smaller in size. The calculated amplitude images are not directly influenced by susceptibility inhomogeneities as long as the observed relaxation times remained sufficient long. They reflect the water distribution in mushrooms best if short echo times are applied in a multispin echo imaging sequence at low magnetic field strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Donker
- Department of Molecular Physics, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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