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Yang B, Liu J, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu X, Niu S, Yuan Y, Bi S. Sensitive detection of dextromethorphan hydrobromide based on portable Raman spectrometer and CuO@AgNPs nano composite SERS substrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123798. [PMID: 38134660 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy approach was established for the detection of dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DXM) utilizing nano CuO modified silver nanoparticles (CuO@AgNPs) as substrate. Ultraviolet visible spectra (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized the synthesized CuO@AgNPs. UV-vis and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were adopted to investigate the interaction between DXM and CuO@AgNPs. The optimal experimental conditions (the dosages of CuO@AgNPs and NaCl as well as mixing time) were explored. The enhancement factor (EF) was 1.71 × 106. The linear relationship between SERS intensity and the concentration of DXM in the range of 67 - 1000 nmol L-1 was obtained as ISERS = 25.81 c + 40398.77, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 2.12 nmol L-1 (S/N = 3). The interference of K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, glucose, HSA, L-tryptophan, soluble starch and ibuprofen were investigated. The method was successfully applied to test DXM in serum samples. The recovery was 99.06% - 101.51% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.74% - 3.87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Fengming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Shiyue Niu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Shuyun Bi
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China.
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Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:521-534. [PMID: 29116367 PMCID: PMC6645364 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although psilocybin and dextromethorphan (DXM) are hallucinogens, they have different receptor mechanisms of action and have not been directly compared. OBJECTIVE This study compared subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects of psilocybin and dextromethorphan under conditions that minimized expectancy effects. METHODS Single, acute oral doses of psilocybin (10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg), DXM (400 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered under double-blind conditions to 20 healthy participants with histories of hallucinogen use. Instructions to participants and staff minimized expectancy effects. Various subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed after drug administration. RESULTS High doses of both drugs produced similar increases in participant ratings of peak overall drug effect strength, with similar times to maximal effect and time-course. Psilocybin produced orderly dose-related increases on most participant-rated subjective measures previously shown sensitive to hallucinogens. DXM produced increases on most of these same measures. However, the high dose of psilocybin produced significantly greater and more diverse visual effects than DXM including greater movement and more frequent, brighter, distinctive, and complex (including textured and kaleidoscopic) images and visions. Compared to DXM, psilocybin also produced significantly greater mystical-type and psychologically insightful experiences and greater absorption in music. In contrast, DXM produced larger effects than psilocybin on measures of disembodiment, nausea/emesis, and light-headedness. Both drugs increased systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and pupil dilation and decreased psychomotor performance and balance. CONCLUSIONS Psilocybin and DXM produced similar profiles of subjective experiences, with psilocybin producing relatively greater visual, mystical-type, insightful, and musical experiences, and DXM producing greater disembodiment.
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Amaratunga P, Clothier M, Lorenz Lemberg B, Lemberg D. Determination of Dextromethorphan in Oral Fluid by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:360-6. [PMID: 27185818 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an antitussive drug found in commonly used nonprescription cold and cough medications. At low doses, DXM is a safe drug that does not produce adverse reactions. However, abuse of DXM has been reported among adolescents and young adults using the drug at higher doses. DXM is not a scheduled drug in the USA, and the primary reason for its abuse is the ease of availability. DXM is available to purchase in the form of over-the-counter cough medications, such as Robitussin(®) and Coricidin(®), or it can be purchased over the Internet in the form of a powder. In this research work, we developed an LC-MS-MS method that can quantify DXM and dextrorphan (DXO) in oral fluid in a high-throughput toxicology laboratory setting. The developed method was validated according to the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology guidelines. The linear dynamic range was 5-100 ng/mL with a lowest limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 5.0 ng/mL for DXM and DXO. Overall, the results of the accuracy and the precision values were within the acceptance criteria for both drugs. In addition, selectivity, matrix effect and recovery were calculated for the LC-MS-MS method. Authentic samples (n = 59) were tested to evaluate the applicability of the method. Thirty samples were found to be positive for DXM and DXO and two samples were found to be positive for DXM only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Clothier
- Forensic Fluids Laboratories, 225 Parsons Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA
| | | | - Dave Lemberg
- Forensic Fluids Laboratories, 225 Parsons Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA
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Cece-Esencan EN, Fontaine F, Plasencia G, Teppner M, Brink A, Pähler A, Zamora I. Software-aided cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping and kinetic analysis in early drug discovery. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:301-310. [PMID: 26689160 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) reaction phenotyping (CRP) and kinetic studies are essential in early drug discovery to determine which metabolic enzymes react with new drug entities. A new semi-automated computer-assisted workflow for CRP is introduced in this work. This workflow provides not only information regarding parent disappearance, but also metabolite identification and relative metabolite formation rates for kinetic analysis. METHODS Time-course experiments based on incubating six probe substrates (dextromethorphan, imipramine, buspirone, midazolam, ethoxyresorufin and diclofenac) with recombinant human enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were performed. Liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) analysis was conducted with an internal standard to obtain high-resolution full-scan and MS/MS data. Data were analyzed using Mass-MetaSite software. A server application (WebMetabase) was used for data visualization and review. RESULTS CRP experiments were performed, and the data were analyzed using a software-aided approach. This automated-evaluation approach led to (1) the detection of the CYP450 enzymes responsible for both substrate depletion and metabolite formation, (2) the identification of specific biotransformations, (3) the elucidation of metabolite structures based on MS/MS fragment analysis, and (4) the determination of the initial relative formation rates of major metabolites by CYP450 enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This largely automated workflow enabled the efficient analysis of HRMS data, allowing rapid evaluation of the involvement of the main CYP450 enzymes in the metabolism of new molecules during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillem Plasencia
- Molecular Discovery, London, UK
- Lead Molecular Design, S.L. San Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Marieke Teppner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brink
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Pähler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ismael Zamora
- Lead Molecular Design, S.L. San Cugat del Valles, Spain
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Hopeman MM, Riley JK, Frolova AI, Jiang H, Jungheim ES. Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:1083-7. [PMID: 25539770 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114565030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fatty acids containing 2 or more double bonds, and they are classified by the location of the last double bond. Omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6) PUFAs are obtained through food sources including fatty fish and seed/vegetable oils, respectively, and they are important to a number of physiologic processes including inflammation. Previous work demonstrates suppressive effects of n-3 PUFAs on endometriotic lesions in animal models and decreased risk of endometriosis among women with high n-3 PUFA intake. Thus, we sought to determine the relationship between circulating levels of PUFAs and endometriosis in women. To do this, we performed a cross-sectional study of serum PUFAs and clinical data from 205 women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Serum PUFAs were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy and included n-3 PUFAs such as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid and n-6 PUFAs such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine relationships between specific and total serum PUFAs and patient history of endometriosis. Women with high serum EPA levels were 82% less likely to have endometriosis compared to women with low EPA levels (odds ratio = 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.04-0.78).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Hopeman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan K Riley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antonina I Frolova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily S Jungheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Pelcová M, Langmajerová M, Cvingráfová E, Juřica J, Glatz Z. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of dextromethorphan and its metabolites. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2785-90. [PMID: 25044216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of dextromethorphan and its metabolites using a methanolic background electrolyte. The optimization of separation conditions was performed in terms of the resolution of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan and the effect of separation temperature, voltage, and the characteristics of the background electrolyte were studied. Complete separation of all analytes was achieved in 40 mM ammonium acetate dissolved in methanol. Hydrodynamic injection was performed at 3 kPa for 4 s. The separation voltage was 20 kV accompanied by a low electric current. The ultraviolet detection was performed at 214 nm, the temperature of the capillary was 25°C. These conditions enabled the separation of four analytes plus the internal standard within 9 min. Further, the developed method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and repeatability. Rat liver perfusate samples were subjected to the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method to illustrate its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelcová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kamenice, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice, Czech Republic
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Electrochemical Determination of Dextromethorphan on Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen-Printed Electrode after Electromembrane Extraction. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ding Y, Huang K, Chen L, Yang J, Xu WY, Xu XJ, Duan R, Zhang J, He Q. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorphenamine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:446-52. [PMID: 24254834 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Chen
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yan Xu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jiao Xu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Duan
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
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El-Sheikh R, Zaky M, Mohamed FZ, Amin AS, Gouda AAEF. Spectrophotometric Determination of Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide and Ketamine Hydrochloride in Pure and Dosage Forms. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Reissig CJ, Carter LP, Johnson MW, Mintzer MZ, Klinedinst MA, Griffiths RR. High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:1-15. [PMID: 22526529 PMCID: PMC3652430 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although reports of dextromethorphan (DXM) abuse have increased recently, few studies have examined the effects of high doses of DXM. OBJECTIVE This study in humans evaluated the effects of supratherapeutic doses of DXM and triazolam. METHODS Single, acute oral doses of DXM (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 mg/70 kg), triazolam (0.25 and 0.5 mg/70 kg), and placebo were administered to 12 healthy volunteers with histories of hallucinogen use, under double-blind conditions, using an ascending dose run-up design. Subjective, behavioral, and physiological effects were assessed repeatedly after drug administration for 6 h. RESULTS Triazolam produced dose-related increases in subject-rated sedation, observer-rated sedation, and behavioral impairment. DXM produced a profile of dose-related physiological and subjective effects differing from triazolam. DXM effects included increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and emesis; increases in observer-rated effects typical of classic hallucinogens (e.g., distance from reality, visual effects with eyes open and closed, joy, anxiety); and participant ratings of stimulation (e.g., jittery, nervous), somatic effects (e.g., tingling, headache), perceptual changes, end-of-session drug liking, and mystical-type experience. After 400 mg/70 kg DXM, 11 of 12 participants indicated on a pharmacological class questionnaire that they thought they had received a classic hallucinogen (e.g., psilocybin). Drug effects resolved without significant adverse effects by the end of the session. In a 1-month follow-up, volunteers attributed increased spirituality and positive changes in attitudes, moods, and behavior to the session experiences. CONCLUSIONS High doses of DXM produced effects distinct from triazolam and had characteristics that were similar to the classic hallucinogen psilocybin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J. Reissig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA, Telephone: 716 228-5243
| | - Lawrence P. Carter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA
| | - Miriam Z. Mintzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA
| | - Margaret A. Klinedinst
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA. Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA
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Mirmahdieh S, Khayamian T, Saraji M. Analysis of dextromethorphan and pseudoephedrine in human plasma and urine samples using hollow fiber-based liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction and corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dodgen TM, Cromarty AD, Pepper MS. Quantitative plasma analysis using automated online solid-phase extraction with column switching LC-MS/MS for characterising cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C19 metabolism. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1102-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawamura M, Miyajima A, Sunouchi M, Goda Y. Chiral analyses of dextromethorphan/levomethorphan and their metabolites in rat and human samples using LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:165-74. [PMID: 21311876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an analytical method for the discrimination of dextromethorphan (an antitussive medicine) from its enantiomer, levomethorphan (a narcotic) in biological samples, chiral analyses of these drugs and their O-demethyl and/or N-demethyl metabolites in rat plasma, urine, and hair were carried out using LC-MS/MS. After the i.p. administration of dextromethorphan or levomethorphan to pigmented hairy male DA rats (5 mg/kg/day, 10 days), the parent compounds and their three metabolites in plasma, urine and hair were determined using LC-MS/MS. Complete chiral separation was achieved in 12 min on a Chiral CD-Ph column in 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile by a linear gradient program. Most of the metabolites were detected as being the corresponding O-demethyl and N, O-didemethyl metabolites in the rat plasma and urine after the hydrolysis of O-glucuronides, although obvious differences in the amounts of these metabolites were found between the dextro and levo forms. No racemation was observed through O- and/or N-demethylation. In the rat hair samples collected 4 weeks after the first administration, those differences were more clearly detected and the concentrations of the parent compounds, their O-demethyl, N-demethyl, and N, O-didemethyl metabolites were 63.4, 2.7, 25.1, and 0.7 ng/mg for the dextro forms and 24.5, 24.6, 2.6, and 0.5 ng/mg for the levo forms, respectively. In order to fully investigate the differences of their metabolic properties between dextromethorphan and levomethorphan, DA rat and human liver microsomes were studied. The results suggested that there might be an enantioselective metabolism of levomethorphan, especially with regard to the O-demethylation, not only in DA rat but human liver microsomes as well. The proposed chiral analyses might be applied to human samples and could be useful for discriminating dextromethorphan use from levomethorphan use in the field of forensic toxicology, although further studies should be carried out using authentic human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Loos WJ, de Graan AJM, de Bruijn P, van Schaik RHN, van Fessem MAC, Lam MH, Mathijssen RHJ, Wiemer EAC. Simultaneous quantification of dextromethorphan and its metabolites dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan and 3-hydroxymorphinan in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:387-94. [PMID: 20926215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of dextromethorphan (DM) and its metabolites dextrorphan (DX), 3-methoxymorphinan (3MM) and 3-hydroxymorphinan (3HM), in human lithium heparinized plasma. The extraction involved a simple liquid-liquid extraction with 1 ml n-butylchloride from 200μl aliquots of plasma, after the addition of 20 μl 4% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide and 100 μl stable labeled isotopic internal standards in acetonitrile. Chromatographic separations were achieved on an Aquity UPLC(®) BEH C(18) 1.7 μm 2.1 mm x 100mm column eluted at a flow-rate of 0.250 ml/min on a gradient of acetonitrile. The overall cycle time of the method was 7 min, with elution times of 1.3min for DX and 3HM, 2.8 min for 3MM and 2.9min for DM. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were set at 272>215 (m/z), at 258>133 (m/z), at 258>213 (m/z) and at 244>157 (m/z) for DM, DX, 3MM and 3HM, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r²≥0.995) over the range of 0.500-100 nM with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 0.500 nM for all compounds, which is equivalent to 136, 129, 129 and 122 pg/ml for DM, DX, 3MM and 3HM, respectively. Extraction recoveries were constant, but ranged from 39% for DM to 83% for DX. The within-run and between-run precisions were within 11.6%, while the accuracy ranged from 92.7 to 110.6%. The applicability of the bioanalytical method was demonstrated and is currently implemented in a clinical trial to study DM as probe-drug for individualized tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Loos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Heli H, Majdi S, Jabbari A, Sattarahmady N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Electrooxidation of dextromethorphan on a carbon nanotube–carbon microparticle–ionic liquid composite: applied to determination in pharmaceutical forms. J Solid State Electrochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-009-0979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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A validated SIM GC/MS method for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and its metabolites dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan and 3-hydroxymorphinan in biological matrices and its application toin vitroCYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition study. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:1131-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liang X, Li Y, Barfield M, Ji QC. Study of dried blood spots technique for the determination of dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan in human whole blood by LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:799-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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EL-NABY EH. Polymeric Membrane Sensors for the Selective Determination of Dextromethorphan in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1409-14. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman H. EL-NABY
- Narcotic Department, National Center for Social and Criminal Research
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Development and validation of a chemical hydrolysis method for dextromethorphan and dextrophan determination in urine samples: Application to the assessment of CYP2D6 activity in fibromyalgia patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 861:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Chen C, Huang M, Ho H, Chen H, Sheu M. Influence of Structural Differences of Dextromethorphan and its Three Metabolites on their Simultaneous Separation using Various Silica Columns with a Simple Aqueous Mobile Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701665667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien‐Ho Chen
- a School of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming‐Chun Huang
- b National Laboratories of Food and Drugs, Department of Health, Executive Yuan , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu‐O Ho
- c School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsueh‐Hui Chen
- c School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- d Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming‐Thau Sheu
- c School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Lin SY, Chen CH, Ho HO, Chen HH, Sheu MT. Simultaneous analysis of dextromethorphan and its three metabolites in human plasma using an improved HPLC method with fluorometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 859:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Ramanathan R, Zhong R, Blumenkrantz N, Chowdhury SK, Alton KB. Response normalized liquid chromatography nanospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1891-9. [PMID: 17766144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The widely different LC-MS response observed for many structurally different compounds limits the use of LC-MS in full scan detection mode for quantitative determination of drugs and metabolites without using reference standard. The recently introduced nanospray ionization (NSI) technique shows comparable MS response for some compounds under non-LC-MS conditions. However, in the presence of numerous endogenous compounds commonly associated with biological samples such as urine, plasma, and bile, LC-MS is required to separate, detect, identify, and measure individual analytes. An LC-NSI-MS system was devised and the MS response obtained in this system for a variety of pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites. The set-up involves two high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems, a chip-based NSI source and a quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. Herein this is referred to as the response normalized-liquid chromatography NSI-MS (RNLC-NSI-MS) system. One HPLC unit performs the analytical separation, while the other unit adds solvent post-column with an exact reverse of the mobile phase composition such that the final composition entering the NSI source is isocratic throughout the entire HPLC run. The data obtained from four different structural classes of compounds [vicriviroc (VCV), desloratadine (DL), tolbutamide, and cocaine] and their metabolites indicate that by maintaining the solvent composition unchanged across the HPLC run, the influence of the solvent environment on the ionization efficiency is minimized. In comparison to responses obtained from radiochromatograms, responses from conventional LC-ESI-MS overestimated the VCV and DL responses, respectively, by 6- and 20-fold. Although VCV and DL responses obtained using LC-NSI-MS are within 2- to 6-fold from the respective radiochromatographic responses, the response normalization modification results in nearly uniform LC-NSI-MS response for all compounds evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragu Ramanathan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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23
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Santagati NA, Gotti R, Ronsisvalle G. Simultaneous determination of phenytoin and dextromethorphan in urine by solid-phase extraction and HPLC-DAD. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1157-62. [PMID: 16116992 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method with photodiode array detection was developed for the separation and the simultaneous determination of phenytoin and dextromethorphan in human urine. Analysis was performed in less than 4.5 min in isocratic mode on a reversed-phase C18 column (5 microm; 150 x 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-buffer phosphate 0.01 M (60:40, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.0, at 1 mL/min flow rate and UV absorbance at 210 nm. The elution order of analytes was dextromethorphan (DXM), Internal Standard (IS), and phenytoin (PHT). Calibration curves were linear in the 7.5-25 microg/mL range for PHT and in the 10-30 microg/mL range for DXM. Spike recoveries for urine samples prepared at three spiking levels ranged from 97.8 to 102.3% for PHT and from 94.8 to 100.4% for DXM. The detection limit (LOD) values ranged from 0.08 microg/mL for PHT to 0.5 microg/mL for DXM. The quantitation limit (LOQ) values ranged from 0.3 microg/mL for PHT to 1.6 microg/mL for DXM. The sample preparation method involves a rapid and simple procedure based on solid-phase extraction using a C18 reversed-phase column. Validation of the optimised method was carried out according to the ICH guidelines. The method developed in this study allows the reliable simultaneous analysis of PHT and DXM, drugs that were never quantified together in previously reported analytical methods. The described method has the advantage of being rapid and easy and it could be applied in therapeutic monitoring of these drugs in human urine of epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Alfredo Santagati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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24
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Arellano C, Philibert C, Dane à Yakan EN, Vachoux C, Lacombe O, Woodley J, Houin G. Validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to assess the metabolism of dextromethorphan in rat everted gut sacs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:105-13. [PMID: 15797528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous assay of dextromethorphan and its metabolites in tissue culture medium and its intestinal metabolism studied with the rat everted gut sac model. The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.1-2.5 microM (27.1 ng/mL-0.677 microg/mL) for dextromethorphan and 0.005-0.5 microM for dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan (1.28 ng/mL-0.128 microg/mL) and 3-hydroxymorphinan (1.22 ng/mL-0.122 microg/mL). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0025 microM (12.5 fmoles, 3.4 pg, 5 microL injected) for dextromethorphan; 0.0025 microM for dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan (24.9 fmoles, 6.4 pg injected), and 3-hydroxymorphinan (25.1 fmoles, 6.1 pg injected) with 10 microL injected. The detection of dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan showed that both the P450 isoforms CYP3A and 2D were active in the intestinal mucosa and metabolised dextromethorphan during its passage across the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arellano
- Laboratoire de Cinétique des Xénobiotiques, UMR 181, Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Experimentale (UPTE INRA-ENVT), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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25
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Kim JY, Suh SI, Paeng KJ, In MK. Determination of Dextromethorphan and its Metabolite Dextrorphan in Human Hair by Gas Chromatography?Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Spectrophotometric resolution of ternary mixtures of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, and sodium benzoate in syrups using wavelength selection by net analyte signals calculated with hybrid linear analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Calleri E, Marrubini G, Massolini G, Lubda D, de Fazio SS, Furlanetto S, Wainer IW, Manzo L, Caccialanza G. Development of a chromatographic bioreactor based on immobilized β-glucuronidase on monolithic support for the determination of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in human urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:1179-89. [PMID: 15336363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We here reported the development and application of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) based on beta-glucuronidase to the on-line determination of urinary molar ratios of dextromethorphan (DOMe)/dextrorphan (DOH) for the assessment of the metabolic activity of CYP2D6, a genetically variable isoform of cytochrome P-450 (CYP). beta-Glucuronidase was immobilized on an HPLC monolithic aminopropyl silica support. Catalytic activity and stability of the chromatographic reactor were evaluated using 8-hydroxyquinoline glucuronide (8-HQG) as substrate. The IMER was coupled through a switching valve to a reversed-phase column (C8) for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and its main metabolite dextrorphan. On purpose a selective reversed-phase ion pair HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection was developed. Urine samples were first centrifuged to remove insoluble materials and then aliquots of the supernatants were injected into the coupled-column analyser. Linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were established. The method reliability was verified by comparing our data with previous data of a phenotyping study carried out by the Poison Control Centre of Pavia-Clinical Toxicology Division.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy.
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28
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Afshar M, Rouini MR, Amini M. Simple chromatography method for simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and its main metabolites in human plasma with fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:317-22. [PMID: 15018793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan, the innocuous non-narcotic antitussive agent, is the most widely used probe drug to assess CYP2D6 function both in vivo and in vitro. For this reason a simple and selective high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorimetric detection for simultaneous quantitation of dextromethorphan, and its main metabolites in human plasma was developed and validated. The method involved a simple and rapid protein precipitation protocol, using a mixture of ZnSO(4) and methanol. The analysis was performed on a 3 microm, C(18) Tracer Excel 15 cm x 0.4 cm i.d. column by gradient elution in which Mobile phase A consisted of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH = 3, 0.01 M):methanol:tetrahydrofuran (68.5:31:0.5), and mobile phase B consisted of methanol:tetrahydrofuran (93.25:6.75). Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 10-500 ng/ml for dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and hydroxymorphinan. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 10 ng/ml for each compound. The maximum within and between days precisions were 7.4 and 7.8%, respectively. The accuracies at four different concentration levels ranged from 88.2 to 111.5%. The recoveries were between 88.0 and 108.6%. The assay method was successfully applied to determine dextromethorphan metabolic ratio after an oral dose of 30 mg of dextromethorphan hydrobromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Afshar
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6451 Tehran, Iran
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29
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Ynddal L, Hansen SH. On-line turbulent-flow chromatography–high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for fast sample preparation and quantitation. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020:59-67. [PMID: 14661757 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of drug substances and metabolites in rat plasma. The method combines on-line turbulent-flow chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. This combination is considered to be a new approach suitable for fast bio-analysis in drug discovery. Dextromethorphan, and its two metabolites, dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan served as model substances. The analytes present in plasma were collected on a Cyclone column using turbulent-flow chromatography and were subsequently transferred on-line to and focused on an X-Terra MS C8 column. The analytes were eluted by a linear gradient and detected by a fast scanning mass spectrometer. The detector response was quadratic and the dynamic range was estimated to be 0.5-100 ng/ml plasma or 12.5 pg to 2.50 ng injected into the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ynddal
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Research and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark.
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30
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Current literature in journal of mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:347-356. [PMID: 12644999 DOI: 10.1002/jms.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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