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Aksamija A, Tomao V, Dangles O, Plasson R. Encapsulation of phenolic acids into cyclodextrins: A global statistical analysis of the effects of pH, temperature and concentrations on binding constants measured by ACE methods. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2290-2301. [PMID: 35689604 PMCID: PMC10083966 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Affinity capillary electrophoresis was used for the simultaneous measurement of the pKa values and of the binding constants relative to the encapsulation of naturally occurring phenolic acids (rosmarinic and caffeic acids) with cyclodextrins. A thorough study as a function of pH and temperature was coupled to a detailed statistical analysis of the resulting experimental data. A step-by-step curve fitting process was sufficient for obtaining individual binding constant for each experimental condition, but the influence of temperature remained unclear. A quantitative and qualitative gain was then obtained by supplementing this initial analysis with global multiparameter optimization. This leads to the estimation of both entropy and enthalpy of reaction and to the full description of the binding reactions as a function of pH and temperature. The encapsulation was shown to be very sensitive to pH and temperature, with optimal complexation occurring at low pH and low temperature, gaining up to a factor of 3 by cooling from 36 to 15°C, and up to a factor of 10 by lowering the pH from 7 to 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amra Aksamija
- Department of Chemistry, Avignon University, CNRS, UMR5247 CBSA/IBMM, Avignon, France
| | - Valérie Tomao
- Department of Chemistry, Avignon University, INRAE, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | - Olivier Dangles
- Department of Chemistry, Avignon University, INRAE, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | - Raphaël Plasson
- Department of Chemistry, Avignon University, INRAE, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
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2
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Ciric A, Jelikic-Stankov M, Cvijovic M, Djurdjevic P. Statistical optimization of an RP-HPLC method for the determination of selected flavonoids in berry juices and evaluation of their antioxidant activities. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 29166540 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic RP-HPLC method for the separation and identification of selected flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) in commercial berry juices (blackcurrant, blueberry, red raspberry and cherry) was developed with the aid of central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimal separation conditions were a mobile phase of 85:15 (% v/v) water-acetonitrile, pH 2.8 (adjusted with formic acid), flow rate 0.5 mL min-1 and column temperature 35°C. The obtained levels of bioflavonoids (mg per 100 mL of juice) were as follows: for quercetin, ca. 0.21-5.12; for kaempferol, ca. 0.05-1.2; for rutin, ca. 0.4-6.5; for luteolin-7-O-glucoside, ca. 5.6-10.2; and for kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, ca. 0.02-0.12. These are considerably lower than the values in fresh fruits. Total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Total flavonoid content varied as follows: blackcurrant > blueberry > red raspberry > cherry. The antioxidant activity of juice extracts (DPPH and ABTS methods) expressed as IC50 values varied from 8.56 to 14.05 mg L-1 . These values are ~2.5-3 times lower than quercetin, ascorbic acid and Trolox®, but compared with rutin and butylhydroxytoluene, berries show similar or better antioxidant activity by both the DPPH and ABTS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Ciric
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milica Cvijovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agriculture, Cacak, Serbia
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Issaadi HM, Hunyadi A, Németh K. Capillary electrophoresis study on the base-catalyzed formation of bioactive oxidized metabolites of 20-hydroxyecdysone. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:188-194. [PMID: 28886518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the analysis and monitoring of the base-catalyzed autoxidation of 20-hydroxyecdysone, a worldwide used non-hormonal anabolic food supplement. An effective separation of the starting material and its bioactive oxidized derivatives was achieved by using sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin as selector at pH 11 and by fixing the separation voltage at +30kV. Only a dilution step was inserted before injecting the sample, taken from the crude reaction mixture, to the capillary electrophoresis instrument. The same alkaline pH was used for the analysis as for the reaction, unlike the previously reported HPLC study where sample neutralization was required prior to the measurement. Due to the very short analysis time (6min) in capillary electrophoresis, more frequent sampling and more detailed time scale analysis could be carried out. Furthermore, in contrast with the preceding HPLC results, the previously unobserved calonysterone could also be detected by capillary electrophoresis as a minor primary product. Our novel method demonstrated higher resolution than the one before. Baseline separation could be achieved and the resolution values were in the range of 1.9-7.0. The limit of detection was below 71μg/ml, the relative standard deviation values of the migration time and peak area for intra- and inter-day precision were less than 10%. The more precise, direct monitoring of the time dependency of the oxidation process is expected to have a significant impact on yield optimization initiatives to allow related pharmacological studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Meriem Issaadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Németh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blv. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Docampo M, Olubu A, Wang X, Pasinetti G, Dixon RA. Glucuronidated Flavonoids in Neurological Protection: Structural Analysis and Approaches for Chemical and Biological Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7607-7623. [PMID: 28789524 PMCID: PMC5954986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Both plant and mammalian cells express glucuronosyltransferases that catalyze glucuronidation of polyphenols such as flavonoids and other small molecules. Oral administration of select polyphenolic compounds leads to the accumulation of the corresponding glucuronidated metabolites at μM and sub-μM concentrations in the brain, associated with amelioration of a range of neurological symptoms. Determining the mechanisms whereby botanical extracts impact cognitive wellbeing and psychological resiliency will require investigation of the modes of action of the brain-targeted metabolites. Unfortunately, many of these compounds are not commercially available. This article describes the latest approaches for the analysis and synthesis of glucuronidated flavonoids. Synthetic schemes include both standard organic synthesis, semisynthesis, enzymatic synthesis and use of synthetic biology utilizing heterologous enzymes in microbial platform organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Docampo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Adiji Olubu
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Giulio Pasinetti
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Arries WJ, Tredoux AGJ, de Beer D, Joubert E, de Villiers A. Evaluation of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of rooibos and honeybush tea phenolics. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:897-905. [PMID: 27921291 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rooibos and honeybush are popular herbal teas produced from the shrubs of Aspalathus linearis and Cyclopia spp., respectively, which are indigenous to South Africa. Both herbal teas are rich in polyphenols and their consumption is associated with several health benefits, partly ascribed to their phenolic constituents. Quantification of phenolics in extracts and teas for quality control and research purposes is generally performed using HPLC, although dedicated and often species-specific methods are required. CE offers an attractive alternative to HPLC for the analysis of phenolics, with potential benefits in terms of efficiency, speed and operating costs. In this contribution, we report quantitative CZE methods for the analysis of the principal honeybush and rooibos phenolics. Optimal separation for honeybush and rooibos phenolics was achieved in 21 and 32 min, respectively, with good linearity and repeatability. Quantitative data for extracts of "unfermented" and "fermented" rooibos and two honeybush species were statistically comparable with those obtained by HPLC for the majority of compounds. The developed methods demonstrated their utility for the comparison of phenolic contents between different species and as a function of manufacturing processes, thus offering cost effective, although less sensitive and robust, alternatives to HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Arries
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Andreas G J Tredoux
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Dalene de Beer
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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Shi M, Sun W, Sun G, Zhang J. Total monitoring of the constituents of Danshen tablet using micellar electrokinetic chromatography fingerprinting for antioxidant activity profiling. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1776-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- College of Pharmacy; Yaoke University i.e. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Wanyang Sun
- College of Pharmacy; Yaoke University i.e. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- College of Pharmacy; Yaoke University i.e. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy; Yaoke University i.e. Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
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de Villiers A, Venter P, Pasch H. Recent advances and trends in the liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1430:16-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ciric AR, Ivanovic N, Cvijovic MS, Jelikic-Stankov M, Joksovic L, Djurdjevic PT. Chemometric-Assisted Optimization of RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Some Bioflavonoids in Brassica oleracea Species and Their Antioxidative Activity. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sánchez FG, Díaz AN, Lama IM, Aguilar A, Algarra M. HPLC ENANTIOSEPARATION OF THE ALKALOID CANADINE AND DETERMINATION OF ENANTIOMERIC PURITY WITH CHIRAL/PHOTOMETRIC AND ACHIRAL/POLARIMETRIC DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.733996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García Sánchez
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Aurora Navas Díaz
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Ignacio Medina Lama
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Alfonso Aguilar
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Manuel Algarra
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
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Ćirić A, Prosen H, Jelikić-Stankov M, Đurđević P. Evaluation of matrix effect in determination of some bioflavonoids in food samples by LC-MS/MS method. Talanta 2012; 99:780-90. [PMID: 22967624 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work the LC-MS/MS method with solid phase extraction for simultaneous determination of bioflavonoids rutin, quercetin, hesperidin, hesperetin and kaempferol in some food samples (red onion, orange peel and honey) was developed and the matrix effect accompanying this determination was quantified. The matrix effect evaluated using a postextraction addition method was found to be negative in the range -44 to -0.5%, indicating ionization suppression and strongly depended on bioflavonoid concentration. The observed matrix effect was explained taking into account the co-elution of phenolic acids, in terms of their acid-base and hydrophilic properties. The efficacy of extraction expressed as the absolute recoveries of flavonoids were 88-96%, indicating very good efficiency of extraction. The extracts of food samples obtained either by Soxhlet or ultrasonic extraction were analyzed for bioflavonoid content by the LC-MS/MS method in selected reaction monitoring mode using a triple quadrupole detector and standard addition method, which was found to be the most suitable calibration approach for these samples. The optimized separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column with gradient elution and mobile phase composition A: 2% acetic acid in water and B: acetonitrile. R(s) values were in the range from 1.3 to 3.1, indicating good selectivity of the method. The obtained results (mg/100g fresh weight) for different bioflavonids were for rutin 0.16, for quercetin in the range 0.65-56, for hesperidin 0.016-24, for hesperetin 0.0068-36.4 and for kaempferol 0.14-1.63 and generally show good agreement with published data. Low detection limits (0.014-0.063 μg/mL) were obtained with acceptable recoveries (86-114%). Total time of analysis was less than 40 min, therefore the proposed method represents significant improvement over existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrija Ćirić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Nana FW, Hilou A, Millogo JF, Nacoulma OG. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Amaranthus cruentus L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. Extracts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:613-28. [PMID: 24281664 PMCID: PMC3763657 DOI: 10.3390/ph5060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a preliminary assessment of the nutraceutical value of Amaranthus cruentus (A. cruentus) and Amaranthus hybridus (A. hybridus), two food plant species found in Burkina Faso. Hydroacetonic (HAE), methanolic (ME), and aqueous extracts (AE) from the aerial parts were screened for in vitro antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and betalains. Hydroacetonic extracts have shown the most diversity for secondary metabolites. The TLC analyses of flavonoids from HAE extracts showed the presence of rutin and other unidentified compounds. The phenolic compound contents of the HAE, ME and AE extracts were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and ranged from 7.55 to 10.18 mg Gallic acid equivalent GAE/100 mg. Tannins, flavonoids, and flavonols ranged from 2.83 to 10.17 mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/100 mg, 0.37 to 7.06 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) /100 mg, and 0.09 to 1.31 mg QE/100 mg, respectively. The betacyanin contents were 40.42 and 6.35 mg Amaranthin Equivalent/100 g aerial parts (dry weight) in A. cruentus and A. hybridus, respectively. Free-radical scavenging activity expressed as IC50 (DPPH method) and iron reducing power (FRAP method) ranged from 56 to 423 µg/mL and from 2.26 to 2.56 mmol AAE/g, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of extracts of A. cruentus and A. hybridus were 3.18% and 38.22%, respectively. The A. hybridus extract showed the best antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities. The results indicated that the phytochemical contents of the two species justify their traditional uses as nutraceutical food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand W. Nana
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées, UFR/SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouaga 03, Burkina Faso; (F.W.N) ; (A.H.); (O.G.N.)
| | - Adama Hilou
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées, UFR/SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouaga 03, Burkina Faso; (F.W.N) ; (A.H.); (O.G.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +226-503 716 25; Fax: +226-503 072 42
| | - Jeanne F. Millogo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Ecologie Végétales, U.F.R./S.V.T., Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouaga 03, Burkina Faso; (J.F.M.)
| | - Odile G. Nacoulma
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées, UFR/SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouaga 03, Burkina Faso; (F.W.N) ; (A.H.); (O.G.N.)
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Öztürk N, Tunçel M. Assessment of phenolic acid content and in vitro antiradical characteristics of hawthorn. J Med Food 2011; 14:664-9. [PMID: 21554133 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The infusions and extracts obtained from leaves with flowers, fruit peel, and seed from hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Family Rosaceae) were subjected to evaluation as potential sources of antioxidant phytochemicals on the basis of their total content of phenolics, levels of phenolic acids, and in vitro antiradical activity. Total phenolic content of extracts was determined using the modified Folin-Ciocalteau method. Antioxidant activity was determined for phenolic extracts by a method involving the use of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Phenolic acids containing extracts and infusions from hawthorn leaves, fruit peel, and seeds were obtained using different polarity solvents and separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which enabled improved separation by the use of a C(18) column, an acidic mobile phase, and gradient elusion. The highest total phenolic content (343.54 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g) and the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity as the inhibition percentage (60.36%) were obtained in ethyl acetate extract from hawthorn leaves with flower. Also, the highest phenolic acid content was measured in the extracts of hawthorn leaves with flowers: protocathechuic (108-128 mg/100 g), p-hydroxy benzoic (141-468 mg/100 g), caffeic (137-3,580 mg/100 g), chlorogenic (925-4,637 mg/100 g), ferulic (3,363-3,462 mg/100 g), vanillic (214 mg/100 g), and syringic (126 mg/100 g) acids. The results indicate that hawthorn is a promising plant because of its high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Öztürk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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Santos S, Moraes M, Rezende M, Souza Filho A. Potencial alelopático e identificação de compostos secundários em extratos de calopogônio (Calopogonium mucunoides) utilizando eletroforese capilar. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702011000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neste trabalho avaliou-se o potencial alelopático de extratos orgânicos obtidos a partir das folhas de Calopogonium mucunoides sobre a germinação de sementes de algumas plantas daninhas comumente encontradas em áreas de pastagens cultivadas da Amazônia brasileira, as quais causam grandes danos à produtividade: Cassia tora (mata-pasto), Mimosa pudica (malícia) e Cassia occidentalis (fedegoso). Compostos secundários foram identificados e quantificados nos extratos brutos utilizando eletroforese capilar. Após identificar e quantificar os compostos presentes nos extratos realizaram-se novos bioensaios com os padrões dos compostos identificados a fim de verificar se os mesmos poderiam atuar como inibidores na germinação das sementes das plantas daninhas em estudo. Calopogonium mucunoides apresentou potencial alelopático o qual variou com a espécie de planta daninha estudada. Os protocolos desenvolvidos utilizando eletroforese capilar se mostraram eficientes e bastante específicos, sendo possível a separação e identificação de 5 classes de compostos nos extratos brutos sem necessidade de "clean up" ou fracionamento dos mesmos, com análises rápidas (em menos de 20 minutos) e baixas quantidades de solventes utilizadas quando comparadas aos métodos tradicionais de análises. Vários dos compostos identificados apresentaram potencial de inibição de germinação nas sementes estudadas, sendo malícia a mais sensível, os bioensaios também indicaram certo efeito sinérgico ao utilizar a mistura de compostos.
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Fan DH, Wang H, Zhi D, Shen YM. CE Analysis of Endogenous Flavonoid Gallate Esters from Nepenthes gracilis (Nepenthaceae). Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Application and potential of capillary electroseparation methods to determine antioxidant phenolic compounds from plant food material. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1130-60. [PMID: 20719447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are one of the most common active ingredients of nutritionally functional foods which can play an important role in the prevention of oxidation and cellular damage inhibiting or delaying the oxidative processes. In recent years there has been an increased interest in the application of antioxidants to medical treatment as information is constantly gathered linking the development of human diseases to oxidative stress. Within antioxidants, phenolic molecules are an important category of compounds, commonly present in a wide variety of plant food materials. Their correct determination is pivotal nowadays and involves their extraction from the sample, analytical separation, identification, quantification and interpretation of the data. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about all the necessary steps of any analytical procedure to achieve the determination of phenolic compounds from plant matrices, paying particular attention to the application and potential of capillary electroseparation methods. Since it is quite complicated to establish a classification of plant food material, and to structure the current review, we will group the different matrices as follows: fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and medicinal plants, beverages, vegetable oils, cereals, legumes and nuts and other matrices (including cocoa beans and bee products). At the end of the overview, we include two sections to explain the usefulness of the data about phenols provided by capillary electrophoresis and the newest trends.
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Santos S, Moraes MLL, Rezende MOO. Determination of polyamines in organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:325-329. [PMID: 20401784 DOI: 10.1080/03601231003704481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, selective and specific capillary zone electrophoresis method to determine polyamines in organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Beans) was developed using ultra violet (UV) detection. Canavalia ensiformis is relatively free from diseases and it is used as reference in allelopathy studies. Polyamines are widely distributed in plant and it could be involved in plant pathogen interactions. Optimal separation was achieved using 15 mmol L(-1)formic acid (pH 3.0) + 4 mmol L(-1) imidazole as a background electrolyte. It was possible to identify and quantify the polyamines on herbal samples in the presence of other phytochemical substances and analyze them quickly (up to 6 min). The applicability of this method was evaluated in crude organic extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santos
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Multiple Chromatographic and Chemometric Methods for Quality Standardisation of Chinese Herbal Medicines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1876-3553(11)60003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Senchina DS, Flinn GN, McCann DA, Kohut ML, Shearn CT. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L., Papaveraceae) Enhances Proliferation and Cytokine Production by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in an In Vitro Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:45. [PMID: 20111671 DOI: 10.1080/10496470902787485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that phytomedicinal preparations from bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) may harbor immunomodulatory properties. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of alcohol tinctures and water infusions generated from bloodroot flowers, leaves, rhizomes, and roots on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine production and proliferation in vitro. PBMCs were collected from 16 healthy young adults and cultured with bloodroot extracts or respective controls for interleukins-1β, -2, -8, -10, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor. Proliferative capabilities of both PBMCs and K562 cells (an immortalized human myelogenous leukemia cell line) following extract treatment were determined. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantify berberine, chelerythrine, and sanguinarine in the extracts and to correlate extract composition with observed effects. Overall, infusions demonstrated greater immunomodulatory capabilities than tinctures, and flower- and root-based extracts showed greater immunomodulatory properties than leaf- or rhizome-based extracts (some effects seen with root-based extracts may be due to endotoxin). Several extracts were able to augment PBMC proliferation and diminish K562 proliferation, suggesting a selective anti-carcinogenic activity. The rhizome alcohol tincture had a markedly stronger effect against K562 cells than other extracts. Chelerythrine, sanguinarine, and endotoxin (but not berberine) sometimes correlated with observed effects. The in vitro activities demonstrated here suggest bloodroot extracts may have potential as therapeutic immunomodulators.
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TIAN J, QIN W. Quick and Sensitive Determination of Flavonoids by Capillary Electrophoresis-Potential Gradient Detection. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1119-23. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing TIAN
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University
| | - Weidong QIN
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University
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Gazdik Z, Reznicek V, Adam V, Zitka O, Jurikova T, Krska B, Matuskovic J, Plsek J, Saloun J, Horna A, Kizek R. Use of liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the determination of antioxidants in less common fruits. Molecules 2008; 13:2823-36. [PMID: 19015622 PMCID: PMC6244844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules131102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) have become the common global health burden over the last several decades. According to World Health Organization (WHO), a staggering 30 million people will be affected by Alzheimer's disease in Europe and the USA by 2050. Effective therapies in this complex field considering the multitude of symptoms associated with NDD indications, have not been found yet. Based on the results of NDD related studies, prevention appears to be the promise alternative. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties are hypothesized for natural phenolics, a group of plant secondary products that may positively impact neurodegenerative diseases. In these studies, phenolic-rich extracts from less common fruit species: Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera edulis, Turcz. ex. Freyn), Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.), and Chinese hawthorn (Crateagus pinnatifida Bunge) were obtained and analyzed to detect neuroprotective substances content and establish a potential therapeutic value. High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was optimized and further applied on analysis of the extracts of less common fruit species. It was observed that Chinese hawthorn and Blue honeysuckle extracts are potent source of neuroprotective phenolic antioxidants. In accordance the results, it appears that the fruit or formulated products may have the potential for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Gazdik
- Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; E-mails: (Z. C.), (V. R.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, , Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Reznicek
- Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; E-mails: (Z. C.), (V. R.)
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
| | - Tunde Jurikova
- Institute of Natural and Informatics’ Sciences, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic; E-mail:
| | - Boris Krska
- Department of Fruit Growing, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matuskovic
- Department of Fruit Production, Viticulture, and Enology, Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda A. Hlinku 2, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Plsek
- Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; E-mails: (Z. C.), (V. R.)
| | - Jan Saloun
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1 - 3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Horna
- Tomas Bata University, T.G. Masaryka 275, CZ-762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
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Surowiec I, Pawelec K, Rezeli M, Kilar F, Trojanowicz M. Capillary electrophoretic determination of main components of natural dyes with MS detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2457-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Chiral separation of hydroxyflavanones in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis using sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1188:301-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Jáč P, Polášek M, Batista AIV, Kaderová L. Tungstate as complex-forming reagent facilitating separation of selected polyphenols by capillary electrophoresis and its comparison with borate. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:843-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Patnala S, Kanfer I. A capillary zone electrophoresis method for the assay and quality control of mesembrine in Sceletium tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:440-6. [PMID: 18280080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sceletium plant has been reported to contain psychoactive alkaloids, specifically mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol and other related alkaloids. Sceletium is marketed through health shops and on the internet as dried plant powder and as pharmaceutical dosage forms. The objectives of this research was to develop and validate a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method to identify five alkaloids and quantitatively determine the content of the important alkaloid, mesembrine in Sceletium tablets. Since reference standards of the relevant alkaloids are not commercially available for use in quality control of Sceletium products, it was necessary to isolate and characterize an appropriate analytical marker for use in the assay and additional markers for fingerprinting by CZE. The separation of the relevant alkaloids was carried out by CZE on a 50cm effective length, fused silica capillary tubing (50microm i.d.x360microm o.d.) using 50mM of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate at pH 1.5 as the background electrolyte and monitored at a UV wavelength of 228nm. All the marker alkaloids were found to be well resolved and were identified in the plant material and in commercially available Sceletium tablets based on the relative migration times (MTs) with respect to quinine hydrochloride that was used as an internal standard. The method was validated and used to assay the mesembrine content in Sceletium tablets. Calibration curves were found to be linear over the entire concentration range of 2.5-80microg/ml with correlation coefficients >0.995. The accuracy was found to be 92.5 and 104.5% (R.S.D.<3.5%) and the R.S.D.'s of the inter-day precision at low, medium and high tablet masses were better than 0.9, 2.2 and 2.7%, respectively. The recoveries were all within the range of 91.8 and 105.8% (R.S.D.<8.5%) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) values were found to be 2.5 and 1.5microg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Patnala
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Cataldi TRI, Bianco G. Capillary electrophoresis of tropane alkaloids and glycoalkaloids occurring in Solanaceae plants. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 384:171-203. [PMID: 18392571 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This chapter examines the role of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the separation of tropane alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, and closely related compounds that have either pharmaceutical value or toxicological effects on humans. The latest significant developments in CE analysis have been selected and critically discussed. When the conventional CE mode was found unable to provide an acceptable selectivity towards the analytes, the addition of either an organic solvent, a chiral selector, or a surfactant to the running buffers was exploited. Likewise, nonaqueous CE (NACE) was also employed to increase solute solubilities and for a better compatibility of this media with mass spectrometry. It turns out that, upon selecting the most appropriate experimental conditions, the CE separation of tropane alkaloids and steroidal glycoalkaloids of Solanaceae plants was successfully accomplished. All major steps involved in the separation and detection of these secondary metabolites in complex samples are described and the relevant aspects of each application are examined with emphasis on the main aspects entailed a typical assay. More applications have yet to be developed in order to encourage more labs to exploit the tremendous potential of capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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26
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Sun Y, Fang N, Chen DD, Donkor KK. Determination of potentially anti-carcinogenic flavonoids in wines by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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12 CE in impurity profiling of drugs. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Utilizing of Square Wave Voltammetry to Detect Flavonoids in the Presence of Human Urine. SENSORS 2007; 7:2402-2418. [PMID: 28903234 PMCID: PMC3864529 DOI: 10.3390/s7102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
About biological affecting of flavonoids on animal organisms is known less, thus we selected flavonoids, flavanones and flavones, and their glycosides, which were examined as potential inducers of cytochrome(s) P450 when administrated by gavages into experimental male rats. The study was focused on induction of CYP1A1, the major cytochrome P450 involved in carcinogen activation. The data obtained demonstrate the necessity of taking into account not only ability of flavonoids to bind to Ah receptor (induction factor) but also to concentrate on their distribution and metabolism (including colon microflora) in the body. After that we examined certain flavonoids as potential inducers of cytochrome P450, we wanted to suggest and optimize suitable electrochemical technique for determination of selected flavonoids (quercetin, quercitrin, rutin, chrysin and diosmin) in body liquids. For these purposes, we selected square wave voltannetry using carbon paste electrode. Primarily we aimed on investigation of their basic electrochemical behaviour. After that we have optimized frequency, step potential and supporting electrolyte. Based on the results obtained, we selected the most suitable conditions for determination of the flavonoids as follows: frequency 180 Hz, step potential 1.95 mV/s and phosphate buffer of pH 7 as supporting electrolyte. Detection limits (3 S/N) of the flavonoids were from units to tens of nM except diosmin, where the limit were higher than μM. In addition, we attempted to suggest a sensor for analysis of flavonoids in urine. It clearly follows from the results obtained that flavonoids can be analysed in the presence of animal urine, because urine did not influence much the signals of flavonoids (recoveries of the signals were about 90 %).
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Santos S, Moraes MLL, Rezende MOO. Allelopathic potential and systematic evaluation of secondary compounds in extracts from roots of Canavalia ensiformis by capillary electrophoresis. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702007000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic extracts were obtained from roots of Canavalia ensiformis and evaluated for allelopathic potential on the germination of the weed seeds: Mimosa pudica, Cassia tora and Cassia occidentalis showing a strong allelopathic potential. After that, a systematic study of these crude extracts was made using specific protocols developed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) in order to determine some classes of secondary metabolites. Capillary electrophoresis protocols were highly specific, which makes it possible to identify 5 classes of compounds using the same crude extract samples and analyze them fartly. Some of the compounds identified show activity in the inhibition of seeds germination.
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Liang M, Zhang W, Hu J, Liu R, Zhang C. Simultaneous analysis of alkaloids from Zanthoxylum nitidum by high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:178-83. [PMID: 16730156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical profiles of nine alkaloids in Zanthoxylum nitidum, including berberubine, coptisine, sanguinarine, nitidine, chelerythrine, liriodenine, 6,7,8-trimethoxy-2,3-methylendioxybenzophenantridine, oxyavicine and dihydrochelerythrine, were identified by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS), and a novel and sensitive HPLC-UV method had been developed to simultaneously determine these alkaloids in 70% methanol extract of Zanthoxylum nitidum. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent C(18) analytical column (5 microm, 4.6 mm i.d., 250 mm length) with a gradient solvent system of acetonitrile-0.1% formic buffer (adjusted to pH 4.5 with triethylamine). The methodological validation was carried out and the linearities (r(2)>0.9997) and recoveries (ranged from 98.3% to 101.1%) were acceptable. The limits of detection (LOD) of these alkaloids were ranged from 0.6 ng to 1.5 ng. The results indicated that the contents of alkaloids in Zanthoxylum nitidum varied significantly from habitat to habitat with contents ranged from 0.03 mg/g to 3.34 mg/g. The proposed method is simple, effective and suitable for the quality control of this traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It suggests that it is necessary to control its quality so as to insure efficacy and safety of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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31
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Ben Hameda A, Gajdoová D, Havel J. Analysis ofSalvia officinalis plant extracts by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1188-92. [PMID: 16830735 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Salvia officinalis (commonly called Sage) and similar plants contain many compounds of pharmaceutical interest and are used as a tea or in various pharmaceutical products. In this work, the use of CE for analysis of aqueous or ethanolic extracts from various Salvia plants has been studied. Especially, several buffers like borate, phosphate, acetate, etc., were examined under different concentrations, pH, separation voltage, injection time, and other parameters to find the optimal separation conditions. The optimization was also performed using experimental design and artificial neural networks. The optimal conditions were: separation voltage +20 kV, 40 mM buffer borate, pH 9.2, injection time 5 s, and UV detection at 280 nm. A new CE method has been developed, validated, and applied to analyze samples of S. officinalis from various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azdeen Ben Hameda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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de Rijke E, Out P, Niessen WMA, Ariese F, Gooijer C, Brinkman UAT. Analytical separation and detection methods for flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:31-63. [PMID: 16480997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids receive considerable attention in the literature, specifically because of their biological and physiological importance. This review focuses on separation and detection methods for flavonoids and their application to plants, food, drinks and biological fluids. The topics that will be discussed are sample treatment, column liquid chromatography (LC), but also methods such as gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), various detection methods and structural characterization. Because of the increasing interest in structure elucidation of flavonoids, special attention will be devoted to the use of tandem-mass spectrometric (MS/MS) techniques for the characterization of several important sub-classes, and to the potential of combined diode-array UV (DAD UV), tandem-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection for unambiguous identification. Emphasis will be on recent developments and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Rijke
- Quest International, Department of Analytical Research and Development, Huizerstraatweg 28, 1411 GP Naarden, The Netherlands.
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Smyth WF, Ramachandran VN, Hack CJ, Joyce C, O’Kane E. A study of the analytical behaviour of selected synthetic and naturally occurring coumarins using liquid chromatography, ion trap mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and polarography and the construction of an appropriate database for coumarin characterisation. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Polášek M, Petriška I, Pospíšilová M, Jahodář L. Use of molybdate as novel complex-forming selector in the analysis of polyhydric phenols by capillary zone electrophoresis. Talanta 2006; 69:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jác P, Polásek M, Pospísilová M. Recent trends in the determination of polyphenols by electromigration methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:805-14. [PMID: 16413729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An overview mapping recent trends in the determination of polyphenols of natural origin (mostly flavonoids) and their synthetic derivatives by electromigration methods is presented. The overview (covering the period of the recent 5 years and comprising 61 references) is focused on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with various detection methods. Techniques comprising on-line pre-separation such as isotachophoresis (ITP)-CZE and flow-injection-CZE, chiral separations and CZE evaluation of antioxidation activity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jác
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Sterbová D, Vlcek J, Kubán V. Capillary zone electrophoretic determination of phenolic compounds in chess (Bromus inermisL.) plant extracts. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:308-13. [PMID: 16524108 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple CZE method for quantification of phenolic compounds (vanillin, cinnamic, sinapic, chlorogenic, syringic, ferulic, benzoic, p-coumaric, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, rosmarinic, caffeic, gallic and protocatechuic acids) in less than 10 min using 20 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.2) with 5% v/v methanol as a BGE and with UV detection at 254 nm is described. The LODs (3 S/N) ranged between 0.02 and 0.12 microg/ mL. Repeatabilities (RSDs) were 0.66-1.8 and 1.56-4.23% for migration times and peak areas (n = 5), respectively. The method was applied to the determination of phenolic compounds in chess (Bromus inermis L.) after Soxhlet extraction and purification of the crude extracts with SPE procedures. The results compared well with those obtained by liquid chromatographic method. B. inermis was found as a suitable model plant containing a broad spectrum of phenolic compounds in easily detectable concentrations and as a potential source of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Sterbová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno, Czech Republic
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Tonin FG, Jager AV, Micke GA, Farah JPS, Tavares MFM. Optimization of the separation of flavonoids using solvent-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3387-96. [PMID: 16143970 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work the separation of eighteen flavonoids was attempted using reduced-flow micellar elektrokinetic chromatography (RF-MEKC) electrolytes modified by selected solvents with differing properties: methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Structural aspects such as unsaturation of the C ring, number and position of OH groups, methylation and glycosylation as well as solvent effects and their impact on the electrophoretic behavior of flavonoids were addressed. By evaluating the electropherograms obtained from mixture-designed electrolytes and searching for changes in the critical pairs, a favorable separation condition was achieved using 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 containing 50 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 15% ACN and 5% THF (one critical pair) in less than 12 min with 1.5% coefficient of variation (CV) for retention factor and 3% CV for peak area (n = 5). The applicability of the proposed separation condition was demonstrated by the inspection of flavonoids in herbal extracts of Neem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Tonin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Huang HY, Lien WC, Chiu CW. Comparison of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography and micellar electrokinetic chromatography methods for the analysis of phenolic compounds. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:973-81. [PMID: 16013824 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were compared for their abilities to separate and detect thirteen phenolic compounds (syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-gallocatechin), and two other ingredients (caffeine and theophylline) in teas and grapes. Separation of phenolic compounds was improved by changing the SDS concentration for MEEKC, but the SDS concentration rarely affected the resolution for MEKC. Organic modifier (acetonitrile or methanol) was found to markedly influence the resolution and selectivity for both MEEKC and MEKC systems. In addition, a higher voltage and a higher column temperature improved the separation efficiency without any noticeable reduction in resolution for MEEKC whereas they caused a poor resolution for the MEKC system. Although separations with baseline resolution were achieved by the optimized MEEKC and MEKC methods, the separation selectivity resulting from the proposed MEEKC method was completely different from that of MEKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Ya Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanotechnology at CYCU, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.
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Zhang F, Chen B, Xiao S, Yao SZ. Optimization and comparison of different extraction techniques for sanguinarine and chelerythrine in fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. Sep Purif Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O. Precision improvement for the analysis of flavonoids in selected Thai plants by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:648-60. [PMID: 15690438 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the analyses of kaempferol in Centella asiatica and Rosa hybrids and rutin in Chromolaena odorata was developed. The optimization was performed on analyses of flavonoids (e.g., rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and apigenin) and organic carboxylic acids (e.g., ethacrynic acid and xanthene-9-carboxylic acid) by investigation of the effects of types and amounts of organic modifiers, background electrolyte concentrations, temperature, and voltage. Baseline separation (R(s) = 2.83) of the compounds was achieved within 10 min in 20 mM NaH2PO4 - Na2HPO4 (pH 8.0) containing 10% v/v ACN and 6% v/v MeOH using a voltage of 25 kV, a temperature of 30 degrees C, and a detection wavelength set at 220 nm. The application of the corrected migration time (t(c)), using ethacrynic acid as the single marker, was efficient to improve the precision of flavonoid identification (% relative standard deviation (RSD) = 0.65%). The method linearity was excellent (r2 > 0.999) over 50-150 microg/mL. Precision (%RSD < 1.66%) and recoveries were good (> 96% and %RSDs < 1.70%) with detection and quantitation limits of 2.23 and 7.14 microg/mL, respectively. Kaempferol in C. asiatica and R. hybrids was 0.014 g/100 g (%RSD = 0.59%) and 0.044 g/100 g (%RSD = 1.04%), respectively, and rutin in C. odorata was 0.088 g/100 g (%RSD = 0.06%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Santos S, de Moraes MDLL, da Silva Souza Filho AP, Rezende MOO. Allelopathic potential and systematic evaluation of organic extracts from Canavalia ensiformis leaves (Jack beans). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2005; 40:77-84. [PMID: 15656165 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-200034234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the assessment of possible allelopathic potential of organic extracts obtained from leaves of Canavalia ensiformis under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, a systematic evaluation of these extracts was carried out using specific protocols developed in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine some groups of secondary metabolites. After the identification and quantification of compounds, the effects of compounds on germination of some common weeds was investigated, which are becoming a real problem in pastures in the state of Pará, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Quimica de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gómez-Serranillos MP, El-Naggar T, Villar AM, Carretero ME. Analysis and retention behaviour in high-performance liquid chromatography of terpenic plant constituents (Sideritis spp.) with pharmacological interest. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 812:379-83. [PMID: 15556510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are natural products with an important pharmacological interest, which are present in a number of medicinal plants. The species of Sideritis genus are valuable due to their high content in those compounds and they have been used in the Mediterranean area in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer agents. The present study describes a gradient elution reversed-phase method that uses diode array detection to determine ten pharmacologically active diterpenoids occurring in 12 species of Sideritis. First, we studied the chromatographic behaviour of standard diterpenoids to analyse the variation on retention time and the chromatographic properties with the mobile phase. Standard calibration curves were generated by plotting the area of peaks against a concentration range of the compounds. Second, the validated method was applied to the analyses of hexanic and methanolic extracts from 12 species of Sideritis, which were collected from different areas of Spain. Finally, we established for this plant a relationship between their use in folk medicine and their diterpenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda.de la Moncloa s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Moore DE, Miao WG, Benikos C. Quantitative determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations using capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:233-8. [PMID: 14738939 DOI: 10.1016/j.japna.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of alginic acid, which is used as a rafting agent in complex antacid formulations. The method involves a preliminary separation of the alginic acid from the formulation by washing the sample matrix with methanol, diluted HCl and water. This is followed by electrophoresis within a fused silica capillary using borate/boric acid buffer as the electrolyte, and the quantification is performed by a UV detector monitoring at 200 nm, where the intrinsic absorption of alginic acid is measured. An assay precision of better than 3% was achieved in intra- and interday determinations. No interference was found from the matrix of the antacid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Moore
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratories, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
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45
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Cheung HY, Lai WP, Cheung MS, Leung FM, Hood DJ, Fong WF. Rapid and simultaneous analysis of some bioactive components in Eucommia ulmoides by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 989:303-10. [PMID: 12650263 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was established for the qualitative and quantitative determination of three groups of bioactive components, iridoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds, in Eucommia ulmoides. Of the eleven bioactive components being studied, ten were successfully separated in 50 mM boric acid buffer at pH 9.5, with 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfate and 4% 1-butanol, at a voltage of 20 kV, temperature of 20 degrees C and injection under high pressure at 138 kPa for 5 s in a fused-silica capillary with peak detection at 214 nm. A high reproducibility and good linearity was obtained. The relative standard deviations of the migration times in eight injections of the standards ranged from 0.64 to 1.88% and those of the corrected peak area ranged from 2.79 to 6.62%. A good linearity, with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.995-1.000, was obtained in the calibration curves of each standard from 1 to 50 ppm. The amount of these bioactive components in the bark and leaves of Eucommia ulmoides were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Cheung
- Research Group for Bioactive Product, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Huck CW, Stecher G, Ahrer W, Stöggl WM, Buchberger W, Bonn GK. Analysis of three flavonoids by CE-uV and CE-ESI-MS. Determination of naringenin from a phytomedicine. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021001)25:14<903::aid-jssc904>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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