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Dourandish Z, Beitollahi H, Sheikhshoaie I. Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Epinine and Venlafaxine Using Disposable Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode Modified by Bimetallic Ni-Co-Metal-Organic-Framework Nanosheets. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052128. [PMID: 36903373 PMCID: PMC10004146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed two-dimensional NiCo-metal-organic-framework (NiCo-MOF) nanosheets based on a facile protocol and then characterized them using multiple approaches (X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms techniques). As a sensitive electroactive material, the as-fabricated bimetallic NiCo-MOF nanosheets were employed to modify a screen-printed graphite electrode surface (NiCo-MOF/SPGE) for epinine electro-oxidation. According to the findings, there was a great improvement in the current responses of the epinine because of the appreciable electron transfer reaction and catalytic performance of the as-produced NiCo-MOF nanosheets. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry were utilized to analyze the electrochemical activity of the epinine on the NiCo-MOF/SPGE. A linear calibration plot was obtained in the broad concentration range (0.07-335.0 µM) with a high sensitivity (0.1173 µA/µM) and a commendable correlation coefficient (0.9997). The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was estimated at 0.02 µM for the epinine. According to findings from DPV, the electrochemical sensor of the NiCo-MOF/SPGE could co-detect epinine and venlafaxine. The repeatability, reproducibility and stability of the NiCo-metal-organic-framework-nanosheets-modified electrode were investigated, and the relative standard deviations obtained indicated that the NiCo-MOF/SPGE had superior repeatability, reproducibility and stability. The as-constructed sensor was successfully applicable in sensing the study analytes in real specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dourandish
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76175-133, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
- Correspondence:
| | - Iran Sheikhshoaie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76175-133, Iran
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2
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Bajaber MA, Kamel AH. All-Solid State Potentiometric Sensors for Desvenlafaxine Detection Using Biomimetic Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Receptors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224814. [PMID: 36432940 PMCID: PMC9693087 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an ion-to-electron transducer, a novel disposable all-solid-state desvenlafaxine-selective electrode based on a screen-printed carbon paste electrode was created. SWCNTs were put onto the carbon-paste electrode area, which was protected by a poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane with a desvenlafaxine-imprinted polymer serving as a recognition receptor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometric techniques were used to examine the electrochemical characteristics of the SWCNTs/PVC coating on the carbon screen-printed electrode. The electrode displayed a 57.2 ± 0.8 mV/decade near-Nernstian slope with a 2.0 × 10-6 M detection limit. In 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6, the ODV-selective electrodes displayed a quick reaction (5 s) and outstanding stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The usefulness of electrodes was demonstrated in samples of ODV-containing pharmaceutical products and human urine. These electrodes have the potential to be mass produced and employed as disposable sensors for on-site testing, since they are quick, practical, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed A. Bajaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman H. Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Abbasia, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
- Correspondence:
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3
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Dubey SK, Jindal M, Nagpal S, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Anand A, Krishna KV. A Systematic Review on Analytical Methods to Determine Chiral and Achiral Forms of Venlafaxine and its Metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190204144202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Venlafaxine (VEN) is a bicyclic phenylethylamine derivative and possesses a
marked structural difference from other antidepressant drugs present in the market. It works by eliciting
the neurotransmitter action in CNS. It occurs in two enantiomeric forms i.e. R and S VEN. After the
first pass metabolism, it gets metabolized into more active form O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) which
also exist in the enantiomeric forms. So it is important to develop a suitable analytical and bioanalytical
method for the determination of VEN and its metabolite to quantify them accurately.
Methods and Results:
The current review summarizes methods to determine chiral and achiral forms of
VEN and ODV. According to the literature, it is clear that most widely used method for the determination
of VEN and ODV is liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, other methods used for routine
analysis include UV spectroscopy, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with PDA
detector. For the determination of enantiomeric forms of VEN and ODV, different chiral columns have
been utilized. Capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrins is also used to determine the enantiomeric
forms.
Conclusion:
Various analytical methods for determining VEN and its metabolite in different matrices
have been discussed thoroughly in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Monika Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Shakti Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Ranendra N. Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - Amit Anand
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
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Hancu G, Lupu D, Milan A, Budău M, Barabás-Hajdu E. Enantioselective analysis of venlafaxine and its active metabolites: A review on the separation methodologies. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4874. [PMID: 32367587 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Venlafaxine (VFX) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor chiral drug used in therapy as an antidepressant in the form of a racemate consisting of R- and S-VFX. The two enantiomers of VFX exhibit different pharmacological activities: R-VFX inhibits both norepinephrine and serotonin synaptic reuptake, whereas S-VFX inhibits only the serotonin one. R- and S-VFX are metabolized in the liver to the respective R- and S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODVFX), R- and S-N-desmethylvenlafaxine (NDVFX), and R- and S-N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (NODVFX). The pharmacological profile of ODVFX is close to that of VFX, whereas the other two chiral metabolites (NDVFX and NODVFX) have lower affinity for the receptor sites. The pharmacokinetics of the VFX enantiomers appear stereoselective, including the metabolism process. In the past 20 years, several studies describing the enantioselective analysis of R- and S-VFX in pharmaceutical formulations and its chiral metabolites in biological matrices were published. These methods encompass liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection, mass spectrometry, or tandem mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis. This paper reviews the published methods used for the determination of the individual enantiomers of VFX and its chiral metabolites in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Daniela Lupu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Enikő Barabás-Hajdu
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureş, Romania
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5
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Venlafaxine Chiral Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Chiral Selector and Experimental Design Method Optimization. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12050849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venlafaxine (VFX) is a modern antidepressant from the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. It is a chiral substance used in therapy as a racemate, but differences between the pharmacological properties of the two enantiomers have been reported. The current article presents the development of a simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the rapid chiral separation of VFX enantiomers. A complex cyclodextrin (CD) screening at four different pH levels was carried out to establish the optimum chiral selector; carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD) at pH 2.5 was selected for further method development. An initial “one factor at time” (OFAT) screening strategy was used to establish the influence of analytical parameters on the separation, followed by a face centered central composite design (FCCD) for the optimization process. The analytical performances of the newly developed method were verified in terms of accuracy, linearity, precision, repeatability, and sensitivity. The method was used for the determination of VFX enantiomer ratio in pharmaceutical forms. Finally, computer modelling of VFX-CD complexes was undertaken to characterize host–guest chiral recognition.
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Khalilzadeh MA, Tajik S, Beitollahi H, Venditti RA. Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanocomposite with Iron Oxide Deposited on Cellulose Nanocrystals with Copper (Fe3O4@CNC/Cu): Investigation of Catalytic Activity for the Development of a Venlafaxine Electrochemical Sensor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, United States
| | - Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| | - Richard A. Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, United States
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7
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Sher M, Ahmad M, Hassan F, Naeem-ul-Hassan M, Hussain MA. Development and validation of an HPLC-UV method for accelerated stability study and pharmacokinetic analysis of venlafaxine. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000217728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Voltammetric determination of venlafaxine as an antidepressant drug employing Gd2O3 nanoparticles graphite screen printed electrode. J RARE EARTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Reddi SS, Singhvi G, Khosa A, Krishna KV, Saha RN. Determination of Venlafaxine in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method with UV Detector. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666171228162205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
A robust and validated analytical method is a key component at various stages
of pharmaceutical product development to ensure identity, purity and quality of drugs and formulations.
Objective:
The aim of proposed work was to develop and validate a simple, sensitive and stability indicating
high performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of venlafaxine hydrochloride
in bulk and formulations for routine analysis as well as for preformulation studies.
Methods:
Efficient chromatographic separation has been performed on a HpyercloneTM 5µm BDS C18
column using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 3.0) and acetonitrile
(70:30 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Venlafaxine hydrochloride was analyzed using UV detector
at 225nm. Developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
Results:
The method has demonstrated linearity over the range of 100 to 2000 ng ml-1 with regression
equation, mean peak area (y) = 93.32 x concentration - 322.00 (R2 = 1). The method has demonstrated
good and consistent recovery (99.34 to 101.16%). Precision of the method reflected by the relative
standard deviation values at intra-day and inter-day levels was less than 1.79%. The detection and quantitation
limits were 6.55 ng ml-1 and 19.84 ng ml-1 respectively indicating sensitivity of the method. The
method was successfully applied for the estimation of venlafaxine hydrochloride in marketed and inhouse
formulations. Also, developed method was successfully used in drug-excipients compatibility
studies for VEN.
Conclusion:
The method was found to be accurate, precise, sensitive and selective for the determination
venlafaxine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish S. Reddi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Archana Khosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kowthavarapu V. Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranendra N. Saha
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Hancu G, Budău M, Muntean DL, Gagyi L, Rusu A. Capillary electrophoresis in the enantioseparation of modern antidepressants: An overview. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4335. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș; Romania
| | - Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș; Romania
| | - Daniela Lucia Muntean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș; Romania
| | | | - Aura Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș; Romania
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11
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Liu ZJ, Liu H, Chen XW, Lin M, Hu Y, Tuo X, Yuan ZY, Sun XX. Efficient resolution of venlafaxine and mechanism study via X-ray crystallography. Chirality 2017; 30:268-274. [PMID: 29232000 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of resolving factors were investigated to improve resolution of venlafaxine 1. An effective resolving agent, O,O'-di-p-toluoyl-(R, R)-tartaric acid 2, was screened using similar method of 'Dutch resolution' from tartaric acid derivatives. The resolution efficiency was up to 88.4%, when the ratio of rac-1 and 2 was 1:0.8 in THF with little water (10:1 v/v). Enantiomerically pure venlafaxine was prepared with 99.1% ee in 82.2% yield. The chiral resolution mechanism was first explained through X-ray crystallographic study. One diastereomeric salt with well solubility forms a columnar supramolecular structure as the acidic salt (R)-1·2, while the other diastereomeric salt with less solubility forms a multilayered sandwich supramolecular structure by enantio-differentiation self-assembly as the neutral salt 2(S)-1·2. The water molecules play a key role in the optical resolution, as indicated by the special structures of the diastereomeric salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan-Wen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Lin
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecules, Jiangxi Normal University of Science and Technology, Nanchang, China
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12
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Akhlaghi H, Ghorbani M, Lahoori NA, Shams A, Seyedin O. Preconcentration and determination of naproxen in water samples by functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes hollow fiber solid phase microextraction—HPLC. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Jann M, Vandenberg C, Eap CB, Shamsi SA. Development of an enantioselective assay for simultaneous separation of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to the analysis of drug-drug interaction. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1420:119-28. [PMID: 26460073 PMCID: PMC5025041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To-date, there has been no effective chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method reported for the simultaneous enantioseparation of the antidepressant drug, venlafaxine (VX) and its structurally-similar major metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (O-DVX). This is mainly due to the difficulty of identifying MS compatible chiral selector, which could provide both high enantioselectivity and sensitive MS detection. In this work, poly-sodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucylalaninate (poly-L,L-SULA) was employed as a chiral selector after screening several dipeptide polymeric chiral surfactants. Baseline separation of both O-DVX and VX enantiomers was achieved in 15 min after optimizing the buffer pH, poly-L,L-SULA concentration, nebulizer pressure and separation voltage. Calibration curves in spiked plasma (recoveries higher than 80%) were linear over the concentration range 150-5000 ng/mL for both VX and O-DVX. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be as low as 30 ng/mL and 21 ng/mL for O-DVX and VX, respectively. This method was successfully applied to measure the plasma concentrations of human volunteers receiving VX or O-DVX orally when co-administered without and with indinivar therapy. The results suggest that micellar electrokinetic chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (MEKC-ESI-MS/MS) is an effective low cost alternative technique for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies of both O-DVX and VX enantiomers. The technique has potential to identify drug-drug interaction involving VX and O-DVX enantiomers while administering indinivar therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Liu
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Michael Jann
- Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Chad Vandenberg
- Midwestern University, Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
| | - Chin B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University, Hospital of Cery, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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14
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A sensitive electrochemical sensor for rapid and selective determination of venlafaxine in biological fluids using carbon paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymer-coated magnetite nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Kartsova LA, Bessonova EA. Biomedical applications of capillary electrophoresis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Panahi HA, Alaei HS. β-Cyclodextrin/thermosensitive containing polymer brushes grafted onto magnetite nano-particles for extraction and determination of venlafaxine in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Kang HK, Kang MA, Kim HJ, Park YS, Kim SH, Kang JS. Development of a LC-MS/MS for Quantification of Venlafaxine in Human Plasma and Application to Bioequivalence Study in healthy Korean Subjects. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2014. [DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2014.22.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ku Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Min-A Kang
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine; Division of Molecular Therapeutics Development, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Yoo-Sin Park
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine; Division of Molecular Therapeutics Development, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Shin-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine; Division of Molecular Therapeutics Development, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Ju-Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology Lab, College of Medicine; Division of Molecular Therapeutics Development, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute; Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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18
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Lehnert P, Přibylka A, Maier V, Znaleziona J, Ševčík J, Douša M. Enantiomeric separation ofR,S-tolterodine andR,S-methoxytolterodine with negatively charged cyclodextrins by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1561-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Přibylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Znaleziona
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc; Czech Republic
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19
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Dziurkowska E, Wesolowski M. Simultaneous quantitation of venlafaxine and its main metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, in human saliva by HPLC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1726-33. [PMID: 23495235 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Venlafaxine is used for the treatment of major depression and generalized anxiety disorders. Because its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, has also a similar activity, the purpose of this work was to develop a simple method for simultaneous quantitation of both drugs using HPLC with UV detection. The saliva was chosen as diagnostic material because of its easy accessibility and possibility of sampling by patients, for example, at home. The sample pretreatment by liquid-liquid extraction allows to separate both compounds from this diagnostic material with a high recovery, varying between 92.65 and 104.78%. The major advantage of the validated method lies in its sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity for routine quantitation of the venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in the human saliva. The low detection and quantification values (2.8-3.1 and 9.4-10.2 ng/mL, respectively) enable to quantify both species excreted with saliva at the nanogram level. The applicability of the method was verified by analysis of the saliva obtained from depressed women treated with venlafaxine. The results suggest that the method could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring in patients undergoing treatment with venlafaxine, especially when metabolic anomalies or low compliance are suspected, or in the case of polypharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Dziurkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction and chiral LC–MS/MS analysis of venlafaxine and its metabolites in plasma. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:721-30. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An enantioselective analytical method was developed and validated for determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites O-desmethylvenlafaxine and N-desmethylvenlafaxine in plasma samples. The method employed LC–MS/MS analysis and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF LPME) for sample preparation. Results: After HF LPME optimization the following condition was established: sample volume of 4 ml, sample agitation at 1750 rpm, 20 min of extraction, 0.1 mol/l acetic acid as acceptor phase, 1-octanol as organic phase and donor phase pH adjustment to 10. Under these conditions, the method was linear over the concentration range of 5–500 ng/ml with quantification limits of 5 ng/ml. Conclusion: The use of HF LPME for sample preparation provided suitable recoveries, efficient clean-up and low consumption of organic solvent.
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Saka C, Şahin Ö. Determination of Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Material. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.645377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Saka
- a School of Health, Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- b Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Sıırt University , Sıırt , Turkey
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22
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Dutta L, Ahmad SI, Mukherjee SK, Mishra S, Khuroo A, Monif T. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous stereoselective determination of venlafaxine and its major metabolite,O-desmethylvenlafaxine, in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:622-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Dutta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics; Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited; Plot no. GP-5, Sec. 18, HSIDC, Old Delhi-Gurgaon Road; Gurgaon-; 122015; Haryana; India
| | - Syed Imran Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics; Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited; Plot no. GP-5, Sec. 18, HSIDC, Old Delhi-Gurgaon Road; Gurgaon-; 122015; Haryana; India
| | - Subhra Kanti Mukherjee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics; Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited; Plot no. GP-5, Sec. 18, HSIDC, Old Delhi-Gurgaon Road; Gurgaon-; 122015; Haryana; India
| | - Sanjeev Mishra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics; Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited; Plot no. GP-5, Sec. 18, HSIDC, Old Delhi-Gurgaon Road; Gurgaon-; 122015; Haryana; India
| | - Arshad Khuroo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics; Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited; Plot no. GP-5, Sec. 18, HSIDC, Old Delhi-Gurgaon Road; Gurgaon-; 122015; Haryana; India
| | - Tausif Monif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics; Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited; Plot no. GP-5, Sec. 18, HSIDC, Old Delhi-Gurgaon Road; Gurgaon-; 122015; Haryana; India
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Kandhwal K, Dey S, Nazarudheen S, Reyar S, Mishra S, Thudi NR, Khuroo AH, Monif T. Establishing bioequivalence of racemic venlafaxine formulations using stereoselective assay method: Is it necessary? Chirality 2011; 23:948-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Raut BB, Kolte BL, Deo AA, Bagool MA, Shinde DB. A Rapid and Sensitive HPLC Method for the Determination of Venlafaxine and O‐Desmethylvenlafaxine in Human Plasma with UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Raut
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , 431004 , India
| | - B. L. Kolte
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , 431004 , India
| | - A. A. Deo
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
| | - M. A. Bagool
- a Wockhardt Research Centre , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , India
| | - D. B. Shinde
- b Department of Chemical Technology , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra State , 431004 , India
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Liu W, Dai YC, Deng N, Liu XR, Yi Luo. Development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of venlafaxine enantiomers and application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:412-6. [PMID: 21321974 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the determination of venlafaxine enantiomers in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. The method was carried out on a vancomycin chiral column (5 µm, 250 × 4.6 mm) maintained at 25°C. The mobile phase was methanol-water containing 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate, pH 3.3 adjusted with aqueous ammonia (8:92, v/v) at the flow rate 1.0 mL/min. A tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode to detect the selected ions pair at m/z 278.0 → 120.8 for venlafaxine enantiomers and m/z 294.8 → 266.7 for estazolanm (internal standard). The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.28-423.0 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 0.28 ng/mL. The intra-and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 9.7%. The method was successfully applied for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of venlafaxine enantiomers in 18 healthy volunteers. Validation parameters such as the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability were evaluated, giving results within the acceptable range. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the venlafaxine enantiomers were measured in the 18 healthy Chinese volunteers who received a single regimen with venlafaxine hydrochloride capsules. The results show that AUC((0-∞)) , C(max) and t(1/2) between S-venlafaxine and R-venlafaxine are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- The Pharmaceutical Department of the Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/Hunan Normal University, ChangSha, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000–2010). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:588-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Plenis A, Bączek T. Modern chromatographic and electrophoretic measurements of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:164-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Stereoselective determination of venlafaxine and its three demethylated metabolites in human plasma and whole blood by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometric detection and solid phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Qin F, Li N, Qin T, Zhang Y, Li F. Simultaneous quantification of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:689-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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da Fonseca P, Bonato PS. Chiral HPLC analysis of venlafaxine metabolites in rat liver microsomal preparations after LPME extraction and application to an in vitro biotransformation study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:817-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Modern bioanalytical methods for the rapid detection of antidepressants: SNRIs and SSRIs in human biological samples. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:451-88. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin–norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) belong to a new generation of antidepressants used in the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. SSRIs act as reuptake inhibitors primarily via the inhibition of the neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) in the CNS. SNRIs have additional inhibitory activity at noradrenaline-reuptake sites. Different analytical methods for the routine monitoring and toxicological screening of SNRIs and SSRIs have been developed. Rapid quantification is a necessity for clinical use, allowing the possibility of diagnostics. This review focuses on recent advances of the methods that concern the determination of SSRIs and SNRIs in human biological samples. Sample preparation methodologies are discussed, because sample pretreatment is the most limiting and crucial step in analysis of biological matrices. Furthermore, information concerning the mechanism of action, side effects and toxicity are also given.
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Chiral determination of antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:221-37. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of chiral drugs and their metabolites in biological samples is key to gaining a full understanding of enantioselective drug action and disposition, as well as establishing the advantages of using racemate or isolated enantiomers. In this review, methods published in the last 8 years regarding the analysis of chiral antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids (e.g., plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid) are reviewed. The importance and interest in analyzing the enantiomers of the active compound and its metabolites in biological samples are also discussed.
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Determination of venlafaxine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using cloud-point extraction and spectrofluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 872:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Patel BN, Sharma N, Sanyal M, Shrivastav PS. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:603-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Shpigun OA, Ananieva IA, Budanova NY, Shapovalova EN. Use of cyclodextrins for separation of enantiomers. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2003v072n12abeh000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Cesta R, Fanali S, Amore M, Raggi MA. Analysis of the second generation antidepressant venlafaxine and its main active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma by HPLC with spectrofluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:88-94. [PMID: 17581798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of the recent serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine and its main active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, in human plasma. Separation was obtained by using a reversed-phase column (C8, 150 x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm) and a mobile phase composed of 75% aqueous phosphate buffer containing triethylamine at pH 6.8 and 25% acetonitrile. Fluorescence detection was used, exciting at lambda=238 nm and monitoring the emission at lambda=300 nm. Citalopram was used as the internal standard. A careful pre-treatment of plasma samples was developed, using solid-phase extraction with C1 cartridges (100 mg, 1 mL). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.0 ng mL(-1) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 ng mL(-1) for both analytes. The method was applied with success to plasma samples taken from patients undergoing treatment with venlafaxine. Precision data, as well as accuracy results, were satisfactory and no interference from other drugs was found. Hence, the method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of venlafaxine and its main metabolite in depressed patients' plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mandrioli
- Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Liu W, Wang F, Li HD. Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine enantiomers in human plasma by HPLC-ESI/MS using a vancomycin chiral column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:183-9. [PMID: 17140867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS) method for simultaneous stereoselective analysis of venlafaxine (VEN) and its major metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) enantiomers in human plasma has been developed and validated. Chiral chromatography is performed on the CHRIOBIOTIC V (5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) column with mobile phase constituted of 30 mmol/l ammonium acetate-methanol (15:85, pH 6.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a postcolumn splitting ratio of 3:1. The compounds were ionized in the electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source of the mass spectrometer and detected using the selected ion recording (SIR) mode. Calibration curves obtained from spiked plasma were linear in the range of 5.0-400 ng/ml for S-(+)-VEN and R-(-)-VEN, 4.0-280 ng/ml for S-(+)-ODV and R-(-)-ODV, respectively, with linear correlation coefficient all above 0.999. The average extraction recoveries for all the four analytes were above 76%. The methodology recoveries were higher than 92%. The limit of detection were 1.0 ng/ml for S-(+)-VEN and R-(-)-VEN, 1.5 ng/ml for S-(+)-ODV and R-(-)-ODV, respectively. The intra- and inter-day variation coefficients were less than 9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha 410011, PR China
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Asafu-Adjaye EB, Faustino PJ, Tawakkul MA, Anderson LW, Yu LX, Kwon H, Volpe DA. Validation and application of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the in vitro determination of gastric and intestinal stability of venlafaxine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1854-9. [PMID: 17300896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stability of venlafaxine was evaluated in vitro in simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal (SIF) fluids using a stability indicating HPLC method. The method was validated using a 5 microm Ascentis C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm) and mobile phase consisting of 30% acetonitrile in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) delivered isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 228 nm. Venlafaxine in USP simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (0.4 mg/mL) was incubated at 37 degrees C in a shaking water bath. The gastric stability study samples were assayed at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min intervals while sampling for the intestinal stability study was at 0, 1, 2 and 3 h. System suitability determinations gave R.S.D.s of 0.68, 0.5 and 3.9% for retention factor (k'), peak area and tailing factor, respectively. The method was shown to be accurate, precise, specific, and linear over the analytical range. Intra- and inter-day precision was <5.3%. Forced degradation studies of drug substance in basic media at 70 degrees C as well as in H2O2 for 1 h and ultra-violet photostability studies at 255 and 365 nm for 24 h did not produce any detectable degradation products. Forced degradation studies of drug substance in acidic media at 70 degrees C for 1 h produced the dehydro-venlafaxine degradant. Venlafaxine was stable in SGF (pH approximately 1.2) for the 1-h incubation period and in SIF (pH 6.8) up to 3 h with <1.5% relative difference (RD) between the amount of drug added and that found for all time points. This stability experiment in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids suggests that drug loss in the gastrointestinal tract takes place by membrane permeation rather than a degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer B Asafu-Adjaye
- Division of Product Quality Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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Theron HB, van der Merwe MJ, Swart KJ, van der Westhuizen JH. Employing atmospheric pressure photoionization in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to minimize ion suppression and matrix effects for the quantification of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1680-6. [PMID: 17465011 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During the development of a method for quantitative determination of venlafaxine and its major metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine, elevated concentrations of the analyte as well as co-eluting matrix compounds caused ion suppression. This ion suppression was inconsistent and therefore influenced the reproducibility of detection. The use of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) in the positive mode was investigated as a tool to circumvent this problem. Employing APPI resulted in negligible ion suppression and increased linearity of the concentration range. A selective, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of venlafaxine and its major metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma was developed. The analyte was extracted from plasma into tert-butyl methyl ether followed by back extraction into 2% formic acid. An Agilent 1100 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, employing reversed-phase chromatography on a cyano column, coupled to an Applied Biosystems API 3000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer set to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, was used for separation and detection of the analytes. The method was validated between 2.36-605 ng per mL with a mean recovery of approximately 88% for both parent compound and metabolite analytes. APPI technology was employed to improve the reproducibility of detection enabling rapid, selective and sensitive quantification of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik B Theron
- FARMOVS-PAREXEL Clinical Research Organisation, Private Bag X09, Brandhof 9324, South Africa.
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Nageswara Rao R, Narasa Raju A. Simultaneous separation and determination of process-related substances and degradation products of venlafaxine by reversed-phase HPLC. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2733-44. [PMID: 17305234 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid gradient RP HPLC method for simultaneous separation and determination of venlafaxine and its related substances in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. As many as four process impurities and one degradation product of venlafaxine have been separated on a Kromasil KR100-5C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm; particle size 5 microm) column with gradient elution using 0.3% diethylamine buffer (pH 3.0) and ACN/methanol (90:10 v/v) as a mobile phase. The column was maintained at 40 degrees C and the eluents were monitored with photo diode array detection at 225 nm. The chromatographic behaviour of all the compounds was examined under variable compositions of different solvents, temperatures, buffer concentrations and pH. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity as per ICH guidelines. The inter- and intraday assay precision was < 4.02% (%RSD) and the recoveries were in the range of 96.19-101.14% with %RSD < 1.15%. The correlation coefficients (r2) for calibration curves of venlafaxine as well as impurities were in the range of 0.9942-0.9999. The proposed RP-LC method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial formulations and the recoveries of venlafaxine were in the range of 99.32-100.67 with %RSD <0.58%. The method could be of use not only for rapid and routine evaluation of the quality of venlafaxine in bulk drug manufacturing units but also for the detection of its impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. Forced degradation of venlafaxine was carried out under thermal, photo, acidic, basic and peroxide conditions and the acid degradation products were characterized by ESI-MS/MS, 1H NMR and FT-IR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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41
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Tzanavaras PD, Verdoukas A, Themelis DG. Development and validation of a flow-injection assay for dissolution studies of the anti-depressant drug venlafaxine. ANAL SCI 2006; 21:1515-8. [PMID: 16379397 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The first flow-injection method has been developed, optimized and validated for the determination of venlafaxine, an antidepressant drug. The method is based on a direct measurement of the absorbance of the analyte in an acidic medium, at 274 nm. Flow-injection parameters, such as sample injection volume and flow rate, were studied and optimized. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, detection limit, accuracy and selectivity. Linearity was obeyed in the range 30 - 150 mg L(-1) of venlafaxine, while the detection limit (1.5 mg L(-1)) and repeatability (sr < 1.0%, n = 12) were satisfactory. The sampling rate was 30 h(-1). The results of dissolution studies of venlafaxine tablets obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those by high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Mandrioli R, Raggi MA. Advances in the enantioseparation of second-generation antidepressant drugs by electrodriven methods. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:213-21. [PMID: 16421952 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemistry is steadily increasing in importance in the development of new drugs, and the availability of pure enantiomer drugs can make therapy safer and more efficacious. In particular, almost all second-generation antidepressant drugs possess one or more chiral centres; however, only some of them are administered as single enantiomers. A fundamental part of the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations is the determination of enantiomeric excess and enantiomeric purity; this is also important for the therapeutic drug monitoring of depressed patients. For this purpose, efficient and reliable analytical methods are needed and electrodriven techniques (most of all CE, CEC and MEKC) are very efficient and inexpensive candidates for the role. In this review, the enantioselective electrodriven methods available for the analysis of second-generation antidepressant are presented and discussed. In particular, the following pharmacological classes of antidepressants will be considered: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline); norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (reboxetine); serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, milnacipran, duloxetine); and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (mirtazapine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mandrioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alma Mater Studiorum- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bhatt J, Jangid A, Venkatesh G, Subbaiah G, Singh S. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:75-81. [PMID: 16249126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of venlafaxine (VEN) and O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) in human plasma. The analytes were extracted from human plasma by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique. Escitalopram (ESC) was used as the internal standard. A Betasil C18 column provided chromatographic separation of analytes followed by detection with mass spectrometry. The mass transition ion-pair has been followed as m/z 278.27-->121.11 for VEN, m/z 264.28-->107.10 for ODV and m/z 325.00-->262.00 for ESC. The method involves a solid phase extraction from plasma, simple isocratic chromatography conditions and mass spectrometric detection that enables detection at nanogram levels. The proposed method has been validated with linear range of 3-300 ng/ml for VEN and 6-600 ng/ml for ODV. The intrarun and interrun precision and accuracy values are within 10%. The overall recoveries for VEN and ODV were 95.9 and 81.7%, respectively. Total elution time as low as 3 min only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Bhatt
- Bioanalytical Department, Torrent Research Centre, Near Indira bridge, Village Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India.
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Kavalírová A, Pospísilová M, Karlícek R. Enantiomeric purity determination of tamsulosin by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins and a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:834-9. [PMID: 16139279 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of racemic tamsulosin hydrochloride (TH) was carried out using cyclodextrin (CD)-mediated capillary electrophoresis (CE) with DAD at 200 nm. The best separation of enantiomers of the studied compound was achieved at 20 kV with 30 cm x 50 microm I.D. polyacrylamide (PAA)-coated fused-silica capillary (effective length 20 cm) and running buffer with sulfated-beta-CD (S-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Other selected native or derivatized CDs were also tested: beta-CD (5, 15 mmol l(-1)), carboxymethyl-beta-CD (5, 30 mmol l(-1)), dimethyl-beta-CD (15 mmol l(-1)) and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (5, 30 mmol l(-1)). Several parameters such as capillary pretreatment, buffer type and concentration, pH of background electrolyte, methanol content, separation temperature and voltage, were optimized. The excellent baseline separation of chiral TH was successfully achieved within 12 min using 100 mmol l(-1) phosphate buffer with pH 2.5 containing 1.7 mmol l(-1) S-beta-CD. Rectilinear calibration range was 50.0-500.0 mumol l(-1) of each enantiomer (r = 0.9993-0.9996). The method was applied to the assay of R-TH in Omnic, capsules (nominal content 0.4 mg per capsule) with R.S.D. 2.75% (n = 6), recovery 99.3-101.7% and it was suitable for the chiral purity control of the active enantiomer in the pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kavalírová
- The Research Center LN00B125, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Orlandini S, Fanali S, Furlanetto S, Marras AM, Pinzauti S. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine and its impurities. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:253-63. [PMID: 15065803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast and selective micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method for the simultaneous assay of ketorolac tromethamine and its known related impurities (1-hydroxy analog of ketorolac, 1-keto analog of ketorolac and decarboxylated ketorolac), in both drug substance and coated tablets, is described. The compounds were detected at 323 nm, and flufenamic acid (FL) and tolmetin (TL) were chosen as internal standards to quantify ketorolac tromethamine and impurities, respectively. The multivariate optimization of the experimental conditions was carried out by means of the response surface study, considering as responses the resolution values and analysis time. The optimized background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of a mixture of 13 mM boric acid and phosphoric acid, adjusted to pH 9.1 with 1 M sodium hydroxide, containing 73 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Optimal temperature and voltage were 30 degrees C and 27 kV. Applying these conditions, all compounds were resolved in about 6 min. The related substances could be quantified up to the 0.1% (w/w) level. Validation was performed, either for drug substances and drug product, evaluating selectivity, robustness, linearity and range, precision, accuracy, detection and quantitation limits and system suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orlandini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Gex-Fabry M, Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LP, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Bertschy G. Time course of clinical response to venlafaxine: relevance of plasma level and chirality. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59:883-91. [PMID: 14704834 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-003-0710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early clinical response to antidepressant treatment is an important therapeutic goal, considering the psychological, social and economic consequences of depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the time course of response and the concentration of venlafaxine (V), its active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) and enantiomeric ratios V(+)/V(-) and ODV(+)/ODV(-). METHODS Depressed inpatients ( n=35) received V orally at a fixed 300 mg daily dose. Accepted comedication included clorazepate (maximum 60 mg/day), zopiclone (maximum 15 mg/day) and low-dose trazodone (maximum 200 mg/day). Severity of depression was assessed on days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21 and 28 (Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale). Blood samples were taken on day 14 and day 28 and submitted to stereoselective determination. All measurements reflected trough steady-state values. First, pattern analysis was used to provide a categorical perspective of clinical response (50% improvement from baseline depression score). Patients displaying non-response, transient response, early persistent response and delayed persistent response were compared with respect to racemic concentrations and enantiomeric ratios. Second, in a dimensional perspective, mixed-effects modelling was used to analyse severity of depression versus time curves with respect to the possible influence of concentrations and enantiomeric ratios. RESULTS Comparison of patients with and without persistent response did not reveal any significant difference for V, ODV, V+ODV plasma levels or enantiomeric ratios. Persistent response was significantly associated with less frequent pre-study antidepressant medication and less frequent comedication with zopiclone (day 14) and clorazepate (day 28) during the study. Focus on patients with persistent response ( n=19, 54.3%) indicated that early response, first observed before day 14, was associated with significantly higher V+ODV concentration than delayed response (median 725 ng/ml versus 554 ng/ml, P=0.023). No difference was found for pre-study medication or comedication during the study. Shorter time to onset of response was significantly associated with lower V(+)/V(-) enantiomeric ratio (r(s)=0.48, P<0.05). Mixed-effects modelling of depression severity versus time curves in patients with persistent response confirmed that either higher V+ODV plasma level or lower V(+)/V(-) ratio were significantly associated with more rapid decrease of depression score (likelihood ratio tests, P=0.012 and P=0.046, respectively). CONCLUSION Considering its modest sample size, naturalistic design and limited observation period, the present study provided preliminary indication that earlier clinical response may occur with higher V+ODV plasma level, extending previous dose-response studies. The hypothesis was also raised that exposure to a more potent noradrenergic therapeutic moiety, as reflected by a lower V(+)/V(-) ratio, may be relevant to early improvement of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Gex-Fabry
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, 2 chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 1225 Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland.
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Scriba GKE. Selected fundamental aspects of chiral electromigration techniques and their application to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:373-99. [PMID: 11755740 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While capillary electrophoresis has been established as a major enantioseparation technique within the last decade, the potential of capillary electrochromatography is still studied extensively. This review summarizes recent applications of electromigration techniques with regard to the enantioseparation of chiral drugs. The first part discusses the general aspects of migration models and the enantiomer migration order. The application of capillary electrophoresis to chiral pharmaceutical analysis considers recent literature on: (1) chiral resolutions of non-racemic mixtures of enantiomers for the development of assays and the determination of the stereochemical purity of the drugs, (2) chiral separations of compounds in pharmaceutical formulations and products, and (3) enantioseparations of drugs in biological samples. A shorter section devoted to chiral electrochromatography discusses some fundamental aspects as well as the application to the chiral analysis of drugs including bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Thormann W, Lurie IS, McCord B, Marti U, Cenni B, Malik N. Advances ofcapillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis (1999-2000). Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4216-43. [PMID: 11824639 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4216::aid-elps4216>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis is reviewed on the basis of the literature of 1999, 2000 and the first papers in 2001. An overview of progress relevant examples for each major field of application, namely (i) analysis of drug seizures, explosives residues, gunshot residues and inks, (ii) monitoring of drugs, endogenous small molecules and ions in biofluids and tissues, (iii) general screening for serum proteins and analysis of specific proteins (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, lipoproteins and hemoglobins) in biological fluids, and (iv) analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides in biological samples, including oligonucleotide therapeutics, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Fanali S, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Desiderio C. Use of vancomycin silica stationary phase in packed capillary electrochromatography. II. Enantiomer separation of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human plasma. J Chromatogr A 2001; 919:195-203. [PMID: 11459304 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrochromatography method, using vancomycin chiral stationary phase packed capillary, was optimized for the simultaneous chiral separation of the antidepressant drug venlafaxine and its main active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine. Simultaneous baseline enantiomeric separation of the two compounds was obtained using a mobile phase composed of 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer pH 6/water/acetonitrile (5:5:90, v/v). The electrokinetic injection for sample introduction provided a limit of quantitation for both the compounds of 0.05 microg/ml racemate concentration suitable for the analysis of venlafaxine and metabolite in biological samples. The acetonitrile mobile phase concentration was found to modulate the analytes elution times, the enantiomeric resolution and the efficiency of the separation. The column was tested for repeatability and linearity showing RSD values (%) in the range of 0.13-0.24, 2.47-3.66 and 1.35-2.50 for migration time, sample/internal standard peak area ratio and enantiomeric resolution, respectively and correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990. The method was applied to the analysis of clinical samples of patients under depression therapy showing a stereoselective metabolism for venlafaxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanali
- Istituto di Cromatografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Cherkaoui S, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for separation of venlafaxine and its phase I metabolites. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:491-6. [PMID: 11258760 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200102)22:3<491::aid-elps491>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous and nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) were investigated for separation of venlafaxine, a new second-generation antidepressant, and its three phase I metabolites. Working at basic pH, around the venlafaxine pKa value, was effective in resolving the investigated drugs, but created considerable peak tailing. To overcome electrostatic interactions between analytes and silanol groups, investigations were also carried out at acidic pH. However, despite the addition of up to 50% v/v of organic solvents (e.g., methanol or acetonitrile), complete separation of the studied compounds was not possible. NACE was found to be an appropriate alternative to resolve venlafaxine and its metabolites simultaneously. Using a conventional capillary (fused-silica, 64.5 cm length, 50 microm inner diameter), and a methanol-acetonitrile mixture (20/80 v/v) containing 25 mM ammonium formate and 1 M formic acid, complete resolution of these closely related compounds was performed in less than 3.5 min. Selectivity, efficiency and separation time were greatly affected by the organic solvent composition. As the electric current generated in nonaqueous medium was very low, the electric field was further increased by reducing the capillary length. This allowed a baseline resolution of venlafaxine and its three metabolities in 0.7 min. Selectivity was compared in aqueous and nonaqueous media in relation to the acid-base properties of the analytes as well as to the solvation degree. Finally, the method successfully coupled on-line to mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface allowed significant sensitivity enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cherkaoui
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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